Didier Calin

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Translator. Ex-student of Bernfried Schlerath in Indogermanistik, and teacher of Gothic, Old Icelandic and Welsh at the University of Riga. Researcher in Indo-European Poetics and Mythology and specialist in Latvian folksongs.

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University of Bucharest

Ranko Matasović

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences [Filozofski fakultet]

University of Belgrade

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Papers by Didier Calin

Indo-European Poetic Phraseology in Galician-Portuguese and Asturleonese Folk Magics

a small contribution to both Indo-European poetics and Galician/Portuguese - AsturLeonese philol... more

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IEPoetic Phraseologyin Galician Portugueseand Asturleonese Popular Magic

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: EDC (Every Day Carry)

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Epithets of the Indo-European Fire-god(s)

This is the case in Indic and Iranian too, and, though they bear different names, the functions a... more This is the case in Indic and Iranian too, and, though they bear different names, the functions and characteristics of Avestan Ātar and Indic Agni are very similar, as stated by West 3 : "In its scope it is entirely comparable to Vedic agní-. It denotes fire generally, and especially the sacral and hearth fire, often personified and honoured as a god." While Hephaestus is both a Fire-god and a heavenly smith, Hermes appears to merge two different gods into one-a Graeco-Indic or IE pastoral god 4 and the PIE Fire-god, at least in certain of his aspects 5. He is prayed to next to the Hearth-goddess Hestia: HH 29.11f "for both of you (Hermes and Hestia!) dwell in the fine houses of men on earth, in friendship towards each other" 6 .

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Clothes

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Health & Bodily Functions

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Colors/Time

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Weather

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Family

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Mythological Beings

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Food

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Human Body

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Animals and Vegetals

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The Fire-God as a Footless Snake Hiding in Darkness

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The Seat of the Sun and the Door of Heaven (again)

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The Truth in the Trees (and the Stones)

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Corrigendum: IE †Manus → PIE *Menus

Menus (first god to choose mortality and first sacrificer, ancestor of humankind, twin brother of... more Menus (first god to choose mortality and first sacrificer, ancestor of humankind, twin brother of *Yemhós ► TWIN-GOD) < PIE *ménus (see Oettinger 2022) Ht. mēnus 'human being, man; manly' (KBo III 28 ii 16 "you will offend the gods in heaven (nepisi DINGIR.DIDLI), and you will offend the human beings on Earth (taknā-ma mēnus)"); Luw. mannu-'male fertility', mannu-/mannaw-'manly, virile', mannawa-'offspring' (KBo XIII 260 ii 27 mannauwanz-pa mannu piyandu "but let them give male fertility/virility to the (male) offspring!"); In. mánu-'man, person' + deriv. mánuṣa-, manuṣyá-'man, human', mánujāta-"descended from Manu", manuja-"Manu-born → man"; Gmc. deriv.: Goth. manna; ON maðr; OE mann (> E man); OHG mann;

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Addenda to Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes Vol. II - with a few commentaries

not really a third volume, but addenda to the Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Th... more

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Notes on Poetics: Old Saxon Heliand and Gaelic Loricae

