Books by David Brotherton-Ratcliffe
Ultra-Realistic lmaging may be defined as any imaging technique which is able to record and recon... more Ultra-Realistic lmaging may be defined as any imaging technique which is able to record and reconstruct the visible electromagnetic light-field scattered from a real-world object or scene with a resolution better than or equal to that of the unaided human eye. This book is devoted to a discussion of how the goal of ultra-realistic imaging may be attained through the application of the interferential methods of modern analogue and digital holography-and in particular through vol ume phase holography. Ultra-high resolution holograms are now finding commercial and industrial applications in such areas as holographic maps, 3D medical imaging, and consumer devices. In addition to discussing the optics and theory behind these holographic systems, the book details laser technologies, printer design and recording devices, data acquisition and processing techniques, software algorithms, and materials for reproduction. Leading researchers in the field cover the key holographic technologies underpinning the new field of ultra-realistic imaging. Includes colour images throughout the text. Hans Bjelkhagen and David Brotherton-Ratcl iffe
Papers by David Brotherton-Ratcliffe
Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Its Historical Origin in Display Holography Ultra-Realistic Imaging a... more Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Its Historical Origin in Display Holography Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Interferential Techniques Before Holography Early Holography Display Holography Milestones Digital and Analogue Full-Colour Holography Lippmann Photography Brief History of Interferential Colour Recordings Examples of Interferential Structures in Nature Lippmann Photography Theory of the Lippmann Process Early Lippmann Emulsions Recording of Early Lippmann Photographs Modern Lippmann Photography Concluding Remarks Continuous Wave Lasers for Colour Holography Introduction Gas Lasers Dye Lasers Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Semiconductor Diode Lasers Fibre Lasers CW Laser Sources for Colour Holography Today Recording Materials for Colour Holography Introduction Holographic Recording Holographic Emulsions Problems Due to Short or Long Exposure Increasing Sensitivity by Hypersensitisation and Latensification Substrates for Holographic Emulsions Commercial Recording Materials for Colour Holography SilverCross Emulsion Research Project Additional Silver Halide Materials for Holography DCG Materials Photopolymer Materials Analogue Colour Holography Introduction Origins in Monochromatic Holography History of True Full-Colour Holography Colour Recording in Holography Setup for Recording Colour Holograms Full-Colour Pulsed Portraiture Pulsed Lasers for Holography Introduction Ruby Laser Flashlamp-Pumped Lasers Based on Crystals Doped with Neodymium at 1 mum High-Energy Two-Colour Emission: Stimulated Raman Amplification Pulsed RGB Lasers-Neodymium Lasers at mum Pulsed Holography Lasers Based on Titanium Sapphire (Ti:Al2O3) and Cr:LiSAF Chromium Forsterite Pulsed Diode-Pumped Lasers for Holography and the Future Digital Colour Holography Introduction Holographic Stereograms One-Step Digital Holograms A Simple DWDH Printer Modern DWDH Printers MWDH Printers Copying Full-Colour DWDH Holograms Digital Holographic Printing: Data Preparation, Theory and Algorithms Introduction Basic Considerations Coordinate Systems Coordinate Meshes Independent Primary Colours Viewing Plane Simple Cases Image-Planed DWDH HPO Holograms Rainbow and Achromatic Transmission Holograms Correcting for Inherent Distortion in Printer Optical Objective Digital Holographic Printing: Computational Methods for Full-Parallax Holograms Introduction Practical Strategies for Changing the Image Plane Resolution Requirements of DWDH Reflection Holograms DWDH Transmission Holograms MWDH Reflections Holograms Full-Parallax and HPO DWDH Image Data Creation and Acquisition for Digital Display Holograms Introduction Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: HPO Holograms Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: Full-Parallax Digital Holograms Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: HPO Holograms Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: Full-Parallax Holograms Theoretical Basis for High-Fidelity Display Holograms Introduction