Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Apr 1, 1991
Weathering steel bridges have now been in use in Scotland for over 20 years. The first trunk road... more Weathering steel bridges have now been in use in Scotland for over 20 years. The first trunk road weathering steel bridge was constructed in 1973 and there are now over 20 bridges located throughout the Scottish trunk road network. Some early bridges were constructed from Corten steel but most have used BS 4360 WR 50C steel. The importance of selecting suitable environments has been emphasized, and detail design has been improved to preserve the long-term durability and appearance of the bridges. Direct plate thickness measurements have been taken and very little corrosion of the steel has been apparent to date. Unsuitable use of one bridge has necessitated the remedial painting of the corroded steel. The Scottish experience is compared with other weathering steel construction principally in the United States of America. The predominantly rural environment in Scotland has proved suitable for weathering steel bridges. It is expected that, with an awareness of the limitations of the material and with good design practice, weathering steel will continue to be specified for future use in Scotland. (Author/TRRL)
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CONFERENCE 2008; PROCEEDINGS, 2008
Transport information has traditionally been provided in a form which suits the providers such as... more Transport information has traditionally been provided in a form which suits the providers such as a rail timetable, a bus timetable or a road map. However, most journeys are multi-modal and travellers with different preferences need information to help them navigate these multi-modal systems balancing cost, time, comfort and reliability. This paper describes how the new generation of flexible internet, desktop and handheld journey planners are being used by employers, agencies and individuals to plan door to door journeys. Currently these new systems are only used regularly by 6% of the population in Scotland. The paper summarises the delivery of four separate projects in different parts of the country to mainstream the availability of door to door personal journey plans. These projects cover personal journey planning to hospitals in Glasgow, personalised travel solutions for a retail site in Glasgow, inception packs for students across Scotland, and the use of local community networks to provide personalised support and advice in southern Scotland. The personalised information from journey plans is also helping to provide feedback loops for accessibility and transport planning. Although network coverage may meet the needs of most people, the personalised approach identifies some types of trip, such as health journeys by patients, where there are no suitable shared or public transport options. For these high care or special needs trips, appropriate transport can then be provided to close the gaps in networks and complement other transport provision (e.g. door-to-door high care needs provision). The paper describes how micro and macro feedback loops are being developed from personalised journey planning to transport network planning to help manage integrated delivery of high care needs transport in central and southern Scotland. For the covering abstract see ITRD E145999
Bridges need to be managed effectively to ensure that they provide a satisfactory level of servic... more Bridges need to be managed effectively to ensure that they provide a satisfactory level of service. With increasing traffic loading on the road network it has not been possible to establish for all bridges, using conventional techniques, that the required loading can be carried safety. This paper proposes a risk-based framework for prioritising bridges in need of remedial work. The overall procedure includes: risk evaluation, ranking of bridges in terms of risk, design of remedial action for each bridge, and optimal allocation of resources for remedial work on different bridges. Risk is evaluated as a product of probability of failure and consequences of failure. Structural reliability techniques are used for evaluating the probability of a bridge failure. Consequences of failure are evaluated in terms of repair/re-building costs, road user costs, loss of life and injury, and environmental damage. For routine use by practising engineers, simplifed methods for evaluating risk have been proposed. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 882313.
The UK design manual for roads and bridges states that a bridge assessment should aim to determin... more The UK design manual for roads and bridges states that a bridge assessment should aim to determine the vehicle load that a given structure can carry, with a reasonable probability that it will not suffer damage that endangers people or property on or near the structure. This paper considers how this objective is being met for arch bridges, using current assessment techniques, and the potential for reliable techniques to ensure more explicit connections between risk and strengthening needs. An analytical technique for arch bridge assessment was developed in 1948, and was later adapted to become the principal method for arch bridges. The uncertainties and current assessment approaches can be divided into: (1) uncertainty of resistance, whose main aspects are inspection, material properties, and analysis; and (2) traffic loading and load distribution. Bridge assessment aims to: (1) ensure adequate safety for the bridge's intended use; and (2) minimise maintenance needs. A risk evaluation framework is developed for arch bridges, which is based on: (1) calculations of bridge failure probability; (2) methods for remedial and mitigation measures; and (3) analysis of the consequences of bridge failure.