In the Old Saxon Heliand, night is either black or dark. Though based mostly on the Bible's New T... more In the Old Saxon Heliand, night is either black or dark. Though based mostly on the Bible's New Testament and gospels 1 , neither expression is found there: the closest is 1 Thessalonians 5.5 filii diei non sumus noctis neque tenebrarum "we are not of the night, nor of darkness" 2. Both BLACK NIGHT and DARK NIGHT are thus original creations by the Saxon author of Heliand, who, being a poet, must have been familiar with pre-Christian Germanic oral poetry. With swart < Gmc. *swartaz, 4998 an theru swartan naht "in that black night" is directly comparable to Old English, Beowulf 167 sweartum nihtum "in black nights", and-with different words for 'black', Greek μέλαινά… Νύξ, Latin atra nox, etc. 3 as well as Vedic verses where 'night' is implied, RV 1.113.2b kṛṣṇā́ "black (Night)", 3.15.3b kṛṣṇāśu "in the black (nights)". While swarta naht is attested only once, thiustri naht occurs five times and is thus clearly formulaic: 4630 thiustri naht (nominative), 4359, 5416 an thiustrea naht, 4911 an thiustrie naht, 4668 êr than thius thiustrie naht "before this dark night". The same word-Gmc. *þiustrija-< Proto-Gmc. *þimstrija-< IE *temhs-riyo-is used in Dutch popular poetry, for instance HoNl 249.10 de duyster nacht, 475 B 5 in den duuster nacht, while North Germanic prefers Gmc. *merkvu-< *merg w-u-: Norwegian, NFv CIV 5 myrkaste nott "the murkiest night", Danish, DgF 10 C 24 all den mørcke natt, 20 G 18 mørcke natt, 229 A 2,6 den mørcke natt and Swedish, SFv 16.2.13 i mörka natten, SFs 5 B 35 all then mörka natt, as well as Norse-but with gríma, a poetic word for 'night'-Anonymous Lausavísur, Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 22 myrkvar grímur "dark nights" 4. The association of night with derivatives of *temh(s)-is phraseological 5 in many Indo-European poetic traditions, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic and Romance: AV 19.47.2c tamasvati rātri 1 a.o. Windisch 1868, Pakis 2010, Price 2011… 2 And in the Latin translation of the Old Testament, Proverbs 7.9 in noctis tenebris "in the darkness of night". 3 See Calin 2023 p. 110ff. Consider also popular riddles such as Norwegian, NFv CXXXI 40 "what kind of tree is that, whose foliage is white on one side and black (svart) on the other?" (solution: time, day and night (nott/natt)). In Vedic, darkness too is black: RV 10.127.7ab támaḥ kṛṣṇám, 9.66.24c, 10.89.2d kṛṣṇā́ támāṃsi. 4 And with dökkr < Gmc. *d a /unkwaz < *d h (o)ng w-o-, Sólarljóð 13 (variant) inar dökkvu naetr "these dark nights" and Kálfr Hallsson, Kátrínardrápa 22 á grímu dökkri "on a dark night"-comp. Hittite KUB xlviii 124 Ro. 10 /ispan/z… tankuis with the cognate epithet but another word for 'night', *k w spent -. 5 *témhos-and *nok w t-are often interchangeable: IE *mig h-... témhos-/nók w t-MIST + DARKNESS/NIGHT, see Calin 2017 p. 60, 2021 p. 252f, 2023 p. 34; Graeco-Aryan *dl̥ hg h ó-témhos-/nók w ts LONG DARKNESS/NIGHT, see Bodewitz 2002 and Calin 2017 p. 59. Semantically, compare Vedic (with *témhos-) and Greek (with *nok w t-): RV 5.32.4bd (about the demon Śúṣṇa) "him who wanders in darkness (tamogā́m)" and Euripides, Ion 717 "together with the Bacchantes who roam by night (νυκτιπόλοις)", fr. 472.11 "a servitor of night-ranging (νυκτιπόλου) Zagreus"; RV 7.104.1b "fell those who enjoy darkness (tamovṛdhaḥ)" and PGM IV 1795 (Eros) νυκτιχαρῆ (V) "who rejoices in the night".

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Indo-European Poetic Phraseology in Catalan Popular Magic