Three-Dimensional Paraxial Theory of a Thin Transmission Hologram Laser Transmission Holograms and the Problem of Speckle Three-Dimensional Theory of the Thick Transmission Hologram Reflection Holograms Simple Model of Thick Hologram: PSMs Holograms of Finite Thickness Emulsion Swelling and Change in Refractive Index on Processing Nonparaxial Behaviour and Digital Image Predistortion Solving Helmholtz Equation in Volume Grating: Coupled Wave Theory Blurring Revisited Computational Methods of Calculating Diffractive Efficiency of Planar Gratings Diffraction Efficiency: An Alternative Approach Using the PSM Model Introduction Formulation of Simplest Model-Normal-Incidence Reflection Grating Comparison with Numerical Solution of Helmholtz Equation Multiple-Colour Gratings Unslanted Reflection Grating at Finite Angle Slanted Reflection Grating Slanted Reflection Grating in Three Dimensions Transmission Gratings with Slanted Fringes Comparison of PSM Theory with Kogelnik's Theory for Slanted Grating Polychromatic Slanted Reflection Gratings Extending PSM to Describe Spatially Multiplexed Monochromatic Gratings Lippmann Photography Discussion Illumination of Colour Holograms Introduction Illumination of Holograms by Laser Sources Nonlaser Light Sources Used for Hologram Illumination Exhibition Facilities and Galleries Suitable for Displaying Holograms Edge-Lit Holograms Illumination of Large Displays Applications of Ultra-Realistic Holographic Imaging Introduction Some Scientific Applications of Holographic Imaging Visual Applications of Full-Colour Holographic Imaging Future Applications Screens Acronyms Appendix 1: Historical Origins of Display Holography: Spreading Awareness Hologram Exhibitions Commercial and Educational Entities Involved in Holography Appendix 2: History of the Geola Organisation The Beginning First Meeting in Vilnius Incorporation of Geola UAB First Romanian Exhibition of Large-Format Holography Start of XYZ Panchromatic Film and Sfera-S Vilnius Digital Printer Sale of XYZ Appendix 3: Active Cavity Length…
PhDT, 1984
Arrays of edge magnetic coils and an intertable magnetic probe have been used to study the behavi... more Arrays of edge magnetic coils and an intertable magnetic probe have been used to study the behaviour of the magnetic fluctuations in the HBTX1A Reversed Field Pinch.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Dec 1, 1988
In many rotamak experiments performed in spherical containment vessels a self-generated toroidal ... more In many rotamak experiments performed in spherical containment vessels a self-generated toroidal field of substantial magnitude, and opposite polarity in the upper and lower hemispheres, has been observed. In addition, several experiments have observed the formation of a doublet poloidal flux configuration in which the toroidal plasma current flows predominantly above and below the equatorial plane. The authors analyse these
Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 25, 2014
Recent improvements in key foundation technologies are set to potentially transform the field of ... more Recent improvements in key foundation technologies are set to potentially transform the field of Display Holography. In particular new recording systems, based on recent DPSS and semiconductor lasers combined with novel recording materials and processing, have now demonstrated full-color analogue holograms of both lower noise and higher spectral accuracy. Progress in illumination technology is leading to a further major reduction in display noise and to a significant increase of the clear image depth and brightness of such holograms. So too, recent progress in 1-step Direct-Write Digital Holography (DWDH) now opens the way to the creation of High Virtual Volume Displays (HVV)-large format full-parallax DWDH reflection holograms having fundamentally larger clear image depths. In a certain fashion HVV displays can be thought of as providing a high quality full-color digital equivalent to the large-format laser-illuminated transmission holograms of the sixties and seventies. Back then, the advent of such holograms led to much optimism for display holography in the market. However, problems with laser illumination, their monochromatic analogue nature and image noise are well cited as being responsible for their failure in reality. Is there reason for believing that the latest technology improvements will make the mark this time around? This paper argues that indeed there is.