In recent years there have been an increasing number of initiatives in many countries around the ... more In recent years there have been an increasing number of initiatives in many countries around the world under the general banner of safer routes to school (SRTS). Although approaches differ between schools, regions and countries, the general objective is the same, to take a more integrated approach to the planning of school travel. This paper describes the results of a major research project for the Scottish Office leading to the preparation of practical guidance on the implementation of SRTS schemes. SRTS encompasses many of the key elements of sustainable transport and recognises not just that education of today's children must prepare them for a future in which integrated transport is accepted as a key component of a strong economy, a clean environment and an inclusive society, but that changing school travel behaviour is also necessary to deliver these objectives. The research looks at how education, publicity, engineering, and enforcement programmes can be developed in a par...
Based on TRL research, the Scottish Office road safety plan was published in 1995 to provide a fr... more Based on TRL research, the Scottish Office road safety plan was published in 1995 to provide a framework which helps to co-ordinate the diverse road safety activities of roads, transport, education, environment, home and health interests in Scotland. The Scottish Office is responsible for ensuring that appropriate policies and legislation exist to target the issues most important in Scotland, and the plan gives comprehensive coverage of all relevant activities within focus of the organisation. By identifying achievable targets and measurable goals for a commitment of known and available resources, the Scottish Office can encourage a road safety culture which is conductive to a culture of co-operation by health, education, police, roads and transport departments. A review of casualty statistics and casualty reduction potential for each road user group is described, and key road safety initiatives for each target group are presented. Particular focus is given to pedestrian casualties ...
The authors suggest that the work required to strengthen sub-standard bridges needs to be priorit... more The authors suggest that the work required to strengthen sub-standard bridges needs to be prioritised taking into account costs and risks to the public. A framework is proposed for a risk-based approach for assessment of bridges and simplified methods for risk evaluation. The procedure is most appropriate for bridges which do not satisfy the requirements of a standard assessment of load carrying capacity using current assessment codes. The method is part of an ongoing research project intended to be dovetailed into the strategic research programme being conducted by the Highways Agency. The prupose of the proposed methodology will be to identify the low risk bridges for which traffic disruptive interim measures may not be necessary and to select appropriate remedial actions. For the covering abstract see IRRD 898092.
In the following, we look at how the different accessibility instruments presented in section 3 c... more In the following, we look at how the different accessibility instruments presented in section 3 compare on the different aspects: background, conceptual framework and theoretical underpinnings, operational aspects, relevance for planning practice, strengths and limitations, and visualization. We identify, per item, significant similarities and differences and reflect on potential implications for the following steps of the Action
This research considers land use and transport accessibility drawing on international practice fr... more This research considers land use and transport accessibility drawing on international practice from the UK, Europe, USA and Australia. An objective of the research was to define accessibility and propose a methodology for how accessibility could be measured and quantified in New Zealand, both at a neighbourhood or a wider area such as a suburb, city or region. The result of the research was an understanding of other countriesr experiences developing and setting accessibility policy and the success of those approaches. This is important because if New Zealand chooses to set explicit accessibility policy, the research explains how that might be best achieved. A second result of the research was the development of a new methodology for calculating accessibility that draws on overseas and improved practice. The new methodology quantitatively measures accessibility taking into consideration different modes of travel (walk, cycle, private motor vehicle etc), travel behaviour (ideally usin...
Whether the goals of economic growth and improving accessibility in Edinburgh can be matched with... more Whether the goals of economic growth and improving accessibility in Edinburgh can be matched with sustainable development of the City is considered. The compact city has been promoted as a sustainable urban form by many researchers, and the evidence from travel patterns in more decentralised cities supports this, though the debate over this issue continues. The city of Edinburgh in Scotland fits closely to the compact city model, as its high density historic centre provides the focus for the city's business, shopping and culture, and is served by good quality bus corridors. The monocentric compact city model encounters problems in the case of high economic growth, as the busy city centre often lacks space for development. Edinburgh's economy has grown substantially in recent decades, mainly fuelled by growth in the financial sector. Increased wealth has led to greater car ownership and use, while much development has taken place at out-of-town business and retail parks. Furt...
During the current period of change in the organisation of national, regional, and local governme... more During the current period of change in the organisation of national, regional, and local government in the UK, it is important to continue to give high priority to effective road casualty reduction measures. This paper emphasises central government's role in providing a framework, which helps to coordinate activities and target action where it is needed most. It describes research conducted to support the preparation of a road safety plan for the Scottish Office. Accident statistics show some important differences between Scotland's safety record and that of other comparable countries. The paper's tables show casualty cost by mode as % of total, and numbers and costs of injury accidents in Scotland. To reduce the total number of accidents to the target level for 2000, the major effort must be applied to reduce pedestrian and car user casualties. It is not yet clear how far the increase in slight casualties represents a transfer from more serious accidents. The plan is de...