Venetan, FMTOA p. 305 ti lare lovo… ve ligo col çendal "you thief wolf… I bind you with the senda... more Venetan, FMTOA p. 305 ti lare lovo… ve ligo col çendal "you thief wolf… I bind you with the sendal", Friulian, FMTOA p. 304 leie lu dint al lôf… e i dêts al lari "I bind the wolf's tooth… and the thief's fingers". Sicilian spells use a different verb of similar semantics: FMTOA p. 310 = Pmsps p. 436:68 a lu latru la menti, a lu lupu ci attaccu lu denti "the thief his mind, the wolf its tooth I do bind" 1. WOLF + THIEF is already attested in Medieval Latin, Ibltm appendix 175 (10 th century) "may Christ free these dogs and other animals from the teeth of the wolves, from the hand of the thieves (de dentibus luporum, de manu latronum)", Dtf 615 (14 th century) defende illa de lupis et latronibus "defend them from wolves and thieves!", and earlier-with the more ancient fūr instead of latrō and thus without alliteration-in Classical Latin, Virgil, Georgics 3.407 "(never dread) nightly thief (furem) nor the onslaughts of wolves (incursusque luporum)", and is ultimately Indo-European-*wĺ̥ k w o-/wĺ̥ p(o)-... (s)tah(yú)-/b h ṓr-2 : Greek, ancient saying in Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics 1235a ἔγνω δὲ φώρ τε φῶρα, καὶ λύκος λύκον "and thief knows thief, and wolf a wolf", Pahlavi, GrBd 23.1 "the Evil Spirit created the thief wolf (duz gurg)"-where both words are understood as semantically equivalent and thus in apposition, as in Venetan lare lovo mentioned above, Old High German, Ibltm 2.3.3 Wiener Hundesegen (9/10 th century) "Christ was born before wolf or thief (uuolf ode diob)", and with various junction elements; Vedic, RV 10.127.6ab yaváya… vŕ ̣kaṃ yaváya stenám "keep the wolf away, keep the thief away!"-with the imperative yaváya, Avestan, Vd 13.10f,11f,40d tāiiuš vā vəhrkō vā-with the conjunction vā, Middle English, Ibltm p. 209 spell (12 th century) ne wolf ne þef "neither wolf nor thief"-with the conjunction ne, 1 To BIND THIEF (Calin 2023 pp. 166-169, to which can be added further attestations such as Middle English, EVC p. 95 a) (with bind) J bynde þow theuus, b) (with tie) thewes I teye þu, and French, FHV p. 209 b) il faut que le voleur soit lié "the thief must be bound", p. 210 voleur ou voleuse… il faut que tu sois lié "male or female thief, you must be bound") apparently originated by expansion (ibid. 2023c p. 8) from to BIND WOLF (ibid. 2014 p. 41, 2017 p. 295, 2023 p. 189f, 2023c p. 4f, and Swedish, FoT 1442 "I bind your teeth with the same power with which the Savior bound (band) the grim wolf's jaws (ullwens kaftar)". 2 Calin 2023 p. 195, 2023b p. 1, 2023c p. 4ff. German, Ibltm appendix 177 (15 th century) "stop the wolf's snout… the thief's hand (dem wolfe seinen drussel… dem diebe seine hant)"-with the possessive seinen/seine, Latvian, LTdz 25182 voi byus zagļi nūzoguši, voi byus vylki apāduši? "did thieves steal her, or did wolves devour her?"-with the phrase voi byus, Macedonian, FemP p. 135 od volkot… od aramija "from the wolf… from thief" and Slovak, Nz p. 334:62.6 pre zlodejov a pre vlkov "because of thieves and because of wolves"-with a preposition, od/pre. The phrase les/amb mans lligades 'hands tied' serves also as junction for a "crossover" 3 between WOLF+THIEF and BIND/TIE HANDS 4 , p. 52, 54 lladres i traidors, les mans lligades p. 57 lladregots amb mans lligades found in Romance, Spanish, FMTOA p. 307 para ligar lobo o loba, pies y manos… para ligar ladrón "to bind wolf or she-wolf, feet and hands… to bind thief", Romanian (Vlach), Durlić 2020 p. 181f:102 ij ljeg mînjilji… ij ljegai mînjilji "I am binding his hands… I bound his hands", Latin (with a different verb), DT 135 oculos, manus, digitos… defigo "I fasten/bewitch the eyes, the hands, the fingers", Scandinavian and Slavic folk magic, Norwegian, NHMO 292 jeg binder baade haand og fod "I bind both hand and foot", Danish, Dtf 844 jeg binder… dine haender "I bind your hands", Swedish, SoB 328 jagh binder theras hender, FoT 225 hon sku bind händer å tänder "she will bind hands and teeth", 226 jag skulle binda händer å tänder, Serbo-Croatian, Divac 1989:88 "I am tying his hands (vezujem mu ruke), tying his veins", and more ancient Indo-European traditions such as Hittite: 3 See Calin 2023c p. 4f. 4 PIE *hamĝ h-/sehy-/b h end h-/deh-(etc.)… ĝ h sérhe, to BIND/TIE the HANDS, Calin 2017 p. 260ff, 2023 pp. 166-169; also applies to feet, tongue or mouth, as in Swedish FoT 216 din mun binder jag med den tråd "you mouth I bind with the thread", 321 "as hard as I am biting my tongue, so shall your mouth be bound (ska din mun vara bund)".

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Indo-European Poetic Phraseology in Galician-Portuguese and Asturleonese Folk Magics

a small contribution to both Indo-European poetics and Galician/Portuguese - AsturLeonese philol... more

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IEPoetic Phraseologyin Galician Portugueseand Asturleonese Popular Magic

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: EDC (Every Day Carry)

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Epithets of the Indo-European Fire-god(s)

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Clothes

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Health & Bodily Functions

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Colors/Time

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Weather

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Family

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Mythological Beings

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Food

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: The Human Body

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Compared Asturleonese Vocabulary: Animals and Vegetals

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The Fire-God as a Footless Snake Hiding in Darkness

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The Seat of the Sun and the Door of Heaven (again)

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The Truth in the Trees (and the Stones)

new update

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Corrigendum: IE †Manus → PIE *Menus

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Addenda to Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes Vol. II - with a few commentaries

not really a third volume, but addenda to the Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Th... more

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Notes on Poetics: Old Saxon Heliand and Gaelic Loricae