Journal of physics, Feb 22, 2013
View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Mixed phase-amplitude hol... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Mixed phase-amplitude holographic gratings recorded in bleached silver halide materials C Neipp, C Pascual and A Beléndez-Coupling coefficient calculation for GaSbbased quantum well distributed feedback lasers with laterally coupled gratings Y B Wang, Y Xu, Y Zhang et al.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Apr 1, 1989
The technique of driving steady Hall currents in plasmas using a transverse oscillating magnetic ... more The technique of driving steady Hall currents in plasmas using a transverse oscillating magnetic field is studied analytically under the approximation of negligible ion flow and in the weakly non-linear limit. The authors consider the situation of a uniform (transverse) oscillating field and a uniform vertical field applied to a spherical uniformly dense and resistive plasma with spherical insulating wall. They model the oscillating field as two counter-rotating fields; a transformation which allows the deduction of many of the properties of this form of current drive from the existing theory of current drive by rotating magnetic fields.
Optics Express, Dec 23, 2014
Optical Engineering, May 19, 2014
ABSTRACT
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Apr 1, 1989
The technique of driving steady Hall currents in plasmas using a transverse oscillating magnetic ... more The technique of driving steady Hall currents in plasmas using a transverse oscillating magnetic field is studied numerically under the approximation of negligible ion flow. The authors model a uniformly dense and resistive spherical plasma bounded by an insulating wall and immersed in a uniform magnetic field which has both an oscillating component (of frequency Omega ) and an orthogonal constant 'vertical' component. The authors formulate the (3-D time-dependent) problem in terms of a spatial expansion in vector spherical harmonics and a temporal expansion in Fourier harmonics.
Applied optics, Apr 15, 2015
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Feb 1, 1987
A mechanism for the reversed field pinch (RFP) dynamo is proposed, based on the nonlinear Hall ef... more A mechanism for the reversed field pinch (RFP) dynamo is proposed, based on the nonlinear Hall effect of a saturated helical MHD instability. The sign and magnitude of the effect are shown to be those required for the RFP dynamo. Predictions of the model are in accord with RFP fluctuation measurements.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Jul 1, 1988
The technique of driving a steady Hall current in plasmas using a rotating magnetic field is stud... more The technique of driving a steady Hall current in plasmas using a rotating magnetic field is studied both numerically and analytically in the approximation of negligible ion flow. The authors consider a spherical plasma bounded by an insulating wall and immersed in a uniform magnetic field which has both a rotating component (for current drive) and a constant 'vertical' component (for MHD equilibrium). They formulate the problem in terms of an expansion of field quantities in vector spherical harmonics. The numerical code SPHERE solves the resulting pseudo-harmonic equations by a multiple shooting technique. The results presented, in addition to being relevant to non-inductive current drive generally, have a direct relevance to the rotamak experiments.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Feb 1, 1987
An insertable magnetic probe has been used to investigate the internal structure of the magnetic ... more An insertable magnetic probe has been used to investigate the internal structure of the magnetic fluctuations in the HBTX1A reversed field pinch. A statistical method for determining the radial amplitude distributions of instabilities is discussed in some detail. This is used to analyse the experimental data from which it is possible to distinguish three types of instability. At low frequencies (4-20 kHz) the dominant internal fluctuations are found to be associated with a band of global resistive modes resonant inside the reversal surface. Although nonlinear processes are taking place, these modes possess a radial structure in agreement with that predicted by a linear tearing mode stability analysis of the measured equilibrium. At similar amplitudes to these modes there is a short correlation length component ( Lambda r=3 cm) which is peaked in the central regions of the discharge. At high frequencies (>30 kHz) this local activity dominates over the global fluctuations. Finally, at about 1/4 the peak power of the dominant global instabilities and with a similar frequency dependence, a second m=1 mode is observed. Stability calculations show that ideal modes whose growth rates are controlled by a resistive wall would have timescales similar to this mode.