Proceedings of the 2005 European Transport Conference, 2005
In the UK, zebra, pelican, toucan and other pedestrian crossing facilities each have a place in g... more In the UK, zebra, pelican, toucan and other pedestrian crossing facilities each have a place in giving pedestrians priority over vehicles. Current road standards define the choice of type of crossing in terms of vehicle and pedestrian speeds and flows. In Scotland, West Lothian Council have been a leader in the development of Safer Routes to School, 20mph zones, home zones, and other methods of civilising centres where people live, work and play. In order to identify a suitable policy for pedestrian crossing consistent with the principles of DfT guidance but building in more social and environmental constraints a survey programme has been undertaken of pedestrian and vehicle behaviour at pedestrian crossings. Of particular interest has been the re-emergence of zebra crossings as a preferred crossing type in town centres in parallel with other traffic calming and streetscape measures to civilise the road environment for pedestrians. However this new policy is not universally popular ...
Transport improvements have often been viewed narrowly in terms of infrastructure or services. Th... more Transport improvements have often been viewed narrowly in terms of infrastructure or services. This paper reviews the scope and opportunity for transport delivery to grow beyond traditional boundaries to lead a change in transport culture within seven communities in Scotland. To understand the current culture, and views of alternatives, more than 12,000 household surveys, 400 telephone surveys, 14 focus groups and 70 in-depth interviews have been undertaken across seven Scottish communities. These surveys have found that a more sustainable approach to transport is potentially achievable if investment is targeted effectively. The towns receiving Scottish Government money are all planning some changes that will help to meet the aspirations of residents, but more needs to be done in each community to deliver sustainable transport. The research highlights pitfalls that must be avoided and emphasises the need for flexibility in delivery. People can be fickle, so marketing and promotion t...
Groups of individuals have a range of activity needs, that can be met through facilities provided... more Groups of individuals have a range of activity needs, that can be met through facilities provided at various destinations, with transport and communications providing the links between ‘demand’ and ‘supply’. Accessibility can be examined primarily from two viewpoints: that of the individual (origin), and that of the service provider (destination). DHC (2000) characterises the understanding of accessibility in terms of three questions: “who”/“where”, “what” and “how”: o Who or where is being considered – Accessibility is an attribute of people or places.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Apr 1, 1991
Weathering steel bridges have now been in use in Scotland for over 20 years. The first trunk road... more Weathering steel bridges have now been in use in Scotland for over 20 years. The first trunk road weathering steel bridge was constructed in 1973 and there are now over 20 bridges located throughout the Scottish trunk road network. Some early bridges were constructed from Corten steel but most have used BS 4360 WR 50C steel. The importance of selecting suitable environments has been emphasized, and detail design has been improved to preserve the long-term durability and appearance of the bridges. Direct plate thickness measurements have been taken and very little corrosion of the steel has been apparent to date. Unsuitable use of one bridge has necessitated the remedial painting of the corroded steel. The Scottish experience is compared with other weathering steel construction principally in the United States of America. The predominantly rural environment in Scotland has proved suitable for weathering steel bridges. It is expected that, with an awareness of the limitations of the material and with good design practice, weathering steel will continue to be specified for future use in Scotland. (Author/TRRL)
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CONFERENCE 2008; PROCEEDINGS, 2008
Transport information has traditionally been provided in a form which suits the providers such as... more Transport information has traditionally been provided in a form which suits the providers such as a rail timetable, a bus timetable or a road map. However, most journeys are multi-modal and travellers with different preferences need information to help them navigate these multi-modal systems balancing cost, time, comfort and reliability. This paper describes how the new generation of flexible internet, desktop and handheld journey planners are being used by employers, agencies and individuals to plan door to door journeys. Currently these new systems are only used regularly by 6% of the population in Scotland. The paper summarises the delivery of four separate projects in different parts of the country to mainstream the availability of door to door personal journey plans. These projects cover personal journey planning to hospitals in Glasgow, personalised travel solutions for a retail site in Glasgow, inception packs for students across Scotland, and the use of local community networks to provide personalised support and advice in southern Scotland. The personalised information from journey plans is also helping to provide feedback loops for accessibility and transport planning. Although network coverage may meet the needs of most people, the personalised approach identifies some types of trip, such as health journeys by patients, where there are no suitable shared or public transport options. For these high care or special needs trips, appropriate transport can then be provided to close the gaps in networks and complement other transport provision (e.g. door-to-door high care needs provision). The paper describes how micro and macro feedback loops are being developed from personalised journey planning to transport network planning to help manage integrated delivery of high care needs transport in central and southern Scotland. For the covering abstract see ITRD E145999
Bridges need to be managed effectively to ensure that they provide a satisfactory level of servic... more Bridges need to be managed effectively to ensure that they provide a satisfactory level of service. With increasing traffic loading on the road network it has not been possible to establish for all bridges, using conventional techniques, that the required loading can be carried safety. This paper proposes a risk-based framework for prioritising bridges in need of remedial work. The overall procedure includes: risk evaluation, ranking of bridges in terms of risk, design of remedial action for each bridge, and optimal allocation of resources for remedial work on different bridges. Risk is evaluated as a product of probability of failure and consequences of failure. Structural reliability techniques are used for evaluating the probability of a bridge failure. Consequences of failure are evaluated in terms of repair/re-building costs, road user costs, loss of life and injury, and environmental damage. For routine use by practising engineers, simplifed methods for evaluating risk have been proposed. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 882313.