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Indo-European Poetic Phraseology in Catalan Popular Magic

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Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes Vol. II

With a foreword by José Virgilio García Trabazo

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Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes

published October 2017

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Wolf and Thief: Indo-European Phraseology

thief derivatives of PIE √(s)tah-(Ht. tāyezzi 'steals', Gr. tētáomai 'I rob' and OSl. tajǫ 'I hid... more thief derivatives of PIE √(s)tah-(Ht. tāyezzi 'steals', Gr. tētáomai 'I rob' and OSl. tajǫ 'I hide'): *(s)tahyú-in Ved. (s)tāyú and Av. tāyu-; *(s)tahtis in OIr. táid and OSl. tatĭ; also Ved. stená-, etc.; *b h ṓr in Gr. phôr and Lt. fūr. wolf PIE *wĺ̥ k w os In. vṛ́ ka-; Av. vəhrka-; Persian gorg; Mazandarani verg; Gr. lúkos; Arm. gayl; Alb. ujk; Blt. *vilkas (Pr. wilk(i)s; Lith. vilkas; Lv. vilks); OSl. vlĭkŭ; Toch. B walkwe; see also Ht. walkuwa-'something dangerous/evil'; OIr. olc 'evil', possibly Luw. *walwa/ī-'lion' and Lyd. walwe(li)-; Gmc. *wulfaz (Goth. wulfs; ON ulfr; OE wulf > E wolf; OHG wolf > Germ. Wolf) and Lt. lupus possibly influenced by PIE *wl̥ p(i)-'fox', see Ht. ulip(pa)na-; Luw. walipna/ī-'wolf'.

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Indo-European Poetics and the Latvian Folk Songs

Master’s thesis presented to prof. Bernfried Schlerath (1996), partially published in Latvian 200... more

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Language of the Gods and of Men

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Clouds and Rain of the Day Sky God and of the Stormgod

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To Hide the Sun in Indo-European Poetic Traditions

to hide ■ to HIDE THE SUN -PIE (only semantic) (Hittite, Vedic, Greek) ○ Ht. KUB xxxvi 44 i 5 [mā... more to hide ■ to HIDE THE SUN -PIE (only semantic) (Hittite, Vedic, Greek) ○ Ht. KUB xxxvi 44 i 5 [mān d UTU-un] ēpmi n-an munnāmi nu kuit iēzzi d /Tarhunn/as "if I seize the Sun-god and hide him, what will Tarhunna do?", KUB xii 60 i 3f [nepisas d UTU-un] katta pēhutet n-an [munnāit] "he took the Sun-god of heaven down and hid him" ○ In. RV 5.63.4bc "the sun, you hide it with clouds (sū́ryaḥ… tám abhréṇa… gūhathaḥ), RV 5.40.6cd "Atri found the sun that was hidden by the indocile darkness (gūḷháṃ sū́ryaṃ támasāṕavratena)", RV 10.72.7cd "(O gods) you brought the sun hither, that was hidden in the sea (samudré… gūḷhám… sū́ryam)" ○ Gr. Nonnus, Dion. 7.291-294 "(Zeus says) O Sun (Ἠέλιε)… if I like, I will hide you and the daughter of the mists (Dawn) together in my clouds (ἐμοῖς νεφέεσσι καλύψω)!" -threat directed at a god, comp. Ht. KUB xxxvi 44 i 5 above, KUB xxxiii 106 + KBo XXVI 65 iv 28 /sīmus/-ma-wa-kan ne[pisaz ka]tta memal mān ishuwahhi "

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The Fall of the Sky and of the Heavenly Bodies in Indo-European Poetry

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Two Figurae Etymologicae and the Phraseology of the Gods' Clothing

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Dawns and Day Sun

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The Proto-Indo-European Dark Mother Night

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The Proto-Indo-Europeans 'First/Prior Gods'

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The Proto-Indo-European Fathers

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From PIE h-h-h to the Indo-European www: a Poetic Onomatopoeic Triple Alliteration

