Introducción 2. La Encuesta de Protección Social: Antecedentes 2.1. La Encuesta de Protección Soc... more Introducción 2. La Encuesta de Protección Social: Antecedentes 2.1. La Encuesta de Protección Social y el proyecto de reforma previsional 2.2. Encuesta de Protección Social vinculada a Datos Administrativos 3. Aspectos metodológicos de la EPS 2006 3.1. Tipos de entrevistados 3.2. Diseño de cuestionario 3.2. No respuesta y factores de expansión 4. Principales resultados 4.1. Principales características del panel de entrevistados 4.2. Principales características por tipo de entrevistado 4.3. Seguro de Cesantía 4.4. Salud 4.5. Deudas y ahorros 4.6. Conocimiento previsional 4
El incendio es uno de los fenomenos mas peligrosos que pueden afectar a un edificio, infraestruct... more El incendio es uno de los fenomenos mas peligrosos que pueden afectar a un edificio, infraestructura o sistemas de transporte. El control de la propagacion del fuego es muy importante de cara a aumentar el tiempo disponible para que las personas evacuen con seguridad. Una de las medidas de proteccion pasiva mas importantes en la seguridad contra incendios en edificios, instalaciones o medios de transportes son los sistemas de compartimentacion. Se pueden encontrar una gran cantidad de sistemas de compartimentacion formados por una gran variedad de materiales y tipologias, cada uno con unas caracteristicas especificas. La clasificacion de la resistencia al fuego de los sistemas de compartimentacion se realiza sometiendolos a ensayos normativos que indican el tiempo que el sistema aguanta sometido a un calentamiento normalizado [1-3]. Dada la gran cantidad de posibilidades disponibles en la definicion de estos sistemas, un metodo capaz de predecir la resistencia al fuego de los sistem...
Sample holder for the testing of fire in multilayer samples, configured for use on any computer f... more Sample holder for the testing of fire in multilayer samples, configured for use on any computer for the analysis of combustion processes which heat flow reaches the specimen in one direction, comprising: # - a body (11, 21) whose material has a melting point to a temperature above 1000 ° C, wherein said body (11, 21) has the form of cube or rectangular prism, and comprises six sides: at least three sides without opening and at least two sides with opening, where three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two sides and its interior comprises insulative and compliant material, the last two being parallel faces each other, and where the heat flow from equipment for the analysis of the combustion process, into the body (11, 21) by one of its sides with an opening, and leaves the body through the opposite side also it is having aperture such so that they said opening faces are parallel to each other, parallel with the layers i...
Thermal analysis techniques play a key role to determine and characterize solid phase thermal dec... more Thermal analysis techniques play a key role to determine and characterize solid phase thermal decomposition. In this sense, Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA, i.e. TGA and DSC tests carried out simultaneously) are widely employed, since it provides information about how mass is lost and energy released while the temperature of the sample increases. Fire computer models combined with methods numerical methods are widely used to represent the results from tests and to achieve the values of the kinetic and thermal parameters. Previous works looked forward achieving those parameters using, as unique optimization target, the mass loss curve (TGA) or its derivative (DTGA). As the study of heat release rate is a decisive element to characterize the material properly, most recent works were adding additional measures. These extra measurements concern the heat transfer and the energy required or released during temperature programmed heating, such as heat rate release, heat of gasification, or the surface temperatures of the samples. The information about the energy is provided by the Differential Scanning Calorimetry curve (DSC).
Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y... more Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y Spady (1993) este trabajo investiga los determinantes socioeconómicos de la probabilidad de disolución matrimonial en Chile. La separación es una decisión de individuos racionales que se determina endógenamente por una serie de variables socioeconómicas que resumen cambios inesperados y adquisición de bienes colectivos exclusivos al matrimonio (Becker, 1981). Para estimar el efecto de estos factores sobre la disolución matrimonial se usan los datos provenientes de la Encuesta de Protección Social 2002. Variable de bienes colectivos exclusivos al matrimonio son el número de hijos, la educación del individuo, edad a la que se caso, y los cambios inesperados son desvíos de la capacidad esperada de generar ingresos al inicio del matrimonio e hijos fuera del matrimonio. Los resultados indican que las variables tales como capacidad de ingreso, si el cónyuge trabaja y el número de hijos disminuyen la probabilidad de separarse, mientras variables como hijos fuera del matrimonio y educación la aumentan.
