est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentatio... more est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentation et à la stimulation de réflexions innovatrices sur la doctrine militaire, la stratégie, la tactique, la structure de force, la préparation et d'autres sujets de la défense nationale. Les points de vue et les opinions exprimés ou implicites dans cette revue sont ceux des auteurs et ne devraient pas être interprétés comme portant la sanction officielle du département de la Défense, de l'armée de l'Air, du Commandement de l'éducation et de la formation des forces aériennes, de l'Air University, ou d'autres agences ou départements du gouvernement des États-Unis. Dans cette édition, les articles sans notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits entièrement ou partiellement sans permission au préalable. Les articles ayant une notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits sans permission par les agences du gouvernement des États-Unis. S'ils sont reproduits, nous demandons à ce que Air & Space Power Journal soit référé. Pour obtenir la permission de reproduire des articles ayant une notice de copyright en dehors du gouvernement des États-Unis, contactez l'auteur directement plutôt que Air & Space Power Journal.
A recent report by Refugees International notes that Iraq is currently faced with one of the most... more A recent report by Refugees International notes that Iraq is currently faced with one of the most acute displacement crises in the world, with over 5 million Iraqis displaced by violence - 2.7 million of whom are internally displaced within Iraq. Such a situation creates not only a humanitarian crisis but also a perverse opportunity for insurgents and militia groups to exploit the displacement crisis in order to legitimate themselves and achieve geo-political goals. It is critical, therefore, to find adequate remedies for displaced person and forge a sustainable, long-term solution to the ongoing displacement crisis. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Pinheiro Principles provide an articulation of the rights and obligations relating to displaced persons under international law. Those instruments make certain demands on a nation's substantive civil law, primarily in the way the nation's legal architecture frames the nature of ownership; the means of resti...
The relevance of the study is that distance learning completely changes the relationship between ... more The relevance of the study is that distance learning completely changes the relationship between teacher and student, offering modern opportunities for independent development. However, this type of knowledge acquisition requires self-discipline and high motivation, since the interaction of subjects is gradually changing and involves the overall development of the individual and the shift of emphasis to independent cognitive activity. Unfortunately, a large number of students are not ready to study the material in remote conditions, which is confirmed by a lack of self-discipline and a tendency to disobedient actions. The inappropriate organisation of distance learning for subjects of art disciplines, in particular vocal lessons, makes the educational material uninteresting and contributes to the loss of motivation. For effective work it is important to set tasks correctly and clearly, to cover them with characteristic significance, which should become internally accepted by the student in the future. The purpose of the study is to cover and review the core aspects that are part of the motivation of students of art disciplines, particularly during vocal lessons in distance learning. Learning motivation in the remote form is a prerequisite for productive learning activities. The need for access to quality education with the use of information and electronic means is a basic requirement of the modern educational system. With the rapid change of environment and requirements for distance learning, the lack of information on the impact of motivational elements is becoming an urgent issue. An important area of the innovative integration structure of educational institutions is the information support of students aimed at obtaining quality results. The practical value lies in the search for mechanisms to develop the motivation of art students in distance learning, highlighting the main practical recommendations for increasing motivation in this format of information reproduction, which can be used in further activities
est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentatio... more est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentation et à la stimulation de réflexions innovatrices sur la doctrine militaire, la stratégie, la tactique, la structure de force, la préparation et d'autres sujets de la défense nationale. Les points de vue et les opinions exprimés ou implicites dans cette revue sont ceux des auteurs et ne devraient pas être interprétés comme portant la sanction officielle du département de la Défense, de l'armée de l'Air, du Commandement de l'éducation et de la formation des forces aériennes, de l'Air University, ou d'autres agences ou départements du gouvernement des États-Unis. Dans cette édition, les articles sans notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits entièrement ou partiellement sans permission au préalable. Les articles ayant une notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits sans permission par les agences du gouvernement des États-Unis. S'ils sont reproduits, nous demandons à ce que Air & Space Power Journal soit référé. Pour obtenir la permission de reproduire des articles ayant une notice de copyright en dehors du gouvernement des États-Unis, contactez l'auteur directement plutôt que Air & Space Power Journal.