○ Ht. triple h-alliteration: KUB xxxiii 9 iii 9ff "grain, the god Immarni, the good rains, the go... more ○ Ht. triple h-alliteration: KUB xxxiii 9 iii 9ff "grain, the god Immarni, the good rains, the good winds, and all that ([āss]amus hēamus āssamus /huwant/us apātt-a hūman) he has brought", (or even quadruple if we count the verb) KUB xxxvi 12 iii 8-11 "let them summon the thunderstorm (harsiharsi), let them summon (halziyandu) the rains and winds (hēūs /huwantus/) that break open the rocks" + KUB vi 45+ iii 9ff + vi 46 iii 47ff "gods (and) goddesses of heaven (and) of the dark earth, heaven (and) earth, clouds, winds, thunder (and) lightning (alpus /huwant/us tethimas wantewantemas)!" ○ In. triple v-alliteration: AVP 5.7.7a vāto vidyud abhraṃ varṣam "wind, lightning, cloud, rain", RV 5.83.4a prá vātā vāńti patáyanti vidyútaḥ "winds blow forth, lightnings fall" + AV 4.15.9a āṕo vidyúd abhráṃ varṣám "waters, lightning, cloud, rain" + RV 5.54.3 vidyúnmahaso náro áśmadidyavo vātatviṣo marútaḥ parvatacyútaḥ… stanáyadamāḥ "the Maruts, men bright as lightning, with projectiles of stone, violent as the wind, shakers of mountains, who rush with thunder" ○ Av. triple v-alliteration: Yt 8.33gh vazaite vātō darš ̣iš mazdaδātō vārəmca maēγəmca fiiaŋhumca "the bold wind created by Mazdā guides rain and cloud and hail" + Yt 5.120c vātəmca vārəmca maēγəmca fiiaŋhumca, Y 57.28bd āsiiaŋha vātaēibiia āsiiaŋha vāraēibiia āsiiaŋha maēγaēibiia "faster than two winds, faster than two rains, faster than two clouds" ○ Lv. triple v-alliteration: Straubergs p. 406 Meža māte, Gaisa māte, Jūŗas māte, vējš, vētra, viesulis "Mother of the woods, Mother of the air, Mother of the sea, wind, storm, whirlwind" + ○ Lt. n-and f-alliterations: Ovid, Met. 3.297ff traxit nubila nimbos inmixtaque fulgura uentis addidit et tonitrus et ineuitabile fulmen "(Jupiter) gathered clouds and added to the winds rain clouds mixed with lightnings and thunder and the inevitable thunderbolt" + → with ánemo-replacing *hwń̥ hto-○ Gr. bro-alliteration: Aeschylus, Suppliants 34f βροντῇ στεροπῇ τ᾽ὀμβροφόροισίν τ᾽ἀνέμοις "thunder and lightning, and the rain-bearing winds" + → with the 'wind' element (wāt) missing ○ Sogd. Ts 13.22f "(the dēws) raised rain, snow, hail, great thunder (wār wafrā žēδən… tundar)"

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Hittite damnassra-: the Proto-Indo-European Household Goddesses and the Hearth-goddess

Ht. hāssās, Lyd. aśaa-(A aśaãν), Lyc. xaha-, OLt. āsa > Lt. āra, Osc. aasa-(L aasaí), Umb. asa 'h... more Ht. hāssās, Lyd. aśaa-(A aśaãν), Lyc. xaha-, OLt. āsa > Lt. āra, Osc. aasa-(L aasaí), Umb. asa 'hearth/altar'; GN in Hittite Hāssās, with divine determinative: KBo XXXIV 189 ii 5, KUB xx 24 iii 12 d Hassas, KBo XXV 171 i 8 d Hāssī, 333/e 5 d Hassī -also d GUNNI (see OHP p. 97 and 639), accompanied by the Courtyard-deity: KUB xliii 30 iii 9 [ d Hāssa k]atti-ssi-ma d Hilassis, KBo XLIII 75 5 d Hāssa katti[-ssi-ma d Hilassis], or without determinative: KBo XI 32 Ro. 35 /Hāssās kissan/ d Hilasis, KBo XVII 105

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The Proto-Indo-European Heavenly, Earthly and Infernal Gods

