The optimal oxygen saturation for extremely low birth weight infants in the postnatal period beyo... more The optimal oxygen saturation for extremely low birth weight infants in the postnatal period beyond the delivery room is not known. To summarize and discuss the results of the randomized trials, constituting the NEOPROM (Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis) collaborative study, examining the effect of low versus high functional oxygen saturation targets in the postnatal period in premature infants with gestational age <28 weeks. A meta-analysis of SUPPORT (Surfactant, Positive Pressure and Pulse Oximetry Randomized Trial), the three BOOST II (Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting) studies and the COT (Canadian Oxygen Trial) was performed including a total of 4,911 infants randomized to either a low (85-89%) or high (91-95%) functional oxygen saturation (SpO2) within the first 24 h after birth. Relative risks (RR; 95% CIs) comparing a low versus a high oxygen saturation target were 1.41 (1.14-1.74) for mortality at discharge or at follow-up, 0.74 (0.59-0.92) for severe retinopathy of prematurity, 0.95 (0.86-1.04) for physiologic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1.25 (1.05-1.49) for necrotizing enterocolitis, 1.02 (0.88-1.19) for brain injury, and 1.01 (0.95-1.08) for patent ductus arteriosus. RR >1.0 favors a high oxygen saturation. RRs for mortality and necrotizing enterocolitis are significantly increased and severe retinopathy of prematurity significantly reduced in low compared to high oxygen saturation target infants. There are no differences regarding physiologic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain injury or patent ductus arteriosus between the groups. Based on these results, it is suggested that functional SpO2 should be targeted at 90-95% in infants with gestational age <28 weeks until 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. However, there are still several unanswered questions in this field.
Evidence suggests that maternal obesity increases the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant... more Evidence suggests that maternal obesity increases the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death; however, the optimal body mass index (BMI) for prevention is not known. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of maternal BMI and risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 23, 2014. Cohort studies reporting adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates for fetal death, stillbirth, or infant death by at least 3 categories of maternal BMI were included. Data were extracted by 1 reviewer and checked by the remaining reviewers for accuracy. Summary RRs were estimated using a random-effects model. Fetal death, stillbirth, and neonatal, perinatal, and infant death. Thirty eight studies (44 publications) with more than 10,147 fetal deaths, more than 16,274 stillbirths, more than 4311 perinatal deaths, 11,294 neonatal deaths, and 4983 infant deaths were included. The summary RR per 5-unit increase in maternal BMI for fetal death was 1.21 (95% CI, 1.09-1.35; I2 = 77.6%; n = 7 studies); for stillbirth, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18-1.30; I2 = 80%; n = 18 studies); for perinatal death, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.00-1.35; I2 = 93.7%; n = 11 studies); for neonatal death, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.07-1.23; I2 = 78.5%; n = 12 studies); and for infant death, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.09-1.28; I2 = 79%; n = 4 studies). The test for nonlinearity was significant in all analyses but was most pronounced for fetal death. For women with a BMI of 20 (reference standard for all outcomes), 25, and 30, absolute risks per 10,000 pregnancies for fetal death were 76, 82 (95% CI, 76-88), and 102 (95% CI, 93-112); for stillbirth, 40, 48 (95% CI, 46-51), and 59 (95% CI, 55-63); for perinatal death, 66, 73 (95% CI, 67-81), and 86 (95% CI, 76-98); for neonatal death, 20, 21 (95% CI, 19-23), and 24 (95% CI, 22-27); and for infant death, 33, 37 (95% CI, 34-39), and 43 (95% CI, 40-47), respectively. Even modest increases in maternal BMI were associated with increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and neonatal, perinatal, and infant death. Weight management guidelines for women who plan pregnancies should take these findings into consideration to reduce the burden of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death.
The optimal initial fraction of oxygen (iFiO2 ) for resuscitating/stabilising premature infants i... more The optimal initial fraction of oxygen (iFiO2 ) for resuscitating/stabilising premature infants is not known. We aimed to study currently available information and provide guidelines regarding the iFiO2 levels needed to resuscitate/stabilise premature infants of ≤32 weeks' gestation. Our systematic review and meta-analysis studied the effects of low and high iFiO2 during the resuscitation/stabilisation of 677 newborn babies ≤32 weeks' gestation. Ten randomised studies were identified covering 321 infants receiving low (0.21-0.30) iFiO2 levels and 356 receiving high (0.60-1.0) levels. Relative risk for mortality was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.37-1.04, I(2) = 0%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.88) for low versus high iFiO2 ; for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.73-1.68, I(2) = 46%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.06); and for intraventricular haemorrhage, it was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.53-1.53, I(2) = 9%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.36). These data show that reduced mortality approached significance when a low iFiO2 (0.21-0.30) was used for initial stabilisation, compared to a high iFiO2 (0.60-1.0). There was no significant association for bronchopulmonary dysplasia or intraventricular haemorrhage when comparing low and high iFiO2 . Based on present data, premature babies ≤32 weeks' gestation in need of stabilisation in the delivery room should be given an iFiO2 of 0.21-0.30.