Beginning in January 1999 and continuing through January 2000, a U.S. soldier began frequenting a... more Beginning in January 1999 and continuing through January 2000, a U.S. soldier began frequenting an off-post Internet cafe in Darmstadt, Germany, called the Netzwork Café. There he would download images of child pornography and search Internet websites, logging onto Internet chat rooms in order to communicate with individuals willing to send him images of naked children and children engaged in sex acts. Specialist Martinelli was eventually caught and charged with various violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A for knowingly mailing, transporting or shipping child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); knowingly receiving child pornography that had been mailed, shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); knowingly reproducing child pornography for distribution through the mails, or in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); and knowingly possessing child pornography on land and in a building used by and under the control of the U.S. Gove...
The Arab Spring sent shockwaves through the political landscape of the Middle East and North Afri... more The Arab Spring sent shockwaves through the political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa and upended long-standing authoritarian regimes throughout the region in rapid succession. Among the many countries touched by the Arab Spring, however, Libya and Syria have been among the most profoundly impacted, experiencing institutional deficits that complicate efforts to resolve ongoing conflicts and now threaten regional stability.The effects of such instability also pose a threat to the international community, making the plight of these two countries -- and their ability to form stable, effective governments -- a matter of international concern. In order to transition from conflict to peace and sustainable development in Libya and Syria, international actors will need to make concerted efforts at rebuilding the architecture of governance, a process which entails restoration of rule of law, dispute resolution, and core government functions. Such a process necessarily entails engagement with the civil law systems in force in these countries.This article, therefore, explores the structure and substance of the Libyan Civil Code and the Syrian Civil Code, with special attention given to two of the most critical aspects of civil law vis-a-vis post-conflict reconstruction: the way each civil code addresses the formation of obligations and the regulation of property rights. The article explicates the formal rules that regulate the legal affairs of citizens in those countries; notes the applicability of those laws to post-revolution problems; explores those elements and aspects of the Libyan and Syrian civil codes which have made them such durable legal institutions; and assesses their ongoing, post-revolution viability.
As in the United States, criminal investigations in England and Wales are conducted by profession... more As in the United States, criminal investigations in England and Wales are conducted by professional police. 432 Police are responsible for investigating offenses and obtaining evidence that can be used in the prosecution of the suspect. 433 There are numerous different branches and specializations within the police force in the United Kingdom, with different specialist squads and departments, different missions, and different organizations. 434 Police investigate crimes, gather evidence, question witnesses, and question the suspect. Thereafter, a custody officer within the police force makes the decision of whether to charge the suspect. 435 Charging and Prosecuting Before 1986, police were responsible not only for the investigation of a crime but also for its prosecution. To accomplish this function, police employed their own solicitors who appeared on behalf of the prosecution in court and instructed counsel for the Crown Court. 436 That system changed in 1986 with the introduction of the Crown Prosecution Service ("CPS"), 437 a prosecutorial entity that assumed the responsibility for criminal prosecutions. 438 It is composed of chief crown prosecutors, crown prosecutors, and a host of legal staff, all of which are subordinate to the director of public prosecutions. 439 Today, public prosecutions in England and Wales are commenced when, after a police investigation, the custody officer (in consultation with the prosecutor) decides that there is enough evidence to charge the suspect with an offense. 440 Formerly, police (like private citizens) were able to make use of the procedure known as "laying an information," discussed more fully later in this chapter. After the passage of the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, however, police and prosecutors were required to issue a formal, written charge. 441 There
The phenomenon of battlefield detention by non-state groups is increasingly common and has been r... more The phenomenon of battlefield detention by non-state groups is increasingly common and has been recently brought into focus by events in Syria where, as part of the international effort to counter the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (“ISIS”), the United States and coalition partners have worked “by, with, and through” a non-state armed group called the Syrian Democratic Forces (“SDF”). That successful partnership has resulted in significant battlefield victories — and the resultant detention by SDF of more than 2,000 ISIS foreign fighters. A detention conundrum has, however, been created by the modern reliance by states on non-state actors for counterterrorism operations, and their simultaneous reluctance to accept the return of terrorists captured and detained by non-state actors in the course of those operations. Specifically, SDF partners have signaled that they do not have the capacity or authority for the continued detention of the foreign terrorist fighters captured in the cou...