■ HEAVENLY/UPPER//EARTHLY//INFERNAL/NETHER/LOWER GODS -PIE *néb h es-/diwés/sup-//d h ĝ h m-//ń̥ ... more ■ HEAVENLY/UPPER//EARTHLY//INFERNAL/NETHER/LOWER GODS -PIE *néb h es-/diwés/sup-//d h ĝ h m-//ń̥ d h e-+/k̂m ̥ t(er)o-/nérterōs deiwṓs (Anatolian, Vedic, Avestan, Greek, Italic, Gaulish, Latvian) (see also ►■ the LOWER DARKNESS (= the Netherworld) ► DARKNESS) ○ Ht. KBo VIII 35 ii 11 nēpisas /sīw/es taknās /sīwes/ "gods of heaven, gods of the earth", KUB xl 36 + xxiii 78b + xxvi 6 ii 6f "Ištar, Ishara lord of the oath, gods of the heavens, gods of the earth (nepisan /sīwes/ taknas /sīwes/)", KUB xxiv 3++ i 55ff "the gods of heaven and earth (nepisass-a [taknass-a /sīw/es]) bow only in front of you, O Sun-goddess of Arinna", KUB xxxix 104 iv 10f n-at n[episas /siunas/ ta]knas /siunas/ piandu "let them deliver them to the gods of heaven (and) to the gods of the earth!", KUB vi 46 iii 47f "male and female deities of heaven (and) of the dark earth (/sīwes/… [nep]i<s>as dankuyas daganzipas), heaven (and) earth", KUB vi 45 i 35f ≈ vi 46 i 37ff "O gods, lords, may the gods, lords of heaven and earth (/sīwes ishēs/ nepisas /takn/ass-a) hear these words, (my) advocacy!", KBo X 45 iv 9 d Memesartis /nēpis/as taknass-a d /Arm/as "Memesarti, Moon-god of heaven and earth"; KUB xxiv 5 + ix 13++ ii 14f nu-mu-kan ta[knas /siun/]as d /Lelwani/-ya /kissr/i dāis "(if) you put me in the hand of the gods of the earth and of Lelwani", KUB xxxiii 122 ii 13f d /Arm/as d UTU-us taknass-a /sīwes/ "the Moon-god, the Sun-god and the gods of the earth", KUB xxx 27 Ro. 12f taknas d UTU-i [taknass-]a /siunas "to the Sun-goddess of the earth and to the gods of the earth" (about this Hittite expression, see a.o. Singer 1996 p. 62f, Görke 2012, p. 45f) // Bo 3617+ i 8-11, Bo 3078 ii 8f "when they established heaven and earth, the gods distributed them: the upper gods took heaven (s[rāzzius /sīwes/ n]epis dāir) while the nether gods took the Earth and the Netherworld (katterres-ma [/sīwes/ d]ag[anz]ipan katterra /utn/ē [dāir])", KUB lv 66 + xxiv 12 iv 5f-9f "the Sun-goddess of the earth and the nether gods (/katter/ra[ss]-a /sīwes/)… the Sun-god of heaven (and) the upper gods (/sraz/zius /sīwes/)", KUB xvii 14 i 20f /srāz/zius /sīmus/… taknas d UTU-us katterruss-a /sīwes/ "the upper gods… the Sun-goddess of the earth and the nether gods"; KUB xvii 14 Vo. 17 /sr/āzzius /sīwes/ dapiante[s] "all the upper gods" ○ Luw. KBo XXII 254 Vo. 10f tappasassin[zi tiyamm]assi[nz]i kuinzi māssaninz[i] "the gods of heaven (and) of earth"; (in a Ht. context) KBo XII 100 Ro. 8 nepisi-kan tapasallatenzi "the Celestials in heaven" ○ HierLuw. CHLI X.14 (Sultanhan) 33b /tipasassinzi… māssaninzi taskwirassinzi-ha/ "gods of heaven and earth", CHLI XII.4 (Ankara) 9 /tipasa[ss]inz[i] taskwu[ira]ssin[zi] māssan[inzi]/, CHLI VI.2 (Boybeypinari 2) 21 /Tipasantis… Taskwirantis-ha tipas-ha taskwiras-ha massaninzi/ "Heaven and Earth and gods of heaven and of earth" // CHLI X.14 (Sultanhan) 33a, X.15 (Kayseri) 12 /a n tahassinzi-pa-wa-n māssaninzi ahha ata n tu/ "let the infernal gods devour him!", CHLI X.20 (Kululu 5) 11 /a n tahassinzi-pa-wa-n māssaninzi zar-za ahha ara n tu/ "let the infernal gods devour his heart!" ○ In. RV 10.65.9cd "we invoke the gods, the earthly ones, the heavenly ones (and) those in the waters (devāń… yé pāŕthivāso diviyāśo apsú yé)", AVP 5.26.8ab ye ca devā bhūmicarā ye cāmī divy āsate "the gods who inhabit the earth and those who dwell in heaven", AVP 2.57.1ab "whether a god has come here from heaven (devo divaḥ), from the atmosphere, or one who is terrestrial (pārthivaḥ)"; RV 5.46.7cd yāḥ pāŕthivāso yā́ apāḿ ápi vraté… devīḥ "O earthly goddesses or you who attend the rivers", RV 10.158.1 "may the Sun protect us from the sky (diváḥ), the Wind from the atmosphere, Agni from the chthonic ones (pā́rthivebhyaḥ)!" ○ Av. Yt 3.13de diiaoš daēuuanąm "of the dēws of the (devic) sky" ○ Gr. OH 0.32f Δαίμονας οὐρανίους… καὶ χθονίους καὶ ὑποχθονίους "heavenly and earthly and subterranean deities", Porphyrus, fr. 314 τοῖς μὲν ἐπιχθονίοις τοῖς δ᾿οὐρανίοισι θεοῖς…