Tobacco smoking has been inconsistently associated with gallbladder disease risk. To clarify the ... more Tobacco smoking has been inconsistently associated with gallbladder disease risk. To clarify the association we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies published on the subject. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies of smoking and gallbladder disease up to January 9th 2015. Prospective studies were included if they reported relative risk estimates and 95 % confidence intervals of gallbladder disease associated with current, former or ever smoking and by number of cigarettes per day. Summary relative risks were estimated by use of a random effects model. We identified ten prospective studies including 59,530 gallbladder disease cases among 4,213,482 participants that could be included in the meta-analysis. The summary RR was 1.19 (95 % CI 1.12-1.28, I(2) = 46.9 %, n = 6) for current smokers, 1.10 (95 % CI 1.07-1.13, I(2) = 0 %, n = 6) for former smokers and 1.15 (95 % CI 1.13-1.18, I(2) = 0 %, n = 7) for ever smokers. In the dose-response a...
To quantify the dose-response relation between consumption of whole grain and specific types of ... more To quantify the dose-response relation between consumption of whole grain and specific types of grains and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality. PubMed and Embase searched up to 3 April 2016. Prospective studies reporting adjusted relative risk estimates for the association between intake of whole grains or specific types of grains and cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all cause or cause specific mortality. Summary relative risks and 95% confidence intervals calculated with a random effects model. 45 studies (64 publications) were included. The summary relative risks per 90 g/day increase in whole grain intake (90 g is equivalent to three servings-for example, two slices of bread and one bowl of cereal or one and a half pieces of pita bread made from whole grains) was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.87; I(2)=9%, n=7 studies) for coronary heart disease, 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03; I(2)=56%, n=6) for stroke, and 0.78 (0....
Physical activity has been inconsistently associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus i... more Physical activity has been inconsistently associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in epidemiological studies, and questions remain about the strength and shape of the dose-response relationship between the two. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized trials on physical activity and gestational diabetes mellitus. PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases were searched for cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials of physical activity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, up to August 5th 2015. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model. Twenty-five studies (26 publications) were included. For total physical activity the summary RR for high versus low activity was 0.62 (95 % CI 0.41-0.94, I(2) = 0 %, n = 4) before pregnancy, and 0.66 (95 % CI 0.36-1.21, I(2) = 0 %, n = 3) during pregnancy. For leisure-time physical activity the respective summary RRs for high versus low activity was 0...
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of body mass index (BMI) and ... more To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of body mass index (BMI) and the risk of all cause mortality, and to clarify the shape and the nadir of the dose-response curve, and the influence on the results of confounding from smoking, weight loss associated with disease, and preclinical disease. PubMed and Embase databases searched up to 23 September 2015. Cohort studies that reported adjusted risk estimates for at least three categories of BMI in relation to all cause mortality. Summary relative risks were calculated with random effects models. Non-linear associations were explored with fractional polynomial models. 230 cohort studies (207 publications) were included. The analysis of never smokers included 53 cohort studies (44 risk estimates) with >738 144 deaths and >9 976 077 participants. The analysis of all participants included 228 cohort studies (198 risk estimates) with >3 744 722 deaths among 30 233 329 participants. The summary relative risk for a 5 unit increment in BMI was 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.21; I(2)=95%, n=44) among never smokers, 1.21 (1.18 to 1.25; I(2)=93%, n=25) among healthy never smokers, 1.27 (1.21 to 1.33; I(2)=89%, n=11) among healthy never smokers with exclusion of early follow-up, and 1.05 (1.04 to 1.07; I(2)=97%, n=198) among all participants. There was a J shaped dose-response relation in never smokers (Pnon-linearity <0.001), and the lowest risk was observed at BMI 23-24 in never smokers, 22-23 in healthy never smokers, and 20-22 in studies of never smokers with ≥20 years' follow-up. In contrast there was a U shaped association between BMI and mortality in analyses with a greater potential for bias including all participants, current, former, or ever smokers, and in studies with a short duration of follow-up (<5 years or <10 years), or with moderate study quality scores. Overweight and obesity is associated with increased risk of all cause mortality and the nadir of the curve was observed at BMI 23-24 among never smokers, 22-23 among healthy never smokers, and 20-22 with longer durations of follow-up. The increased risk of mortality observed in underweight people could at least partly be caused by residual confounding from prediagnostic disease. Lack of exclusion of ever smokers, people with prevalent and preclinical disease, and early follow-up could bias the results towards a more U shaped association.