The UK design manual for roads and bridges states that a bridge assessment should aim to determin... more The UK design manual for roads and bridges states that a bridge assessment should aim to determine the vehicle load that a given structure can carry, with a reasonable probability that it will not suffer damage that endangers people or property on or near the structure. This paper considers how this objective is being met for arch bridges, using current assessment techniques, and the potential for reliable techniques to ensure more explicit connections between risk and strengthening needs. An analytical technique for arch bridge assessment was developed in 1948, and was later adapted to become the principal method for arch bridges. The uncertainties and current assessment approaches can be divided into: (1) uncertainty of resistance, whose main aspects are inspection, material properties, and analysis; and (2) traffic loading and load distribution. Bridge assessment aims to: (1) ensure adequate safety for the bridge's intended use; and (2) minimise maintenance needs. A risk evaluation framework is developed for arch bridges, which is based on: (1) calculations of bridge failure probability; (2) methods for remedial and mitigation measures; and (3) analysis of the consequences of bridge failure.
In recent years there have been an increasing number of initiatives in many countries around the ... more In recent years there have been an increasing number of initiatives in many countries around the world under the general banner of safer routes to school (SRTS). Although approaches differ between schools, regions and countries, the general objective is the same, to take a more integrated approach to the planning of school travel. This paper describes the results of a major research project for the Scottish Office leading to the preparation of practical guidance on the implementation of SRTS schemes. SRTS encompasses many of the key elements of sustainable transport and recognises not just that education of today's children must prepare them for a future in which integrated transport is accepted as a key component of a strong economy, a clean environment and an inclusive society, but that changing school travel behaviour is also necessary to deliver these objectives. The research looks at how education, publicity, engineering, and enforcement programmes can be developed in a par...
Based on TRL research, the Scottish Office road safety plan was published in 1995 to provide a fr... more Based on TRL research, the Scottish Office road safety plan was published in 1995 to provide a framework which helps to co-ordinate the diverse road safety activities of roads, transport, education, environment, home and health interests in Scotland. The Scottish Office is responsible for ensuring that appropriate policies and legislation exist to target the issues most important in Scotland, and the plan gives comprehensive coverage of all relevant activities within focus of the organisation. By identifying achievable targets and measurable goals for a commitment of known and available resources, the Scottish Office can encourage a road safety culture which is conductive to a culture of co-operation by health, education, police, roads and transport departments. A review of casualty statistics and casualty reduction potential for each road user group is described, and key road safety initiatives for each target group are presented. Particular focus is given to pedestrian casualties ...
The authors suggest that the work required to strengthen sub-standard bridges needs to be priorit... more The authors suggest that the work required to strengthen sub-standard bridges needs to be prioritised taking into account costs and risks to the public. A framework is proposed for a risk-based approach for assessment of bridges and simplified methods for risk evaluation. The procedure is most appropriate for bridges which do not satisfy the requirements of a standard assessment of load carrying capacity using current assessment codes. The method is part of an ongoing research project intended to be dovetailed into the strategic research programme being conducted by the Highways Agency. The prupose of the proposed methodology will be to identify the low risk bridges for which traffic disruptive interim measures may not be necessary and to select appropriate remedial actions. For the covering abstract see IRRD 898092.