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The Proto-Indo-European God of Sleep, his Sibling and his Abode

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'Heaven & Earth' + 'Mountains & Rivers/Waters' in Proto-Indo-European Phraseology

h ōm… MOUNTAINS hāṕes (Anatolian, Indic, Russian) ○ Ht. Bo 86/299 iv 3-4 /nēpis tēkan/ sallis aru... more h ōm… MOUNTAINS hāṕes (Anatolian, Indic, Russian) ○ Ht. Bo 86/299 iv 3-4 /nēpis tēkan/ sallis arunas ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāpēs/ "heaven (and) earth, the Great Ocean, mountains and rivers", KUB xv 34 iii 49f n-asta kī kue ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāpes/ nepis tekan /lāmn/it halzisai "then these mountains, rivers, heaven (and) earth that he calls by name", KBo V 9 iv 18 ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāpēs… nēpis tēkann-a/, KBo XXXI 95 + KUB xxxvi 55 + KUB xxxvi 32 ii 32 [d]aganzipan nepisan ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāp/us tarhzi "will he overcome the Earth, Heaven, the mountains, the rivers?", KBo XI 17 ii 7-10 kinun-a-tta wemiyawen nepisaz taknaz /hap/az ḪUR.SAG-az hūmandaz /āp/pa uwatewen "and now we've found you, we brought you here from the heaven (and) earth, all the rivers and mountains", KUB xxix 4 i 64-67 "they draw the ancient deity… from the mountains, the rivers, the plains, heaven (and) earth (ḪUR.SAG-az /hap/az wēlluwaz nepisaz taknaz)", KUB xxix 4 + KBo XXIV 86 iii 43-48 "they draw the god… from the mountains and rivers (ḪUR.SAG-az /hap/az), from the sea, from the valley, from the plains, from the springs, from heaven (and) earth (nepisaz taknaz), along the seven paths and the seven trails", KUB vi 45 + xxx 14 + 1111/z iii 23f, KUB vi 46 iii 63f nepisas d UTU-us nepisaz /takn/az ḪUR.SAG MEŠ -az /hap/az "O Sun-god of heaven, from heaven (and) earth, the mountains and rivers", KUB xv 34 i 1ff uellūaz ḪUR.SAG(-az) /hapaz/ arunaz /luli/az pahhuenaz [nep]isaz tagnāz "(…) from the plains, mountains and rivers, from the sea, the springs, from the fire, from heaven (and) earth" + KUB xv 34 i 51 kuwapi kuwapi mān-za nepisi mān taknī mā[n-z]a ḪUR.SAG MEŠ "whether in heaven, in the earth or in the mountains" ○ HierLuw. Tell Ahmar 6 § 2 /Tipasantis Taskwirantis-ha DEUS Wattinzi DEUS Hapadantinzi/ "Heaven and Earth, divine mountains and divine riverbeds" (see Goedegebuure 2014, p. 4f and 9) ○ In. RV 5.46.3ab "I invoke Indra-Agni, Mitra-Varuna, Aditi, sunlight, Earth and Heaven, the Maruts, the mountains and waters (pṛthivīḿ dyāḿ… párvatām ̐ apáḥ)!", RV 10.36.1cd párvatām ̐ apáḥ… dyāvāpṛthivī, AV 20.106.2 dyaúḥ… pṛthivī. āṕaḥ párvatāsaś ca, RV 1.91.4ab yā́ te dhāḿāni diví yā́ pṛthivyā́ṃ yā́ párvateṣv óṣadhīṣv apsú "your (diverse) forms (O Soma), those in the sky, those on the earth, those in the mountains, in the plants, in the waters", RV 1.108.11ab yád indrāgnī diví ṣṭho yát pṛthivyāṃ yát párvateṣv óṣadhīṣv apsú "O Indra-Agni, whether you stand in the sky or on the earth or in the mountains, plants (or) waters" ○ Rus. Russian PVS I 420 prosti Nebo, prosti matuška syra Zemlja, prosti Solnce, prosti Luna, prostite zvězdy, prostite ozera, rěki i gory, prostite vsě stixĭi nebesnyja i zemnyja! "forgive, O Heaven, forgive, O mother damp Earth, forgive, O Sun, forgive, O Moon, forgive, O stars, forgive, O lakes, rivers and mountains, forgive, you all elements, heavenly and earthly!" →→ ■ MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS -PIE MOUNTAINS *hāṕes (Anatolian, Vedic, Avestan, Greek, Latin, Old High German, Latvian) ○ Ht. KUB xxiv 8 + xxxvi 60 iv 9-11 "just like mountains (ḪUR.SAG HI.A ) are sitting separately, like rivers (hāpes) flow separately", KUB xv 34 i 45f nu-smas ḪUR.SAG MEŠ peran taksatniyantaru [hāpēss]-a-smas peran armizziyantaru "let the mountains flatten in front of you and let the rivers acquire bridges in front of you!", KUB vi 45 iii 59, KUB vi 46 iv 28 nu-tta /nepisas sīwes/ ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāpēs/ waliyanzi "the gods of heaven, mountains and rivers, they shall praise you", KUB vi 45 + xxx 14 + 1111/z i 15 DINGIR.LÚ MEŠ DINGIR.MUNUS MEŠ hūmantes ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāp/es "all the gods and goddesses, mountains and rivers", KUB vi 45 i 37ff + vi 46 ii 2ff /nepisas/ d UTU d UTU /Arin/na … DINGIR.LÚ MEŠ DINGIR.MUNUS MEŠ