Objective In order to explore the role of broader eating patterns in the etiology of prostate can... more Objective In order to explore the role of broader eating patterns in the etiology of prostate cancer, we conducted a principal components analysis among Uruguayan men. Methods The study included 345 newly diagnosed cases of advanced prostate cancer and 690 hospitalized controls. The factor analysis was performed using the control population.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2009
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrea... more INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies.METHODS: To further explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer associations.RESULTS: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined was associated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung (OR= 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR= 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92) and all sites combined (OR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more strongly associated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men, among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers.CONCLUSION: Our results provide some evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer. However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake of meat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participants with low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2010
OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of nutrient patterns in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) among ... more OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of nutrient patterns in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) among Uruguayan women.METHODS: A principal component analysis was conducted. The study included 442 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 442 hospitalized controls.RESULTS: Two dietary patterns derived from factor analysis and were labeled as high-meat and antioxidants patterns. Whereas the high-meat pattern was directly associated with BC risk (OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 3.50, 95 % CI 1.94-6.30, p-value for trend <0.0001), the antioxidants pattern displayed a protective effect (OR=0.44, 95 % CI 0.27-0.74). Its negative association was stronger for postmenopausal than for premenopausal women (OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.79 vs. OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.50-1.56, respectively). Both strata were heterogeneous (p=0.004). The high-meat pattern was more associated with BC risk among patients with family history of BC compared with participants without it, but results did not differ by histology. In contrast, the antioxidants pattern was more associated with non-ductal cancers (OR=0.50 [95 % CI 0.35-0.69]) than with ductal cancers (OR=0.72, 95 % CI 0.58-0.88, heterogeneity p-value=0.03).CONCLUSIONS: Results support an association between the high-meat and antioxidant dietary patterns and BC risk. Furthermore, findings suggest that gene-environmental interactions may be important in BC etiology.
Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake, and are of muc... more Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake, and are of much interest because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, there is inconsistent evidence regarding their protective effects against lung cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies of blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol, and lung cancer risk. We identified relevant prospective studies published up to December 2014 by searching the PubMed and several other databases. We calculated summary estimates of lung cancer risk for the highest compared with lowest carotenoid and retinol concentrations and dose-response meta-analyses using random effects models. We used fractional polynomial models to assess potential nonlinear relationships. Seventeen prospective studies (18 publications) including 3603 cases and 458,434 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Blood concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, total carotenoids, and retinol were significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk or mortality. The summary relative risk were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.80) per 5 μg/100 mL of α-carotene (studies [n] = 5), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.94) per 20 μg/100 mL of β-carotene (n = 9), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.81) per 100 μg/100 mL of total carotenoids (n = 4), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.90) per 70 μg/100 mL of retinol (n = 8). In stratified analysis by sex, the significant inverse associations for β-carotene and retinol were observed only in men and not in women. Nonlinear associations were observed for β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, with stronger associations observed at lower concentrations. There were not enough data to conduct stratified analyses by smoking. In conclusion, higher blood concentrations of several carotenoids and retinol are associated with reduced lung cancer risk. Further studies in never and former smokers are needed to rule out confounding by smoking.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2011
A multisite case-control study on factor analysis and several cancer sites (mouth and pharynx, es... more A multisite case-control study on factor analysis and several cancer sites (mouth and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, breast, prostate, bladder, kidney) was conducted in Uruguay. The study included 3,528 cases and 2,532 controls. Factor analysis (principal components) was modeled among controls. This patterning method retained 4 factors per sex, labeled as prudent, drinker, traditional and Western. Odds ratios for these cancer sites, stratified by sex, were estimated using polytomous regression. Whereas the prudent pattern was mainly negatively associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, the Western pattern showed a strong increase in breast, lung and colon cancers. The study allowed for the reproducibility of the prudent, drinker and Western patterns, whereas the traditional pattern appears to be country specific.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2010