In the following, we look at how the different accessibility instruments presented in section 3 c... more In the following, we look at how the different accessibility instruments presented in section 3 compare on the different aspects: background, conceptual framework and theoretical underpinnings, operational aspects, relevance for planning practice, strengths and limitations, and visualization. We identify, per item, significant similarities and differences and reflect on potential implications for the following steps of the Action
This research considers land use and transport accessibility drawing on international practice fr... more This research considers land use and transport accessibility drawing on international practice from the UK, Europe, USA and Australia. An objective of the research was to define accessibility and propose a methodology for how accessibility could be measured and quantified in New Zealand, both at a neighbourhood or a wider area such as a suburb, city or region. The result of the research was an understanding of other countriesr experiences developing and setting accessibility policy and the success of those approaches. This is important because if New Zealand chooses to set explicit accessibility policy, the research explains how that might be best achieved. A second result of the research was the development of a new methodology for calculating accessibility that draws on overseas and improved practice. The new methodology quantitatively measures accessibility taking into consideration different modes of travel (walk, cycle, private motor vehicle etc), travel behaviour (ideally usin...
Whether the goals of economic growth and improving accessibility in Edinburgh can be matched with... more Whether the goals of economic growth and improving accessibility in Edinburgh can be matched with sustainable development of the City is considered. The compact city has been promoted as a sustainable urban form by many researchers, and the evidence from travel patterns in more decentralised cities supports this, though the debate over this issue continues. The city of Edinburgh in Scotland fits closely to the compact city model, as its high density historic centre provides the focus for the city's business, shopping and culture, and is served by good quality bus corridors. The monocentric compact city model encounters problems in the case of high economic growth, as the busy city centre often lacks space for development. Edinburgh's economy has grown substantially in recent decades, mainly fuelled by growth in the financial sector. Increased wealth has led to greater car ownership and use, while much development has taken place at out-of-town business and retail parks. Furt...
During the current period of change in the organisation of national, regional, and local governme... more During the current period of change in the organisation of national, regional, and local government in the UK, it is important to continue to give high priority to effective road casualty reduction measures. This paper emphasises central government's role in providing a framework, which helps to coordinate activities and target action where it is needed most. It describes research conducted to support the preparation of a road safety plan for the Scottish Office. Accident statistics show some important differences between Scotland's safety record and that of other comparable countries. The paper's tables show casualty cost by mode as % of total, and numbers and costs of injury accidents in Scotland. To reduce the total number of accidents to the target level for 2000, the major effort must be applied to reduce pedestrian and car user casualties. It is not yet clear how far the increase in slight casualties represents a transfer from more serious accidents. The plan is de...
Proceedings of the 2005 European Transport Conference, 2005
In the UK, zebra, pelican, toucan and other pedestrian crossing facilities each have a place in g... more In the UK, zebra, pelican, toucan and other pedestrian crossing facilities each have a place in giving pedestrians priority over vehicles. Current road standards define the choice of type of crossing in terms of vehicle and pedestrian speeds and flows. In Scotland, West Lothian Council have been a leader in the development of Safer Routes to School, 20mph zones, home zones, and other methods of civilising centres where people live, work and play. In order to identify a suitable policy for pedestrian crossing consistent with the principles of DfT guidance but building in more social and environmental constraints a survey programme has been undertaken of pedestrian and vehicle behaviour at pedestrian crossings. Of particular interest has been the re-emergence of zebra crossings as a preferred crossing type in town centres in parallel with other traffic calming and streetscape measures to civilise the road environment for pedestrians. However this new policy is not universally popular ...
Transport improvements have often been viewed narrowly in terms of infrastructure or services. Th... more Transport improvements have often been viewed narrowly in terms of infrastructure or services. This paper reviews the scope and opportunity for transport delivery to grow beyond traditional boundaries to lead a change in transport culture within seven communities in Scotland. To understand the current culture, and views of alternatives, more than 12,000 household surveys, 400 telephone surveys, 14 focus groups and 70 in-depth interviews have been undertaken across seven Scottish communities. These surveys have found that a more sustainable approach to transport is potentially achievable if investment is targeted effectively. The towns receiving Scottish Government money are all planning some changes that will help to meet the aspirations of residents, but more needs to be done in each community to deliver sustainable transport. The research highlights pitfalls that must be avoided and emphasises the need for flexibility in delivery. People can be fickle, so marketing and promotion t...
Groups of individuals have a range of activity needs, that can be met through facilities provided... more Groups of individuals have a range of activity needs, that can be met through facilities provided at various destinations, with transport and communications providing the links between ‘demand’ and ‘supply’. Accessibility can be examined primarily from two viewpoints: that of the individual (origin), and that of the service provider (destination). DHC (2000) characterises the understanding of accessibility in terms of three questions: “who”/“where”, “what” and “how”: o Who or where is being considered – Accessibility is an attribute of people or places.
Uploads
Papers by Derek Halden