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Proto-Indo-European Phraseology for 'Gods and Goddesses'

Norse) ○ Ht. a.o. KUB xxi 1 iv 21 /sīwes pisēnes sīwes *kuwānnes (or *kuennes ? )/ (<DINGIR MEŠ L... more Norse) ○ Ht. a.o. KUB xxi 1 iv 21 /sīwes pisēnes sīwes *kuwānnes (or *kuennes ? )/ (<DINGIR MEŠ LÚ MEŠ DINGIR MEŠ MUNUS MEŠ >) hūmantes "all the males deities (and) female deities", KUB xix 1 + KBo LVIII 8 + KUB xiv 14 Ro. 1 [/sīwes/] /ishēs-mis sī[wes pisēnes/] h[ūmantes /s]īwes *kuwānnes/ hūmantes "O gods, my lords, all the male deities, all the female deities", KUB vi 45 i 15f /sīwes pisēnes sīwes *kuwānnes/ hūmantes ḪUR.SAG MEŠ /hāpes/… hūmantes "all the male deities (and) female deities, all the mountains and rivers", KUB vi 45+ iii 9f + vi 46 iii 47f /sīwes pisēnes sīwes *kuwānnes [ne]pis/as dankuyas daganzipas "male deities (and) female deities of heaven (and) of the dark Earth", KUB vii 5 + ix 27 i 53, KUB iv 1 + Bo 7960 + KUB xlviii 86 i 5 DINGIR.LÚ MEŠ DINGIR.MUNUS MEŠ ○ HierLuw. CHLI II.11+12 (Karkamiš A11b+c) 18ef /zitiyantanz māssananz… wanattiyantanz māssananz/ "to the male deities, to the female deities", CHLI X.14 (Sultanhan) 33b /māssaninzi… zitiyantinzi wanattiyantinzi-ha/ "the deities, male and female" ○ In. RV 6.68.4ab gnāś ca… náraś ca… víśve devāśaḥ "all the deities, female and male" ○ Av. Y 10.1b daēuuā̊ŋhō… daēuuaiiō "dēws (and) she-dēws" ○ Gr. a.o. Il. 8.5, 19.101, HH 3.311, Lucian, Zeus Rants 14 πάντές τε θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι "all the gods and all the goddesses", Il. 8.20 πάντές τε… θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι, Od. 8.341 θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι ○ Lt. Livy 6.16.2 di deaeque, Terence, Phormio 4.4.6 omnes di, deaeque, superi, inferi "all gods and goddesses, higher (and) infernal", Plautus, Cistellaria 2.1.200 di deaeque, superi atque inferi, CIL XIII 1745.1-4 I(oui)… et diis deabusque omnibus, Inscr. Lat. sel. 5653 Ioui Optimo Maximo et caeteris dis deabusq(ue) immortalibus, AE 1982, 692 I(oui) O(ptimo) M(aximo) et… dis deab(us)q(ue) omnibus

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The Proto-Indo-European Spirits of the Dead

Ht. nakku-and nakkiwa-(two different types of) '(dead) spirits'(≠ akkandas istanzan-'soul of the ... more

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The Proto-Indo-European Dark Gods (and the God of Plagues)

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The Proto-Indo-European God of Plagues

A blood red god who, in his wrath, sends plagues and fever on animals and men with his bow and ar... more

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Didier Calin

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