Breast cancer (BC) shows very high incidence rates in Uruguayan women. The present factor analysi... more Breast cancer (BC) shows very high incidence rates in Uruguayan women. The present factor analysis of ductal carcinoma of the breast, the most frequent histological type of this malignancy both in Uruguay and in the World, was conducted at a prepaid hospital of Montevideo, Uruguay. We identified 111 cases with ductal BC and 222 controls with normal mammograms. A factor analysis was conducted using 39 food groups, allowing retention of six factors analyzed through logistic regression in order to obtain odds ratios (OR) associated with ductal BC. The low fat and non-alcoholic beverage patterns were inversely associated (OR=0.30 and OR=0.45, respectively) with risk. Conversely, the fatty cheese pattern was positively associated (OR=4.17) as well as the fried white meat (OR=2.28) and Western patterns (OR 2.13). Ductal BC shared similar dietary risk patterns as those identified by studies not discriminating between histologic type of breast cancer.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01635581 2012 648299, Feb 1, 2012
The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflicti... more The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflictive. For this reason, we decided to conduct a case-control study on meat consumption and ESCC. Data included 234 newly diagnosed and microscopically examined ESCC and 2,020 controls with conditions not related to tobacco smoking nor alcohol drinking and without changes in their diets. We studied total meat, red meat, beef, lamb, processed meat, poultry, fish, total white meat, liver, fried meat, barbecued meat, boiled meat, heterocyclic amines, nitrosodimethylamine, and benzo[a]pyrene in relation with the risk of ESCC. Red meat, lamb, and boiled meat were directly associated with the risk of ESCC, whereas total white meat, poultry, fish, and liver were mainly protective against this malignancy.
The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report conclude... more The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report concluded that foods containing vitamin C probably protect against esophageal cancer and fruits probably protect against gastric cancer. Most of the previous evidence was from case-control studies, which may be affected by recall and selection biases. More recently, several cohort studies have examined these associations. We conducted a systematic literature review of prospective studies on citrus fruits intake and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. PubMed was searched for studies published until 1 March 2016. We calculated summary relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) using random-effects models. With each 100 g/day increase of citrus fruits intake, a marginally significant decreased risk of esophageal cancer was observed (summary RR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74-1.00, 1,057 cases, six studies). The associations were similar for squamous cell carcinoma (RR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.69-1.08, three studies) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.78-1.11, three studies). For gastric cancer, the nonsignificant inverse association was observed for gastric cardia cancer (RR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.55-1.01, three studies), but not for gastric non-cardia cancer (RR 1.02, 95 % CI 0.90-1.16, four studies). Consistent summary inverse associations were observed when comparing the highest with lowest intake, with statistically significant associations for esophageal (RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.64-0.91, seven studies) and gastric cardia cancers (RR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.39-0.99, three studies). Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia cancers, but further studies are needed.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, Jan 5, 2016
To systematically review outcomes of infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation randomised to resuscitation wi... more To systematically review outcomes of infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation randomised to resuscitation with low (≤0.3) vs high (≥0.6) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at delivery. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of low (≤0.3) vs high (≥0.6) FiO2 resuscitation. Information was obtained from databases (Medline/Pub Med, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane) and meeting abstracts between 1990 to 2015. Search index terms: preterm/ resuscitation/oxygen. Data for infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation were independently extracted and pooled using a random effects model. Analyses were performed with Revman V.5. Death in hospital, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity >grade 2 (ROP), intraventricular haemorrhage >grade 2 (IVH), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). A total of 251 and 253 infants were enrolled in 8 studies (6 masked, 2 unmasked) in the lower and higher oxygen groups, respectively, (mean gestation 26 weeks) between ...
Background: The evidence that red and processed meat influences colorectal carcinogenesis was jud... more Background: The evidence that red and processed meat influences colorectal carcinogenesis was judged convincing in the 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research report. Since then, ten prospective studies have published new results. Here we update the evidence from prospective studies and explore whether there is a non-linear association of red and processed meats with colorectal cancer risk.