... Following the arrest of his son, Ayatollah al-Shirazi (...) issued a fatwa, seeming to encour... more ... Following the arrest of his son, Ayatollah al-Shirazi (...) issued a fatwa, seeming to encourage ... tasked with producing a compilation of the laws in force in the Ottoman caliphate.36 ... ikrah voa shufa), joint ownership (shirkah), agency (wakalah), settlement and release (sulh wa ibra ...
est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentatio... more est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentation et à la stimulation de réflexions innovatrices sur la doctrine militaire, la stratégie, la tactique, la structure de force, la préparation et d'autres sujets de la défense nationale. Les points de vue et les opinions exprimés ou implicites dans cette revue sont ceux des auteurs et ne devraient pas être interprétés comme portant la sanction officielle du département de la Défense, de l'armée de l'Air, du Commandement de l'éducation et de la formation des forces aériennes, de l'Air University, ou d'autres agences ou départements du gouvernement des États-Unis. Dans cette édition, les articles sans notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits entièrement ou partiellement sans permission au préalable. Les articles ayant une notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits sans permission par les agences du gouvernement des États-Unis. S'ils sont reproduits, nous demandons à ce que Air & Space Power Journal soit référé. Pour obtenir la permission de reproduire des articles ayant une notice de copyright en dehors du gouvernement des États-Unis, contactez l'auteur directement plutôt que Air & Space Power Journal.
A recent report by Refugees International notes that Iraq is currently faced with one of the most... more A recent report by Refugees International notes that Iraq is currently faced with one of the most acute displacement crises in the world, with over 5 million Iraqis displaced by violence - 2.7 million of whom are internally displaced within Iraq. Such a situation creates not only a humanitarian crisis but also a perverse opportunity for insurgents and militia groups to exploit the displacement crisis in order to legitimate themselves and achieve geo-political goals. It is critical, therefore, to find adequate remedies for displaced person and forge a sustainable, long-term solution to the ongoing displacement crisis. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Pinheiro Principles provide an articulation of the rights and obligations relating to displaced persons under international law. Those instruments make certain demands on a nation's substantive civil law, primarily in the way the nation's legal architecture frames the nature of ownership; the means of resti...
The relevance of the study is that distance learning completely changes the relationship between ... more The relevance of the study is that distance learning completely changes the relationship between teacher and student, offering modern opportunities for independent development. However, this type of knowledge acquisition requires self-discipline and high motivation, since the interaction of subjects is gradually changing and involves the overall development of the individual and the shift of emphasis to independent cognitive activity. Unfortunately, a large number of students are not ready to study the material in remote conditions, which is confirmed by a lack of self-discipline and a tendency to disobedient actions. The inappropriate organisation of distance learning for subjects of art disciplines, in particular vocal lessons, makes the educational material uninteresting and contributes to the loss of motivation. For effective work it is important to set tasks correctly and clearly, to cover them with characteristic significance, which should become internally accepted by the student in the future. The purpose of the study is to cover and review the core aspects that are part of the motivation of students of art disciplines, particularly during vocal lessons in distance learning. Learning motivation in the remote form is a prerequisite for productive learning activities. The need for access to quality education with the use of information and electronic means is a basic requirement of the modern educational system. With the rapid change of environment and requirements for distance learning, the lack of information on the impact of motivational elements is becoming an urgent issue. An important area of the innovative integration structure of educational institutions is the information support of students aimed at obtaining quality results. The practical value lies in the search for mechanisms to develop the motivation of art students in distance learning, highlighting the main practical recommendations for increasing motivation in this format of information reproduction, which can be used in further activities
est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentatio... more est publié trimestriellement. Cette revue est conçue pour servir de forum ouvert à la présentation et à la stimulation de réflexions innovatrices sur la doctrine militaire, la stratégie, la tactique, la structure de force, la préparation et d'autres sujets de la défense nationale. Les points de vue et les opinions exprimés ou implicites dans cette revue sont ceux des auteurs et ne devraient pas être interprétés comme portant la sanction officielle du département de la Défense, de l'armée de l'Air, du Commandement de l'éducation et de la formation des forces aériennes, de l'Air University, ou d'autres agences ou départements du gouvernement des États-Unis. Dans cette édition, les articles sans notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits entièrement ou partiellement sans permission au préalable. Les articles ayant une notice de copyright peuvent être reproduits sans permission par les agences du gouvernement des États-Unis. S'ils sont reproduits, nous demandons à ce que Air & Space Power Journal soit référé. Pour obtenir la permission de reproduire des articles ayant une notice de copyright en dehors du gouvernement des États-Unis, contactez l'auteur directement plutôt que Air & Space Power Journal.