The provision of elderly care is an issue of increasing importance in Latin American countries be... more The provision of elderly care is an issue of increasing importance in Latin American countries because of a aging population, decrease in household size, and increased complexity of care. Thus, it is important to analyze how the provision of informal care of other adults affects the welfare of women since they are usually responsible for this type of care. We analyze in this paper the relationship between providing informal care to adults and labor outcomes for a middle-income country with a rapidly aging population. This is one of the first studies to focus on middle-income countries and in Latin America. The results of this research show the importance of considering the endogeneity that exists between informal care and female labor participation. A partial correlation analysis shows a strong negative relationship between providing care and labor participation, however, when we use methods for endogeneity correction, the correlation does not hold. Additionally, we found that poor ...
This paper presents a complete analysis of the gender differences in three Chilean professional's... more This paper presents a complete analysis of the gender differences in three Chilean professional's labor market: Business, Law and Medicine. In the analysis, we utilize a new and rich data set collected for this effect. This data set contains information on labor market outcomes (including labor history), on schooling attainment and schooling performance and a complete set of variables characterizing the family background of the individuals in the sample. In addition, the survey contains an individual test on non cognitive abilities. Following recent studies we took Rotter (1966) and Rosemberg (1965) tests for noncognitive abilities and we constructed two measures of non cognitive abilities. One is related to self control and the other is related to selfesteem. Our results show that differences in wages attributed to gender are only present in the Law profession. In the Business/Economics profession a vector of current family condition makes the gender effect disappear and in Medicine taking into account hours worked, size of the firm and region make also the gender gap vanish. In addition, we show that the level of self control is a relevant variable in explaining the distribution of earnings.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender differences in the Chilean labor marke... more This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender differences in the Chilean labor market. We formally deal with the selection of the individuals into schooling levels and its consequences on the gender gaps. Our approach allows for the presence of not only heterogeneity in observable variables but also unobserved heterogeneity. We link this unobserved heterogeneity to unobserved scholastic ability. In the analysis, we utilize a new and rich data set for Chile. This data set contains information on labor market outcomes (including labor history), on schooling attainment and schooling performance, and on a complete set of variables characterizing the family background of the individuals in the sample Our results show that there exist statistically significant gender differences in several dimensions of the Chilean labor market. Nevertheless, we show that these gaps critically depend on the schooling level of the individuals considered in the analysis. For example, the results indicate that there are no gender differences in labor market variables among college graduates (except in the case of hourly wages). We interpret our results with prudence. Specifically, instead of interpreting our findings as decisive evidence of the existence of discrimination in the Chilean labor market, we argue that future research based on better information might indeed explain some of the unexplained labor market gaps presented in this paper. In this context, our results represent a new and important attempt to provide a full understanding of the structural causes of gender gaps in the Chilean labor market but they are not conclusive.
We use a specially designed survey to evaluate the effect of several public policies on female la... more We use a specially designed survey to evaluate the effect of several public policies on female labor force participation in Chile. First, we estimate a self-selection model to find the determinants of female labor participation and wages. Our participation estimates show that schooling is highly positively correlated with participation and being married or having a partner is negatively correlated with participation. Also, we found that having a daycare center close to either their home or place of work and that the center's hours of operation match labor hours are positively correlated with participation. We simulate changes in these two variables: closeness and compatible hours, which can be subject to public intervention, and evaluate the effect on labor participation, poverty, household income and income inequality. All these policies have a positive impact on labor force participation, which could increase by eight percentage points. The per capita income of these women's households increases by and 8%, however there is almost no effect on poverty and inequality since most of the women who benefit from these policies come from middle class households.
Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y... more Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y Spady (1993) este trabajo investiga los determinantes socioeconómicos de la probabilidad de disolución matrimonial en Chile. La separación es una decisión de individuos ...
The objective of this paper is to study the Chilean labor market and determine the presence or ab... more The objective of this paper is to study the Chilean labor market and determine the presence or absence of gender discrimination. In order to break past the limitations of earlier works, an experimental design is used, the first of its kind in Chile. This study also allows socioeconomic ...