There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for o... more There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. To further explore the association between meat intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 26 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1988 and 2000, including 6892 cancer cases and 1832 hospital controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals of various cancers for intake of total meat, red meat, beef, lamb and processed meat. There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of cancers of the mouth and pharynx (OR=1.63), esophagus (OR=3.30), larynx (OR=1.85), stomach (OR=4.02), colorectum (OR=1.78), lung (OR=1.59), sarcomas (OR=2.27), prostate (OR=1.58), bladder (OR=1.68), kidney (OR=1.96), nervous system (OR=3.12), thyroid (OR=2.38) and of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=1.79), myeloma (OR=3.28) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.61) with high intake of total meat and similar findings were found with red meat, beef and lamb. Intake of processed meat was associated with increased odds of cancers of the pharynx (OR=1.90), esophagus (OR=1.51), larynx (OR=2.03), stomach (OR=4.39), colorectum (OR=1.76), breast (OR=1.23), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=2.01), leukemia (OR=2.11) and with all cancer sites combined (OR=1.32). Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers with higher meat intake and suggest that meat consumption increases the risk of multiple other cancer sites.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2011
In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the ... more In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the relationship of maté consumption and risk of 13 cancer sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 13,201 participants (8,875 cases and 4,326 controls) drawn from the four major public hospitals in the city of Montevideo. Newly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder and kidney were included in the study. Controls were drawn from the same hospitals and in the same time period and were afflicted by non-neoplastic conditions not related with tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking and without recent changes in their diets. Odds ratios for maté consumption was directly associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), esophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder, and kidney. In conclusion these results suggest that chemicals, like benzo[a]pyrene, could be responsible of the carcinogenic effect of maté in the above mentioned cancer sites.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2009
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorec... more BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancer and some other cancers. However, the evidence is still limited. To further explore the association between egg intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls.RESULTS: In the multivariable model with adjustment for age, sex (when applicable), residence, education, income, interviewer, smoking, alcohol intake, intake of fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, fatty foods, meat, energy intake and BMI, there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR= 2.02, 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), upper aerodigestive tract (OR= 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), colorectum (OR= 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63), lung (OR= 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.29), breast (OR= 2.86, 95% CI: 1.66-4.92), prostate (OR= 1.89, 95% CI: 1.15-3.10), bladder (OR= 2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.83) and all cancer sites combined (OR= 1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.17) with a high vs low egg intake.CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between higher intake of eggs and increased risk of several cancers. Further prospective studies of these associations are warranted.
The optimal oxygen saturation for extremely low birth weight infants in the postnatal period beyo... more The optimal oxygen saturation for extremely low birth weight infants in the postnatal period beyond the delivery room is not known. To summarize and discuss the results of the randomized trials, constituting the NEOPROM (Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis) collaborative study, examining the effect of low versus high functional oxygen saturation targets in the postnatal period in premature infants with gestational age &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;28 weeks. A meta-analysis of SUPPORT (Surfactant, Positive Pressure and Pulse Oximetry Randomized Trial), the three BOOST II (Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting) studies and the COT (Canadian Oxygen Trial) was performed including a total of 4,911 infants randomized to either a low (85-89%) or high (91-95%) functional oxygen saturation (SpO2) within the first 24 h after birth. Relative risks (RR; 95% CIs) comparing a low versus a high oxygen saturation target were 1.41 (1.14-1.74) for mortality at discharge or at follow-up, 0.74 (0.59-0.92) for severe retinopathy of prematurity, 0.95 (0.86-1.04) for physiologic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1.25 (1.05-1.49) for necrotizing enterocolitis, 1.02 (0.88-1.19) for brain injury, and 1.01 (0.95-1.08) for patent ductus arteriosus. RR &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1.0 favors a high oxygen saturation. RRs for mortality and necrotizing enterocolitis are significantly increased and severe retinopathy of prematurity significantly reduced in low compared to high oxygen saturation target infants. There are no differences regarding physiologic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain injury or patent ductus arteriosus between the groups. Based on these results, it is suggested that functional SpO2 should be targeted at 90-95% in infants with gestational age &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;28 weeks until 36 weeks&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; postmenstrual age. However, there are still several unanswered questions in this field.