Beginning in January 1999 and continuing through January 2000, a U.S. soldier began frequenting a... more Beginning in January 1999 and continuing through January 2000, a U.S. soldier began frequenting an off-post Internet cafe in Darmstadt, Germany, called the Netzwork Café. There he would download images of child pornography and search Internet websites, logging onto Internet chat rooms in order to communicate with individuals willing to send him images of naked children and children engaged in sex acts. Specialist Martinelli was eventually caught and charged with various violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A for knowingly mailing, transporting or shipping child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); knowingly receiving child pornography that had been mailed, shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); knowingly reproducing child pornography for distribution through the mails, or in interstate or foreign commerce (by computer); and knowingly possessing child pornography on land and in a building used by and under the control of the U.S. Gove...
The Arab Spring sent shockwaves through the political landscape of the Middle East and North Afri... more The Arab Spring sent shockwaves through the political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa and upended long-standing authoritarian regimes throughout the region in rapid succession. Among the many countries touched by the Arab Spring, however, Libya and Syria have been among the most profoundly impacted, experiencing institutional deficits that complicate efforts to resolve ongoing conflicts and now threaten regional stability.The effects of such instability also pose a threat to the international community, making the plight of these two countries -- and their ability to form stable, effective governments -- a matter of international concern. In order to transition from conflict to peace and sustainable development in Libya and Syria, international actors will need to make concerted efforts at rebuilding the architecture of governance, a process which entails restoration of rule of law, dispute resolution, and core government functions. Such a process necessarily entails engagement with the civil law systems in force in these countries.This article, therefore, explores the structure and substance of the Libyan Civil Code and the Syrian Civil Code, with special attention given to two of the most critical aspects of civil law vis-a-vis post-conflict reconstruction: the way each civil code addresses the formation of obligations and the regulation of property rights. The article explicates the formal rules that regulate the legal affairs of citizens in those countries; notes the applicability of those laws to post-revolution problems; explores those elements and aspects of the Libyan and Syrian civil codes which have made them such durable legal institutions; and assesses their ongoing, post-revolution viability.
As in the United States, criminal investigations in England and Wales are conducted by profession... more As in the United States, criminal investigations in England and Wales are conducted by professional police. 432 Police are responsible for investigating offenses and obtaining evidence that can be used in the prosecution of the suspect. 433 There are numerous different branches and specializations within the police force in the United Kingdom, with different specialist squads and departments, different missions, and different organizations. 434 Police investigate crimes, gather evidence, question witnesses, and question the suspect. Thereafter, a custody officer within the police force makes the decision of whether to charge the suspect. 435 Charging and Prosecuting Before 1986, police were responsible not only for the investigation of a crime but also for its prosecution. To accomplish this function, police employed their own solicitors who appeared on behalf of the prosecution in court and instructed counsel for the Crown Court. 436 That system changed in 1986 with the introduction of the Crown Prosecution Service ("CPS"), 437 a prosecutorial entity that assumed the responsibility for criminal prosecutions. 438 It is composed of chief crown prosecutors, crown prosecutors, and a host of legal staff, all of which are subordinate to the director of public prosecutions. 439 Today, public prosecutions in England and Wales are commenced when, after a police investigation, the custody officer (in consultation with the prosecutor) decides that there is enough evidence to charge the suspect with an offense. 440 Formerly, police (like private citizens) were able to make use of the procedure known as "laying an information," discussed more fully later in this chapter. After the passage of the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, however, police and prosecutors were required to issue a formal, written charge. 441 There
The phenomenon of battlefield detention by non-state groups is increasingly common and has been r... more The phenomenon of battlefield detention by non-state groups is increasingly common and has been recently brought into focus by events in Syria where, as part of the international effort to counter the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (“ISIS”), the United States and coalition partners have worked “by, with, and through” a non-state armed group called the Syrian Democratic Forces (“SDF”). That successful partnership has resulted in significant battlefield victories — and the resultant detention by SDF of more than 2,000 ISIS foreign fighters. A detention conundrum has, however, been created by the modern reliance by states on non-state actors for counterterrorism operations, and their simultaneous reluctance to accept the return of terrorists captured and detained by non-state actors in the course of those operations. Specifically, SDF partners have signaled that they do not have the capacity or authority for the continued detention of the foreign terrorist fighters captured in the cou...
... Following the arrest of his son, Ayatollah al-Shirazi (...) issued a fatwa, seeming to encour... more ... Following the arrest of his son, Ayatollah al-Shirazi (...) issued a fatwa, seeming to encourage ... tasked with producing a compilation of the laws in force in the Ottoman caliphate.36 ... ikrah voa shufa), joint ownership (shirkah), agency (wakalah), settlement and release (sulh wa ibra ...
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