Nuclear Fusion, 1984
Arrays of edge magnetic coils and statistical analysis techniques have been used to investigate t... more Arrays of edge magnetic coils and statistical analysis techniques have been used to investigate the magnetic fluctuation structure in the HBTX-1A reversed field pinch. The superficially random fluctuations can in fact be attributed almost entirely to global modes with poloidal mode number m = 0 and 1, provided account is taken of toroidal distortion of the modes. A toroidal array of coils discloses a broad spectrum of toroidal mode numbers with peak at |n| ~ 10 and significant variation with time and frequency. Cross-correlation establishes that |n| ~ 10 corresponds to m = 1, a helical mode resonant inside the reversal surface, and also shows the presence of m = 0, n ~ 0. The time-scales of the fluctuation indicate that the instabilities are probably resistive in character, and the mode amplitudes are such that island overlap and magnetic field ergodization should occur. The energy confinement time due to stochastic transport, estimated from the measured fluctuations, is consistent with that observed experimentally.
Applied Optics, Oct 12, 2012
An alternative model to N-coupled wave theory of the spatially multiplexed finite thickness volum... more An alternative model to N-coupled wave theory of the spatially multiplexed finite thickness volume holographic reflection grating is developed from the parallel stacked mirrors (PSM) model in terms of N infinite arrays of parallel stacked mirrors each characterized by a different grating vector. A plane reference wave interacts with each of the N sets of stacked mirrors, producing N signal waves. First-order coupled partial differential equations describing the detailed process of Fresnel reflection within the grating are derived for the reference and N signal waves. These equations can be solved analytically at Bragg resonance where agreement with conventional N-coupled wave theory is exact. The new model is compared for the case of some simple multiplexed volume phase reflection gratings at and away from Bragg resonance with a rigorous coupled-wave solution of the Helmholtz equation. Good agreement is attained for even rather high values of index modulation. For lower modulations more characteristic of modern holographic materials, agreement appears extremely good at and around Bragg resonance, although differences inevitably appear in the higher-order diffractive sideband structure. The analytic model is extended to cover polychromatic spatially multiplexed volume phase gratings at Bragg resonance, where once again agreement with rigorous coupled-wave calculations is very good for index modulations typical for modern holographic gratings. Finally, the model is extended to cover the case of the lossless multicolor phase-reflection hologram, where analytic and graphical results are presented concerning diffractive efficiency.
Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Its Historical Origin in Display Holography Ultra-Realistic Imaging a... more Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Its Historical Origin in Display Holography Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Interferential Techniques Before Holography Early Holography Display Holography Milestones Digital and Analogue Full-Colour Holography Lippmann Photography Brief History of Interferential Colour Recordings Examples of Interferential Structures in Nature Lippmann Photography Theory of the Lippmann Process Early Lippmann Emulsions Recording of Early Lippmann Photographs Modern Lippmann Photography Concluding Remarks Continuous Wave Lasers for Colour Holography Introduction Gas Lasers Dye Lasers Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Semiconductor Diode Lasers Fibre Lasers CW Laser Sources for Colour Holography Today Recording Materials for Colour Holography Introduction Holographic Recording Holographic Emulsions Problems Due to Short or Long Exposure Increasing Sensitivity by Hypersensitisation and Latensification Substrates for Holographic Emulsions Commercial Recording Materials for Colour Holography SilverCross Emulsion Research Project Additional Silver Halide Materials for Holography DCG Materials Photopolymer Materials Analogue Colour Holography Introduction Origins in Monochromatic Holography History of True Full-Colour Holography Colour Recording in Holography Setup for