Transfemoral amputee often encounters reduced toe clearance resulting in trip-related falls. Swin... more Transfemoral amputee often encounters reduced toe clearance resulting in trip-related falls. Swing phase joint angles have been shown to influence the toe clearance therefore, training intervention that targets shaping the swing phase joint angles can potentially enhance toe clearance. The focus of this study was to investigate the effect of the shift in the location of the center of pressure (CoP) during heel strike on modulation of the swing phase joint angles in able-bodied participants (n=6) and transfemoral amputees (n=3). We first developed a real-time CoP-based visual feedback system such that participants could shift the CoP during treadmill walking. Next, the kinematic data were collected during two different walking sessions- baseline (without feedback) and feedback (shifting the CoP anteriorly/posteriorly at heel strike to match the target CoP location). Primary swing phase joint angle adaptations were observed with feedback such that during the mid-swing phase, posterior...
2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011
Cognitive radio (CR) technology represents a promising solution for solving the problem of spectr... more Cognitive radio (CR) technology represents a promising solution for solving the problem of spectrum scarcity and underutilization in wireless communications. While orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a suitable technology for the CR physical layer, it can suffer from out-of-band radiation, which hinders its spectrum sharing capabilities. In this paper we consider a turbo-coded OFDM based CR system, and propose three methods for shaping the spectrum of the CR signal to reduce interference affecting primary users (PUs) that operate in adjacent bands. The proposed methods use multiple choice sequences (MCS) generated at the bit level by employing different pseudo random bit sequences, by using bit interleavers with different depths, or by a combination of both, respectively. In order to reduce interference to adjacent bands, the sequence with the best spectral shape is transmitted along with its index. Performance of the proposed methods is illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations, and the trade off between a better spectral shape and the reduction in the spectral efficiency of the systems is discussed.
Cubosomes have a very interesting structureal property. Cubosomes are the square shaped particles... more Cubosomes have a very interesting structureal property. Cubosomes are the square shaped particles with internal visible cubic lattices. Compared to other novel drug delivery system cubosomes have advantages including ease of preparation, special liquid crystalline properties and better physInical stability cubosomes consist of honeycombed structures separating two internal aqueous channels and a large interfacial area. Cubic nanoparticles are selfassembled liquid crystalline particles of surfactants with natural lipid. It has high internal surface area which allows loading drug in cubic crystalline structures. Cubosomes are relatively simple to prepare and it has ability of encapsulating hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic drug substances. This review article provide an overview of cubosome, types, structure, composition, recent formulations of cubosomes, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of cubosomes in the formulations with various categories drugs.
This paper presents a novel method for stance and swing phase detection employing Learning Vector... more This paper presents a novel method for stance and swing phase detection employing Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), using knee angle information only. The results show detection accuracy of 95.9% in stance phase and 83.9% in swing phase. The research concludes an efficient replacement of footswitch for phase detection. The work can directly lead to low cost speed adaptive transtibial prosthesis where the knee angle measurement can be used to decide the damping in the prosthesis.
In EMG based pattern recognition (EMG-PR), deep learning-based techniques have become more promin... more In EMG based pattern recognition (EMG-PR), deep learning-based techniques have become more prominent for their self-regulating capability to extract discriminant features from large data-sets. Moreover, the performance of traditional machine learning-based methods show limitation to categorize over a certain number of classes and degrades over a period of time. In this paper, an accurate, robust, and fast convolutional neural network-based framework for EMG pattern identification is presented. To assess the performance of the proposed system, five publicly available and benchmark data-sets of upper limb activities were used. This data-set contains 49 to 52 upper limb motions (NinaPro DB1, NinaPro DB2, and NinaPro DB3), Data with force variation, and data with arm position variation for intact and amputated subjects. The classification accuracies of 91.11% (53 classes), 89.45% (49 classes), 81.67% (49 classes of amputees), 95.67% (6 classes with force variation), and 99.11% (8 classe...