Introducción 2. La Encuesta de Protección Social: Antecedentes 2.1. La Encuesta de Protección Soc... more Introducción 2. La Encuesta de Protección Social: Antecedentes 2.1. La Encuesta de Protección Social y el proyecto de reforma previsional 2.2. Encuesta de Protección Social vinculada a Datos Administrativos 3. Aspectos metodológicos de la EPS 2006 3.1. Tipos de entrevistados 3.2. Diseño de cuestionario 3.2. No respuesta y factores de expansión 4. Principales resultados 4.1. Principales características del panel de entrevistados 4.2. Principales características por tipo de entrevistado 4.3. Seguro de Cesantía 4.4. Salud 4.5. Deudas y ahorros 4.6. Conocimiento previsional 4
El incendio es uno de los fenomenos mas peligrosos que pueden afectar a un edificio, infraestruct... more El incendio es uno de los fenomenos mas peligrosos que pueden afectar a un edificio, infraestructura o sistemas de transporte. El control de la propagacion del fuego es muy importante de cara a aumentar el tiempo disponible para que las personas evacuen con seguridad. Una de las medidas de proteccion pasiva mas importantes en la seguridad contra incendios en edificios, instalaciones o medios de transportes son los sistemas de compartimentacion. Se pueden encontrar una gran cantidad de sistemas de compartimentacion formados por una gran variedad de materiales y tipologias, cada uno con unas caracteristicas especificas. La clasificacion de la resistencia al fuego de los sistemas de compartimentacion se realiza sometiendolos a ensayos normativos que indican el tiempo que el sistema aguanta sometido a un calentamiento normalizado [1-3]. Dada la gran cantidad de posibilidades disponibles en la definicion de estos sistemas, un metodo capaz de predecir la resistencia al fuego de los sistem...
Sample holder for the testing of fire in multilayer samples, configured for use on any computer f... more Sample holder for the testing of fire in multilayer samples, configured for use on any computer for the analysis of combustion processes which heat flow reaches the specimen in one direction, comprising: # - a body (11, 21) whose material has a melting point to a temperature above 1000 ° C, wherein said body (11, 21) has the form of cube or rectangular prism, and comprises six sides: at least three sides without opening and at least two sides with opening, where three faces without opening have an arrangement such that one of the faces is perpendicular to the other two sides and its interior comprises insulative and compliant material, the last two being parallel faces each other, and where the heat flow from equipment for the analysis of the combustion process, into the body (11, 21) by one of its sides with an opening, and leaves the body through the opposite side also it is having aperture such so that they said opening faces are parallel to each other, parallel with the layers i...
Thermal analysis techniques play a key role to determine and characterize solid phase thermal dec... more Thermal analysis techniques play a key role to determine and characterize solid phase thermal decomposition. In this sense, Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA, i.e. TGA and DSC tests carried out simultaneously) are widely employed, since it provides information about how mass is lost and energy released while the temperature of the sample increases. Fire computer models combined with methods numerical methods are widely used to represent the results from tests and to achieve the values of the kinetic and thermal parameters. Previous works looked forward achieving those parameters using, as unique optimization target, the mass loss curve (TGA) or its derivative (DTGA). As the study of heat release rate is a decisive element to characterize the material properly, most recent works were adding additional measures. These extra measurements concern the heat transfer and the energy required or released during temperature programmed heating, such as heat rate release, heat of gasification, or the surface temperatures of the samples. The information about the energy is provided by the Differential Scanning Calorimetry curve (DSC).
Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y... more Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y Spady (1993) este trabajo investiga los determinantes socioeconómicos de la probabilidad de disolución matrimonial en Chile. La separación es una decisión de individuos racionales que se determina endógenamente por una serie de variables socioeconómicas que resumen cambios inesperados y adquisición de bienes colectivos exclusivos al matrimonio (Becker, 1981). Para estimar el efecto de estos factores sobre la disolución matrimonial se usan los datos provenientes de la Encuesta de Protección Social 2002. Variable de bienes colectivos exclusivos al matrimonio son el número de hijos, la educación del individuo, edad a la que se caso, y los cambios inesperados son desvíos de la capacidad esperada de generar ingresos al inicio del matrimonio e hijos fuera del matrimonio. Los resultados indican que las variables tales como capacidad de ingreso, si el cónyuge trabaja y el número de hijos disminuyen la probabilidad de separarse, mientras variables como hijos fuera del matrimonio y educación la aumentan.