Recording Colour Holograms Full-Colour Pulsed Portraiture Pulsed Lasers for Holography Introduction Ruby Laser Flashlamp-Pumped Lasers Based on Crystals Doped with Neodymium at 1 mum High-Energy Two-Colour Emission: Stimulated Raman Amplification Pulsed RGB Lasers-Neodymium Lasers at mum Pulsed Holography Lasers Based on Titanium Sapphire (Ti:Al2O3) and Cr:LiSAF Chromium Forsterite Pulsed Diode-Pumped Lasers for Holography and the Future Digital Colour Holography Introduction Holographic Stereograms One-Step Digital Holograms A Simple DWDH Printer Modern DWDH Printers MWDH Printers Copying Full-Colour DWDH Holograms Digital Holographic Printing: Data Preparation, Theory and Algorithms Introduction Basic Considerations Coordinate Systems Coordinate Meshes Independent Primary Colours Viewing Plane Simple Cases Image-Planed DWDH HPO Holograms Rainbow and Achromatic Transmission Holograms Correcting for Inherent Distortion in Printer Optical Objective Digital Holographic Printing: Computational Methods for Full-Parallax Holograms Introduction Practical Strategies for Changing the Image Plane Resolution Requirements of DWDH Reflection Holograms DWDH Transmission Holograms MWDH Reflections Holograms Full-Parallax and HPO DWDH Image Data Creation and Acquisition for Digital Display Holograms Introduction Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: HPO Holograms Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: Full-Parallax Digital Holograms Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: HPO Holograms Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: Full-Parallax Holograms Theoretical Basis for High-Fidelity Display Holograms Introduction Three-Dimensional Paraxial Theory of a Thin Transmission Hologram Laser Transmission Holograms and the Problem of Speckle Three-Dimensional Theory of the Thick Transmission Hologram Reflection Holograms Simple Model of Thick Hologram: PSMs Holograms of Finite Thickness Emulsion Swelling and Change in Refractive Index on Processing Nonparaxial Behaviour and Digital Image Predistortion Solving Helmholtz Equation in Volume Grating: Coupled Wave Theory Blurring Revisited Computational Methods of Calculating Diffractive Efficiency of Planar Gratings Diffraction Efficiency: An Alternative Approach Using the PSM Model Introduction Formulation of Simplest Model-Normal-Incidence Reflection Grating Comparison with Numerical Solution of Helmholtz Equation Multiple-Colour Gratings Unslanted Reflection Grating at Finite Angle Slanted Reflection Grating Slanted Reflection Grating in Three Dimensions Transmission Gratings with Slanted Fringes Comparison of PSM Theory with Kogelnik's Theory for Slanted Grating Polychromatic Slanted Reflection Gratings Extending PSM to Describe Spatially Multiplexed Monochromatic Gratings Lippmann Photography Discussion Illumination of Colour Holograms Introduction Illumination of Holograms by Laser Sources Nonlaser Light Sources Used for Hologram Illumination Exhibition Facilities and Galleries Suitable for Displaying Holograms Edge-Lit Holograms Illumination of Large Displays Applications of Ultra-Realistic Holographic Imaging Introduction Some Scientific Applications of Holographic Imaging Visual Applications of Full-Colour Holographic Imaging Future Applications Screens Acronyms Appendix 1: Historical Origins of Display Holography: Spreading Awareness Hologram Exhibitions Commercial and Educational Entities Involved in Holography Appendix 2: History of the Geola Organisation The Beginning First Meeting in Vilnius Incorporation of Geola UAB First Romanian Exhibition of Large-Format Holography Start of XYZ Panchromatic Film and Sfera-S Vilnius Digital Printer Sale of XYZ Appendix 3: Active Cavity Length…
CRC Press eBooks, Apr 8, 2013
Journal of Modern Optics, Jul 20, 2012
An alternative model to Kogelnik's coupled wave theory of the volume holographic grating ... more An alternative model to Kogelnik's coupled wave theory of the volume holographic grating is developed in terms of an infinite array of parallel stacked mirrors. The model is based on summing the individual Fresnel reflections from an infinite number of infinitesimal discontinuities in the permittivity profile. The resulting first-order coupled partial differential equations are solved in a rotated frame of
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Books by David Brotherton-Ratcliffe
Papers by David Brotherton-Ratcliffe