There is a real need of EMG (Electromyogram) based prosthetic hand for the amputee which should b... more There is a real need of EMG (Electromyogram) based prosthetic hand for the amputee which should be economical as well as reliable. The cheap prosthetic hand available in market works passively. In those cases the patient does not feel the feeling of natural human hand. EMG based prosthetic hand provides the amputee feeling of natural human hand. The work that has been discussed here is to develop a prosthetic hand with one degree of freedom. The two motions developed were open and close. Most of the work is done at electronic level. The main work was to acquire the noiseless EMG signal and further to convert it into control signal for prosthetic hand, after suitable processing. For classification a threshold based technique has used rather than any classification technique like Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithm (GA). It was tried to use the minimum hardware, without making any compromise with performance. It was done so, to achieve the target of deve...
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
Tripping is accompanied by reduced minimum toe clearance (mTC) during the swing phase of gait. Th... more Tripping is accompanied by reduced minimum toe clearance (mTC) during the swing phase of gait. The risk of fall due to tripping among transfemoral amputees is nearly 67% which is greater than the transtibial amputees. Therefore, intervention to improve mTC can potentially enhance the quality of life among transfemoral amputees. In this paper, we first develop a real-time visual feedback system with center of pressure (CoP) information. Next, we recruited six non-disabled and three transfemoral amputees to investigate the effect on mTC while participants were trained to shift the CoP anteriorly/posteriorly during heel strike. Finally, to assess the lasting effect of training on mTC, retention trials were conducted without feedback. During feedback, posterior shift in the CoP improved the mTC significantly from 4.68 ± 0.40 cm to 6.12 ± 0.68 cm (p < 0.025) in non-disabled participants. A similar significant improvement in mTC from 4.60 ± 0.55 cm to 5.62 ± 0.57 cm was observed in amputees during posterior shift of CoP. Besides mTC, maximal toe clearances, i.e., maxTC 1 and maxTC 2 , also showed a significant increase (p < 0.025) during the posterior shift of CoP in both the participants. Moreover, during retention, mTC did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from feedback condition in amputee, suggesting a positive effect of feedback training. The foot-to-ground angle (FGA) at mTC increased significantly (P < 0.025) during posterior shift feedback in non-disabled suggests active ankle dorsiflexion in increasing mTC. However, in amputees, FGA at mTC did not differ significantly during both anterior and posterior CoP shift feedback. The present findings suggest CoP feedback as a potential strategy during gait rehabilitation of transfemoral amputees.
Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indicator for liver transplant (LT) in childr... more Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indicator for liver transplant (LT) in children, however, approximately 22% will reach adulthood with their native liver, and of these, half will require transplantation later in life. The aim of this study was to analyse the surgical challenges and outcomes of patients with BA undergoing LT in adulthood. Methods: Patients with BA requiring LT at the age of 16 or older in our unit between 1989 and 2020 were included. Pretransplant, perioperative variables and outcomes were analysed. Pretransplant imaging was reviewed to assess liver appearance, spontaneous visceral portosystemic shunting (SPSS), splenomegaly, splenic artery (SA) size, and aneurysms. Results: Thirty-four patients who underwent LT for BA fulfilled the inclusion criteria, at a median age of 24 years. The main indicators for LT were synthetic failure and recurrent cholangitis. In total, 57.6% had significant enlargement of the SA, 21% had multiple SA aneurysm, and SPSS...
Neuromuscular disorders in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients lead to foot deformities and affect foot ... more Neuromuscular disorders in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients lead to foot deformities and affect foot biomechanics leading to compromised gait. The objective of the present work is to develop a wearable instrumentation to measure foot kinematics such as foot-to-ground angle in three-dimensional planes and to measure the foot clearance i.e., toe and heel clearances. A template-based outsole was developed that incorporated an optical distance sensor located anatomically on the outsole and the magnetometer to measure the foot kinematics. The developed system was validated against the reference marker-based motion capture system. The data from eight able-bodied participants were acquired simultaneously from both the systems at three different walking speeds. A CoP based feedback was presented to the participants to shift the sagittal CoP anteriorly, posteriorly and normal to simulate the walking pattern of CP patients with three different foot landing strategies. Pearson’s correlation coeffi...
Gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) affect their mental, physical, economic, and ... more Gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) affect their mental, physical, economic, and social lives. Gait assessment is one of the essential steps of gait management. It has been widely used for clinical decision making and evaluation of different treatment outcomes. However, most of the present methods of gait assessment are subjective, less sensitive to small pathological changes, time-taking and need a great effort of an expert. This study proposes an automated, comprehensive gait assessment score (A-GAS) for gait disorders in CP. Kinematic data of 356 CP and 41 typically developing subjects is used to validate the performance of A-GAS. For the computation of A-GAS, instance abnormality index (AII) and abnormality index (AI) are computed. AII quantifies gait abnormality of a gait cycle instance, while AI quantifies gait abnormality of a joint angle profile. AII is calculated for all gait cycle instances by performing probabilistically and statistical tests. Abnormality ...
BACKGROUND Graft loss incidence is reported to be inversely related to recipient age. We used a n... more BACKGROUND Graft loss incidence is reported to be inversely related to recipient age. We used a national cohort of liver transplant (LT) recipients from the UK & Ireland to compare the age-dependent risk of graft failure in different post-transplantation time-periods ('epochs'). METHODS A cohort of first-time LT recipients (1995-2016) were identified (11,006). Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) comparing graft loss between age-groups (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-76 years) and graft loss in different post-transplant epochs: 0- 90 days, 90 days- 2 years, and 2 -10 years. RESULTS The risk of graft failure was highest in those transplanted between age 18-29 (adjusted HR 1.25, 95%CI: 1.00-1.57, p=0.04) and in those aged 30-39 (adjusted HR 1.31, 95%CI: 1.11-1.55, p=0.02). Graft failure in those under the age of 40 was similar in the first 90 days but worse 2-10 years' post-LT (18-29 years HR 1.36, 95%CI: 0.96-1.93, p<0.001). Graft failure due to chronic rejection (CR) was more common in recipients aged 18-29 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adults transplanted between age 18-39 are at risk of late graft loss. CR is a concern for young adults (18-29 years). Our data highlights the need for specialist young adult services within adult healthcare.
Microporous SAPO-35 molecular sieves (Levyne type) were synthesized in non-aqueous media by using... more Microporous SAPO-35 molecular sieves (Levyne type) were synthesized in non-aqueous media by using different inorganic promoters (HClO 4 − , HF, H 3 PO 4 , and NaNO 3) to enhance the rate of crystallization, and the as-synthesized materials were characterized by using different methods such as powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS-NMR), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From PXRD patterns, it was found that all the materials have a highly crystalline nature without any other impurities. SEM images reveal rhombohedral particles in all synthesis conditions. The framework structure of the synthesized materials was identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, and it reveals that all materials gave a similar framework structure. From BET and XPS, we have confirmed that the pore size and pore diameters along with the elemental compositions have a minor change. The 27 Al, 31 P, and 29 Si MAS-NMR spectra of all the promoter-based SAPO-35 materials are close to those of the standard SAPO-35 material. All the above characterization studies reveal the formation of SAPO-35 in a short time with promoters. The catalytic application studies of these synthesized materials for a methanol-to-olefin conversion reaction were performed, and the efficiency of these materials was found to be similar to that of standard materials.
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal
Background: The ability to measure pain objectively forms an important part of health care, both ... more Background: The ability to measure pain objectively forms an important part of health care, both in chronic health monitoring and in acute settings, to determine changes in patient clinical presentation and the effectiveness of interventions aimed at alleviating pain.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The primary raw material for th... more Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The primary raw material for the paper production is pulped fibers' obtaining by a complicated chemical process from natural materials, mainly from wood. Paper recycling saves the natural wood raw stock, decreases the operation and capital costs to the paper unit, decrease water consumption and last but not least this paper processing gives rise to the environment preservation. The manually operated paper recycling machine unit mainly consists of the following four systems. Pulp feeding system and Pulp transferring system, Calendaring System and driving mechanism. The pulp feeding system mainly consists of the sieve drum, drum case and the pickup roller. Its function is the preparation of pulp slurry and feeding it. In this project, initially, the design of the manually operated paper recycling machine was done from the design calculations and the previous literature survey. From the calculations, a 3D assembly of the manually operated paper recycling machine is created using the NX-CAD software. Structural static analysis is performed on the components of pulp feeding system by applying the evaluated boundary conditions and forces. The stresses and deflections of the components of pulp feeding system obtained from the analysis. Efforts are made to reduce these stresses and deflections by optimizing the design of pulp feeding system components to increase factor of safety. I.