The provision of elderly care is an issue of increasing importance in Latin American countries be... more The provision of elderly care is an issue of increasing importance in Latin American countries because of a aging population, decrease in household size, and increased complexity of care. Thus, it is important to analyze how the provision of informal care of other adults affects the welfare of women since they are usually responsible for this type of care. We analyze in this paper the relationship between providing informal care to adults and labor outcomes for a middle-income country with a rapidly aging population. This is one of the first studies to focus on middle-income countries and in Latin America. The results of this research show the importance of considering the endogeneity that exists between informal care and female labor participation. A partial correlation analysis shows a strong negative relationship between providing care and labor participation, however, when we use methods for endogeneity correction, the correlation does not hold. Additionally, we found that poor ...
This paper presents a complete analysis of the gender differences in three Chilean professional's... more This paper presents a complete analysis of the gender differences in three Chilean professional's labor market: Business, Law and Medicine. In the analysis, we utilize a new and rich data set collected for this effect. This data set contains information on labor market outcomes (including labor history), on schooling attainment and schooling performance and a complete set of variables characterizing the family background of the individuals in the sample. In addition, the survey contains an individual test on non cognitive abilities. Following recent studies we took Rotter (1966) and Rosemberg (1965) tests for noncognitive abilities and we constructed two measures of non cognitive abilities. One is related to self control and the other is related to selfesteem. Our results show that differences in wages attributed to gender are only present in the Law profession. In the Business/Economics profession a vector of current family condition makes the gender effect disappear and in Medicine taking into account hours worked, size of the firm and region make also the gender gap vanish. In addition, we show that the level of self control is a relevant variable in explaining the distribution of earnings.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender differences in the Chilean labor marke... more This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender differences in the Chilean labor market. We formally deal with the selection of the individuals into schooling levels and its consequences on the gender gaps. Our approach allows for the presence of not only heterogeneity in observable variables but also unobserved heterogeneity. We link this unobserved heterogeneity to unobserved scholastic ability. In the analysis, we utilize a new and rich data set for Chile. This data set contains information on labor market outcomes (including labor history), on schooling attainment and schooling performance, and on a complete set of variables characterizing the family background of the individuals in the sample Our results show that there exist statistically significant gender differences in several dimensions of the Chilean labor market. Nevertheless, we show that these gaps critically depend on the schooling level of the individuals considered in the analysis. For example, the results indicate that there are no gender differences in labor market variables among college graduates (except in the case of hourly wages). We interpret our results with prudence. Specifically, instead of interpreting our findings as decisive evidence of the existence of discrimination in the Chilean labor market, we argue that future research based on better information might indeed explain some of the unexplained labor market gaps presented in this paper. In this context, our results represent a new and important attempt to provide a full understanding of the structural causes of gender gaps in the Chilean labor market but they are not conclusive.
We use a specially designed survey to evaluate the effect of several public policies on female la... more We use a specially designed survey to evaluate the effect of several public policies on female labor force participation in Chile. First, we estimate a self-selection model to find the determinants of female labor participation and wages. Our participation estimates show that schooling is highly positively correlated with participation and being married or having a partner is negatively correlated with participation. Also, we found that having a daycare center close to either their home or place of work and that the center's hours of operation match labor hours are positively correlated with participation. We simulate changes in these two variables: closeness and compatible hours, which can be subject to public intervention, and evaluate the effect on labor participation, poverty, household income and income inequality. All these policies have a positive impact on labor force participation, which could increase by eight percentage points. The per capita income of these women's households increases by and 8%, however there is almost no effect on poverty and inequality since most of the women who benefit from these policies come from middle class households.
Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y... more Mediante la estimación de un modelo de probabilidad paramétrico y uno semi-paramétrico de Klein y Spady (1993) este trabajo investiga los determinantes socioeconómicos de la probabilidad de disolución matrimonial en Chile. La separación es una decisión de individuos ...
The objective of this paper is to study the Chilean labor market and determine the presence or ab... more The objective of this paper is to study the Chilean labor market and determine the presence or absence of gender discrimination. In order to break past the limitations of earlier works, an experimental design is used, the first of its kind in Chile. This study also allows socioeconomic ...
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