Papers by David L Johnson
There many uncertainties regarding the nature of EMR, and light in particular. Conventional Scien... more There many uncertainties regarding the nature of EMR, and light in particular. Conventional Science generally acknowledges that EMR energy is delivered in photon packages, but is decidedly vague as to the physical form of photons in terms of the number of wavelengths involved, and whether they have a particle or a wave-like form. There is general acknowledgement that light has wave–particle duality, but the cross-over point between the two forms is ill-defined.
As the term ‘Electro-Magnetic Radiation’ suggests, Conventional Science considers that EMR consists of electromagnetic waves (i.e. wave-like pressure-pulses of electromagnetic energy and momentum moving at the speed of light). However, such electromagnetic pressure-pulses need some type of substrate, commonly referred to as aether, to sustain them across the vast distances of virtually empty Space. Although there have been many well-publicised science-based attempts to prove the existence of aether (e.g. the Michelson–Morley experiment), they have all failed dismally, with the mystery continuing regarding how electromagnetic waves can travel through empty Space.
This paper throws new light on the nature, structure and generation of all forms of EMR. Firstly, it distinguishes between photonic (e.g. visible light) and non-photonic (e.g. manmade radio waves) EMR. The physical structure suggested for light does not require the existence of aether to allow it to travel through empty Space. It also means that light’s observed particle-wave duality is expected rather than being an enigmatic problem.
This paper addresses a wide range of light-related topics such as the refraction of light passing through different transparent media; plane, circular and elliptically polarised light; the chromatic dispersion of light; and exotic forms of light such as optical vortex light. It is truly be a case of ‘light as you have never seen it before’ because it presents clear feasible explanations for light-related phenomena that have previously been unaddressed, or only partly and poorly addressed. It certainly throws new light on the topic of light.
STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon... more STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen. STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to various energen-based structures. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the second of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 (this paper) addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon... more STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen.
STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to various energen-based structures. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
The electron represents one of the most exciting and important particles in atomic science. Elect... more The electron represents one of the most exciting and important particles in atomic science. Electrons are very small and mobile fundamental (or elementary) particles that engage in orbitals around atomic nuclei, or can move as an electric current through a conductor, or can spectacularly jump en masse through dielectric material in the form of lightning or an electric arc. They are also important in atomic bonding and chemical reactions.
Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.
With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.
In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-... more According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-force bonds, with protons containing two up-quarks and one down-quark, and neutrons two down-quarks and one up-quark.
However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei, their electron orbitals and for covalent bonding patterns.
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Papers by David L Johnson
As the term ‘Electro-Magnetic Radiation’ suggests, Conventional Science considers that EMR consists of electromagnetic waves (i.e. wave-like pressure-pulses of electromagnetic energy and momentum moving at the speed of light). However, such electromagnetic pressure-pulses need some type of substrate, commonly referred to as aether, to sustain them across the vast distances of virtually empty Space. Although there have been many well-publicised science-based attempts to prove the existence of aether (e.g. the Michelson–Morley experiment), they have all failed dismally, with the mystery continuing regarding how electromagnetic waves can travel through empty Space.
This paper throws new light on the nature, structure and generation of all forms of EMR. Firstly, it distinguishes between photonic (e.g. visible light) and non-photonic (e.g. manmade radio waves) EMR. The physical structure suggested for light does not require the existence of aether to allow it to travel through empty Space. It also means that light’s observed particle-wave duality is expected rather than being an enigmatic problem.
This paper addresses a wide range of light-related topics such as the refraction of light passing through different transparent media; plane, circular and elliptically polarised light; the chromatic dispersion of light; and exotic forms of light such as optical vortex light. It is truly be a case of ‘light as you have never seen it before’ because it presents clear feasible explanations for light-related phenomena that have previously been unaddressed, or only partly and poorly addressed. It certainly throws new light on the topic of light.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the second of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 (this paper) addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to various energen-based structures. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.
With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.
In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei, their electron orbitals and for covalent bonding patterns.
As the term ‘Electro-Magnetic Radiation’ suggests, Conventional Science considers that EMR consists of electromagnetic waves (i.e. wave-like pressure-pulses of electromagnetic energy and momentum moving at the speed of light). However, such electromagnetic pressure-pulses need some type of substrate, commonly referred to as aether, to sustain them across the vast distances of virtually empty Space. Although there have been many well-publicised science-based attempts to prove the existence of aether (e.g. the Michelson–Morley experiment), they have all failed dismally, with the mystery continuing regarding how electromagnetic waves can travel through empty Space.
This paper throws new light on the nature, structure and generation of all forms of EMR. Firstly, it distinguishes between photonic (e.g. visible light) and non-photonic (e.g. manmade radio waves) EMR. The physical structure suggested for light does not require the existence of aether to allow it to travel through empty Space. It also means that light’s observed particle-wave duality is expected rather than being an enigmatic problem.
This paper addresses a wide range of light-related topics such as the refraction of light passing through different transparent media; plane, circular and elliptically polarised light; the chromatic dispersion of light; and exotic forms of light such as optical vortex light. It is truly be a case of ‘light as you have never seen it before’ because it presents clear feasible explanations for light-related phenomena that have previously been unaddressed, or only partly and poorly addressed. It certainly throws new light on the topic of light.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the second of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 (this paper) addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to various energen-based structures. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.
STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.
This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.
With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.
In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei, their electron orbitals and for covalent bonding patterns.