Transfemoral amputee often encounters reduced toe clearance resulting in trip-related falls. Swin... more Transfemoral amputee often encounters reduced toe clearance resulting in trip-related falls. Swing phase joint angles have been shown to influence the toe clearance therefore, training intervention that targets shaping the swing phase joint angles can potentially enhance toe clearance. The focus of this study was to investigate the effect of the shift in the location of the center of pressure (CoP) during heel strike on modulation of the swing phase joint angles in able-bodied participants (n=6) and transfemoral amputees (n=3). We first developed a real-time CoP-based visual feedback system such that participants could shift the CoP during treadmill walking. Next, the kinematic data were collected during two different walking sessions- baseline (without feedback) and feedback (shifting the CoP anteriorly/posteriorly at heel strike to match the target CoP location). Primary swing phase joint angle adaptations were observed with feedback such that during the mid-swing phase, posterior...
2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011
Cognitive radio (CR) technology represents a promising solution for solving the problem of spectr... more Cognitive radio (CR) technology represents a promising solution for solving the problem of spectrum scarcity and underutilization in wireless communications. While orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a suitable technology for the CR physical layer, it can suffer from out-of-band radiation, which hinders its spectrum sharing capabilities. In this paper we consider a turbo-coded OFDM based CR system, and propose three methods for shaping the spectrum of the CR signal to reduce interference affecting primary users (PUs) that operate in adjacent bands. The proposed methods use multiple choice sequences (MCS) generated at the bit level by employing different pseudo random bit sequences, by using bit interleavers with different depths, or by a combination of both, respectively. In order to reduce interference to adjacent bands, the sequence with the best spectral shape is transmitted along with its index. Performance of the proposed methods is illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations, and the trade off between a better spectral shape and the reduction in the spectral efficiency of the systems is discussed.
Cubosomes have a very interesting structureal property. Cubosomes are the square shaped particles... more Cubosomes have a very interesting structureal property. Cubosomes are the square shaped particles with internal visible cubic lattices. Compared to other novel drug delivery system cubosomes have advantages including ease of preparation, special liquid crystalline properties and better physInical stability cubosomes consist of honeycombed structures separating two internal aqueous channels and a large interfacial area. Cubic nanoparticles are selfassembled liquid crystalline particles of surfactants with natural lipid. It has high internal surface area which allows loading drug in cubic crystalline structures. Cubosomes are relatively simple to prepare and it has ability of encapsulating hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic drug substances. This review article provide an overview of cubosome, types, structure, composition, recent formulations of cubosomes, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of cubosomes in the formulations with various categories drugs.
This paper presents a novel method for stance and swing phase detection employing Learning Vector... more This paper presents a novel method for stance and swing phase detection employing Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), using knee angle information only. The results show detection accuracy of 95.9% in stance phase and 83.9% in swing phase. The research concludes an efficient replacement of footswitch for phase detection. The work can directly lead to low cost speed adaptive transtibial prosthesis where the knee angle measurement can be used to decide the damping in the prosthesis.
In EMG based pattern recognition (EMG-PR), deep learning-based techniques have become more promin... more In EMG based pattern recognition (EMG-PR), deep learning-based techniques have become more prominent for their self-regulating capability to extract discriminant features from large data-sets. Moreover, the performance of traditional machine learning-based methods show limitation to categorize over a certain number of classes and degrades over a period of time. In this paper, an accurate, robust, and fast convolutional neural network-based framework for EMG pattern identification is presented. To assess the performance of the proposed system, five publicly available and benchmark data-sets of upper limb activities were used. This data-set contains 49 to 52 upper limb motions (NinaPro DB1, NinaPro DB2, and NinaPro DB3), Data with force variation, and data with arm position variation for intact and amputated subjects. The classification accuracies of 91.11% (53 classes), 89.45% (49 classes), 81.67% (49 classes of amputees), 95.67% (6 classes with force variation), and 99.11% (8 classe...