Evidence suggests that maternal obesity increases the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant... more Evidence suggests that maternal obesity increases the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death; however, the optimal body mass index (BMI) for prevention is not known. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of maternal BMI and risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 23, 2014. Cohort studies reporting adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates for fetal death, stillbirth, or infant death by at least 3 categories of maternal BMI were included. Data were extracted by 1 reviewer and checked by the remaining reviewers for accuracy. Summary RRs were estimated using a random-effects model. Fetal death, stillbirth, and neonatal, perinatal, and infant death. Thirty eight studies (44 publications) with more than 10,147 fetal deaths, more than 16,274 stillbirths, more than 4311 perinatal deaths, 11,294 neonatal deaths, and 4983 infant deaths were included. The summary RR per 5-unit increase in maternal BMI for fetal death was 1.21 (95% CI, 1.09-1.35; I2 = 77.6%; n = 7 studies); for stillbirth, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18-1.30; I2 = 80%; n = 18 studies); for perinatal death, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.00-1.35; I2 = 93.7%; n = 11 studies); for neonatal death, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.07-1.23; I2 = 78.5%; n = 12 studies); and for infant death, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.09-1.28; I2 = 79%; n = 4 studies). The test for nonlinearity was significant in all analyses but was most pronounced for fetal death. For women with a BMI of 20 (reference standard for all outcomes), 25, and 30, absolute risks per 10,000 pregnancies for fetal death were 76, 82 (95% CI, 76-88), and 102 (95% CI, 93-112); for stillbirth, 40, 48 (95% CI, 46-51), and 59 (95% CI, 55-63); for perinatal death, 66, 73 (95% CI, 67-81), and 86 (95% CI, 76-98); for neonatal death, 20, 21 (95% CI, 19-23), and 24 (95% CI, 22-27); and for infant death, 33, 37 (95% CI, 34-39), and 43 (95% CI, 40-47), respectively. Even modest increases in maternal BMI were associated with increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and neonatal, perinatal, and infant death. Weight management guidelines for women who plan pregnancies should take these findings into consideration to reduce the burden of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death.
The optimal initial fraction of oxygen (iFiO2 ) for resuscitating/stabilising premature infants i... more The optimal initial fraction of oxygen (iFiO2 ) for resuscitating/stabilising premature infants is not known. We aimed to study currently available information and provide guidelines regarding the iFiO2 levels needed to resuscitate/stabilise premature infants of ≤32 weeks&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; gestation. Our systematic review and meta-analysis studied the effects of low and high iFiO2 during the resuscitation/stabilisation of 677 newborn babies ≤32 weeks&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; gestation. Ten randomised studies were identified covering 321 infants receiving low (0.21-0.30) iFiO2 levels and 356 receiving high (0.60-1.0) levels. Relative risk for mortality was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.37-1.04, I(2) = 0%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.88) for low versus high iFiO2 ; for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.73-1.68, I(2) = 46%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.06); and for intraventricular haemorrhage, it was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.53-1.53, I(2) = 9%, p(heterogeneity) = 0.36). These data show that reduced mortality approached significance when a low iFiO2 (0.21-0.30) was used for initial stabilisation, compared to a high iFiO2 (0.60-1.0). There was no significant association for bronchopulmonary dysplasia or intraventricular haemorrhage when comparing low and high iFiO2 . Based on present data, premature babies ≤32 weeks&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; gestation in need of stabilisation in the delivery room should be given an iFiO2 of 0.21-0.30.
Tobacco smoking has been inconsistently associated with gallbladder disease risk. To clarify the ... more Tobacco smoking has been inconsistently associated with gallbladder disease risk. To clarify the association we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies published on the subject. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies of smoking and gallbladder disease up to January 9th 2015. Prospective studies were included if they reported relative risk estimates and 95 % confidence intervals of gallbladder disease associated with current, former or ever smoking and by number of cigarettes per day. Summary relative risks were estimated by use of a random effects model. We identified ten prospective studies including 59,530 gallbladder disease cases among 4,213,482 participants that could be included in the meta-analysis. The summary RR was 1.19 (95 % CI 1.12-1.28, I(2) = 46.9 %, n = 6) for current smokers, 1.10 (95 % CI 1.07-1.13, I(2) = 0 %, n = 6) for former smokers and 1.15 (95 % CI 1.13-1.18, I(2) = 0 %, n = 7) for ever smokers. In the dose-response a...
To quantify the dose-response relation between consumption of whole grain and specific types of ... more To quantify the dose-response relation between consumption of whole grain and specific types of grains and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality. PubMed and Embase searched up to 3 April 2016. Prospective studies reporting adjusted relative risk estimates for the association between intake of whole grains or specific types of grains and cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all cause or cause specific mortality. Summary relative risks and 95% confidence intervals calculated with a random effects model. 45 studies (64 publications) were included. The summary relative risks per 90 g/day increase in whole grain intake (90 g is equivalent to three servings-for example, two slices of bread and one bowl of cereal or one and a half pieces of pita bread made from whole grains) was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.87; I(2)=9%, n=7 studies) for coronary heart disease, 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03; I(2)=56%, n=6) for stroke, and 0.78 (0....