There is a real need of EMG (Electromyogram) based prosthetic hand for the amputee which should b... more There is a real need of EMG (Electromyogram) based prosthetic hand for the amputee which should be economical as well as reliable. The cheap prosthetic hand available in market works passively. In those cases the patient does not feel the feeling of natural human hand. EMG based prosthetic hand provides the amputee feeling of natural human hand. The work that has been discussed here is to develop a prosthetic hand with one degree of freedom. The two motions developed were open and close. Most of the work is done at electronic level. The main work was to acquire the noiseless EMG signal and further to convert it into control signal for prosthetic hand, after suitable processing. For classification a threshold based technique has used rather than any classification technique like Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithm (GA). It was tried to use the minimum hardware, without making any compromise with performance. It was done so, to achieve the target of deve...
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
Tripping is accompanied by reduced minimum toe clearance (mTC) during the swing phase of gait. Th... more Tripping is accompanied by reduced minimum toe clearance (mTC) during the swing phase of gait. The risk of fall due to tripping among transfemoral amputees is nearly 67% which is greater than the transtibial amputees. Therefore, intervention to improve mTC can potentially enhance the quality of life among transfemoral amputees. In this paper, we first develop a real-time visual feedback system with center of pressure (CoP) information. Next, we recruited six non-disabled and three transfemoral amputees to investigate the effect on mTC while participants were trained to shift the CoP anteriorly/posteriorly during heel strike. Finally, to assess the lasting effect of training on mTC, retention trials were conducted without feedback. During feedback, posterior shift in the CoP improved the mTC significantly from 4.68 ± 0.40 cm to 6.12 ± 0.68 cm (p < 0.025) in non-disabled participants. A similar significant improvement in mTC from 4.60 ± 0.55 cm to 5.62 ± 0.57 cm was observed in amputees during posterior shift of CoP. Besides mTC, maximal toe clearances, i.e., maxTC 1 and maxTC 2 , also showed a significant increase (p < 0.025) during the posterior shift of CoP in both the participants. Moreover, during retention, mTC did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from feedback condition in amputee, suggesting a positive effect of feedback training. The foot-to-ground angle (FGA) at mTC increased significantly (P < 0.025) during posterior shift feedback in non-disabled suggests active ankle dorsiflexion in increasing mTC. However, in amputees, FGA at mTC did not differ significantly during both anterior and posterior CoP shift feedback. The present findings suggest CoP feedback as a potential strategy during gait rehabilitation of transfemoral amputees.
Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indicator for liver transplant (LT) in childr... more Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indicator for liver transplant (LT) in children, however, approximately 22% will reach adulthood with their native liver, and of these, half will require transplantation later in life. The aim of this study was to analyse the surgical challenges and outcomes of patients with BA undergoing LT in adulthood. Methods: Patients with BA requiring LT at the age of 16 or older in our unit between 1989 and 2020 were included. Pretransplant, perioperative variables and outcomes were analysed. Pretransplant imaging was reviewed to assess liver appearance, spontaneous visceral portosystemic shunting (SPSS), splenomegaly, splenic artery (SA) size, and aneurysms. Results: Thirty-four patients who underwent LT for BA fulfilled the inclusion criteria, at a median age of 24 years. The main indicators for LT were synthetic failure and recurrent cholangitis. In total, 57.6% had significant enlargement of the SA, 21% had multiple SA aneurysm, and SPSS...
Neuromuscular disorders in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients lead to foot deformities and affect foot ... more Neuromuscular disorders in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients lead to foot deformities and affect foot biomechanics leading to compromised gait. The objective of the present work is to develop a wearable instrumentation to measure foot kinematics such as foot-to-ground angle in three-dimensional planes and to measure the foot clearance i.e., toe and heel clearances. A template-based outsole was developed that incorporated an optical distance sensor located anatomically on the outsole and the magnetometer to measure the foot kinematics. The developed system was validated against the reference marker-based motion capture system. The data from eight able-bodied participants were acquired simultaneously from both the systems at three different walking speeds. A CoP based feedback was presented to the participants to shift the sagittal CoP anteriorly, posteriorly and normal to simulate the walking pattern of CP patients with three different foot landing strategies. Pearson’s correlation coeffi...
Gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) affect their mental, physical, economic, and ... more Gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) affect their mental, physical, economic, and social lives. Gait assessment is one of the essential steps of gait management. It has been widely used for clinical decision making and evaluation of different treatment outcomes. However, most of the present methods of gait assessment are subjective, less sensitive to small pathological changes, time-taking and need a great effort of an expert. This study proposes an automated, comprehensive gait assessment score (A-GAS) for gait disorders in CP. Kinematic data of 356 CP and 41 typically developing subjects is used to validate the performance of A-GAS. For the computation of A-GAS, instance abnormality index (AII) and abnormality index (AI) are computed. AII quantifies gait abnormality of a gait cycle instance, while AI quantifies gait abnormality of a joint angle profile. AII is calculated for all gait cycle instances by performing probabilistically and statistical tests. Abnormality ...
BACKGROUND Graft loss incidence is reported to be inversely related to recipient age. We used a n... more BACKGROUND Graft loss incidence is reported to be inversely related to recipient age. We used a national cohort of liver transplant (LT) recipients from the UK & Ireland to compare the age-dependent risk of graft failure in different post-transplantation time-periods ('epochs'). METHODS A cohort of first-time LT recipients (1995-2016) were identified (11,006). Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) comparing graft loss between age-groups (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-76 years) and graft loss in different post-transplant epochs: 0- 90 days, 90 days- 2 years, and 2 -10 years. RESULTS The risk of graft failure was highest in those transplanted between age 18-29 (adjusted HR 1.25, 95%CI: 1.00-1.57, p=0.04) and in those aged 30-39 (adjusted HR 1.31, 95%CI: 1.11-1.55, p=0.02). Graft failure in those under the age of 40 was similar in the first 90 days but worse 2-10 years' post-LT (18-29 years HR 1.36, 95%CI: 0.96-1.93, p<0.001). Graft failure due to chronic rejection (CR) was more common in recipients aged 18-29 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adults transplanted between age 18-39 are at risk of late graft loss. CR is a concern for young adults (18-29 years). Our data highlights the need for specialist young adult services within adult healthcare.
Microporous SAPO-35 molecular sieves (Levyne type) were synthesized in non-aqueous media by using... more Microporous SAPO-35 molecular sieves (Levyne type) were synthesized in non-aqueous media by using different inorganic promoters (HClO 4 − , HF, H 3 PO 4 , and NaNO 3) to enhance the rate of crystallization, and the as-synthesized materials were characterized by using different methods such as powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS-NMR), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From PXRD patterns, it was found that all the materials have a highly crystalline nature without any other impurities. SEM images reveal rhombohedral particles in all synthesis conditions. The framework structure of the synthesized materials was identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, and it reveals that all materials gave a similar framework structure. From BET and XPS, we have confirmed that the pore size and pore diameters along with the elemental compositions have a minor change. The 27 Al, 31 P, and 29 Si MAS-NMR spectra of all the promoter-based SAPO-35 materials are close to those of the standard SAPO-35 material. All the above characterization studies reveal the formation of SAPO-35 in a short time with promoters. The catalytic application studies of these synthesized materials for a methanol-to-olefin conversion reaction were performed, and the efficiency of these materials was found to be similar to that of standard materials.
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal
Background: The ability to measure pain objectively forms an important part of health care, both ... more Background: The ability to measure pain objectively forms an important part of health care, both in chronic health monitoring and in acute settings, to determine changes in patient clinical presentation and the effectiveness of interventions aimed at alleviating pain.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The primary raw material for th... more Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The primary raw material for the paper production is pulped fibers' obtaining by a complicated chemical process from natural materials, mainly from wood. Paper recycling saves the natural wood raw stock, decreases the operation and capital costs to the paper unit, decrease water consumption and last but not least this paper processing gives rise to the environment preservation. The manually operated paper recycling machine unit mainly consists of the following four systems. Pulp feeding system and Pulp transferring system, Calendaring System and driving mechanism. The pulp feeding system mainly consists of the sieve drum, drum case and the pickup roller. Its function is the preparation of pulp slurry and feeding it. In this project, initially, the design of the manually operated paper recycling machine was done from the design calculations and the previous literature survey. From the calculations, a 3D assembly of the manually operated paper recycling machine is created using the NX-CAD software. Structural static analysis is performed on the components of pulp feeding system by applying the evaluated boundary conditions and forces. The stresses and deflections of the components of pulp feeding system obtained from the analysis. Efforts are made to reduce these stresses and deflections by optimizing the design of pulp feeding system components to increase factor of safety. I.
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Papers by Deepak Joshi