Physical activity has been inconsistently associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus i... more Physical activity has been inconsistently associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in epidemiological studies, and questions remain about the strength and shape of the dose-response relationship between the two. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized trials on physical activity and gestational diabetes mellitus. PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases were searched for cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials of physical activity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, up to August 5th 2015. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model. Twenty-five studies (26 publications) were included. For total physical activity the summary RR for high versus low activity was 0.62 (95 % CI 0.41-0.94, I(2) = 0 %, n = 4) before pregnancy, and 0.66 (95 % CI 0.36-1.21, I(2) = 0 %, n = 3) during pregnancy. For leisure-time physical activity the respective summary RRs for high versus low activity was 0...
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of body mass index (BMI) and ... more To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of body mass index (BMI) and the risk of all cause mortality, and to clarify the shape and the nadir of the dose-response curve, and the influence on the results of confounding from smoking, weight loss associated with disease, and preclinical disease. PubMed and Embase databases searched up to 23 September 2015. Cohort studies that reported adjusted risk estimates for at least three categories of BMI in relation to all cause mortality. Summary relative risks were calculated with random effects models. Non-linear associations were explored with fractional polynomial models. 230 cohort studies (207 publications) were included. The analysis of never smokers included 53 cohort studies (44 risk estimates) with &amp;amp;gt;738 144 deaths and &amp;amp;gt;9 976 077 participants. The analysis of all participants included 228 cohort studies (198 risk estimates) with &amp;amp;gt;3 744 722 deaths among 30 233 329 participants. The summary relative risk for a 5 unit increment in BMI was 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.21; I(2)=95%, n=44) among never smokers, 1.21 (1.18 to 1.25; I(2)=93%, n=25) among healthy never smokers, 1.27 (1.21 to 1.33; I(2)=89%, n=11) among healthy never smokers with exclusion of early follow-up, and 1.05 (1.04 to 1.07; I(2)=97%, n=198) among all participants. There was a J shaped dose-response relation in never smokers (Pnon-linearity &amp;amp;lt;0.001), and the lowest risk was observed at BMI 23-24 in never smokers, 22-23 in healthy never smokers, and 20-22 in studies of never smokers with ≥20 years&amp;amp;#39; follow-up. In contrast there was a U shaped association between BMI and mortality in analyses with a greater potential for bias including all participants, current, former, or ever smokers, and in studies with a short duration of follow-up (&amp;amp;lt;5 years or &amp;amp;lt;10 years), or with moderate study quality scores. Overweight and obesity is associated with increased risk of all cause mortality and the nadir of the curve was observed at BMI 23-24 among never smokers, 22-23 among healthy never smokers, and 20-22 with longer durations of follow-up. The increased risk of mortality observed in underweight people could at least partly be caused by residual confounding from prediagnostic disease. Lack of exclusion of ever smokers, people with prevalent and preclinical disease, and early follow-up could bias the results towards a more U shaped association.
Objective In order to explore the role of broader eating patterns in the etiology of prostate can... more Objective In order to explore the role of broader eating patterns in the etiology of prostate cancer, we conducted a principal components analysis among Uruguayan men. Methods The study included 345 newly diagnosed cases of advanced prostate cancer and 690 hospitalized controls. The factor analysis was performed using the control population.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2009
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrea... more INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies.METHODS: To further explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer associations.RESULTS: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined was associated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung (OR= 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR= 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR= 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92) and all sites combined (OR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more strongly associated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men, among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers.CONCLUSION: Our results provide some evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer. However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake of meat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participants with low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2010
OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of nutrient patterns in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) among ... more OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of nutrient patterns in the etiology of breast cancer (BC) among Uruguayan women.METHODS: A principal component analysis was conducted. The study included 442 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 442 hospitalized controls.RESULTS: Two dietary patterns derived from factor analysis and were labeled as high-meat and antioxidants patterns. Whereas the high-meat pattern was directly associated with BC risk (OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 3.50, 95 % CI 1.94-6.30, p-value for trend <0.0001), the antioxidants pattern displayed a protective effect (OR=0.44, 95 % CI 0.27-0.74). Its negative association was stronger for postmenopausal than for premenopausal women (OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.79 vs. OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.50-1.56, respectively). Both strata were heterogeneous (p=0.004). The high-meat pattern was more associated with BC risk among patients with family history of BC compared with participants without it, but results did not differ by histology. In contrast, the antioxidants pattern was more associated with non-ductal cancers (OR=0.50 [95 % CI 0.35-0.69]) than with ductal cancers (OR=0.72, 95 % CI 0.58-0.88, heterogeneity p-value=0.03).CONCLUSIONS: Results support an association between the high-meat and antioxidant dietary patterns and BC risk. Furthermore, findings suggest that gene-environmental interactions may be important in BC etiology.
Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake, and are of muc... more Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake, and are of much interest because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, there is inconsistent evidence regarding their protective effects against lung cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies of blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol, and lung cancer risk. We identified relevant prospective studies published up to December 2014 by searching the PubMed and several other databases. We calculated summary estimates of lung cancer risk for the highest compared with lowest carotenoid and retinol concentrations and dose-response meta-analyses using random effects models. We used fractional polynomial models to assess potential nonlinear relationships. Seventeen prospective studies (18 publications) including 3603 cases and 458,434 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Blood concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, total carotenoids, and retinol were significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk or mortality. The summary relative risk were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.80) per 5 μg/100 mL of α-carotene (studies [n] = 5), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.94) per 20 μg/100 mL of β-carotene (n = 9), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.81) per 100 μg/100 mL of total carotenoids (n = 4), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.90) per 70 μg/100 mL of retinol (n = 8). In stratified analysis by sex, the significant inverse associations for β-carotene and retinol were observed only in men and not in women. Nonlinear associations were observed for β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, with stronger associations observed at lower concentrations. There were not enough data to conduct stratified analyses by smoking. In conclusion, higher blood concentrations of several carotenoids and retinol are associated with reduced lung cancer risk. Further studies in never and former smokers are needed to rule out confounding by smoking.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2011
A multisite case-control study on factor analysis and several cancer sites (mouth and pharynx, es... more A multisite case-control study on factor analysis and several cancer sites (mouth and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, breast, prostate, bladder, kidney) was conducted in Uruguay. The study included 3,528 cases and 2,532 controls. Factor analysis (principal components) was modeled among controls. This patterning method retained 4 factors per sex, labeled as prudent, drinker, traditional and Western. Odds ratios for these cancer sites, stratified by sex, were estimated using polytomous regression. Whereas the prudent pattern was mainly negatively associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, the Western pattern showed a strong increase in breast, lung and colon cancers. The study allowed for the reproducibility of the prudent, drinker and Western patterns, whereas the traditional pattern appears to be country specific.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2010
Breast cancer (BC) shows very high incidence rates in Uruguayan women. The present factor analysi... more Breast cancer (BC) shows very high incidence rates in Uruguayan women. The present factor analysis of ductal carcinoma of the breast, the most frequent histological type of this malignancy both in Uruguay and in the World, was conducted at a prepaid hospital of Montevideo, Uruguay. We identified 111 cases with ductal BC and 222 controls with normal mammograms. A factor analysis was conducted using 39 food groups, allowing retention of six factors analyzed through logistic regression in order to obtain odds ratios (OR) associated with ductal BC. The low fat and non-alcoholic beverage patterns were inversely associated (OR=0.30 and OR=0.45, respectively) with risk. Conversely, the fatty cheese pattern was positively associated (OR=4.17) as well as the fried white meat (OR=2.28) and Western patterns (OR 2.13). Ductal BC shared similar dietary risk patterns as those identified by studies not discriminating between histologic type of breast cancer.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01635581 2012 648299, Feb 1, 2012
The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflicti... more The role of meat in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has been considered conflictive. For this reason, we decided to conduct a case-control study on meat consumption and ESCC. Data included 234 newly diagnosed and microscopically examined ESCC and 2,020 controls with conditions not related to tobacco smoking nor alcohol drinking and without changes in their diets. We studied total meat, red meat, beef, lamb, processed meat, poultry, fish, total white meat, liver, fried meat, barbecued meat, boiled meat, heterocyclic amines, nitrosodimethylamine, and benzo[a]pyrene in relation with the risk of ESCC. Red meat, lamb, and boiled meat were directly associated with the risk of ESCC, whereas total white meat, poultry, fish, and liver were mainly protective against this malignancy.
The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report conclude... more The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report concluded that foods containing vitamin C probably protect against esophageal cancer and fruits probably protect against gastric cancer. Most of the previous evidence was from case-control studies, which may be affected by recall and selection biases. More recently, several cohort studies have examined these associations. We conducted a systematic literature review of prospective studies on citrus fruits intake and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. PubMed was searched for studies published until 1 March 2016. We calculated summary relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) using random-effects models. With each 100 g/day increase of citrus fruits intake, a marginally significant decreased risk of esophageal cancer was observed (summary RR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74-1.00, 1,057 cases, six studies). The associations were similar for squamous cell carcinoma (RR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.69-1.08, three studies) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.78-1.11, three studies). For gastric cancer, the nonsignificant inverse association was observed for gastric cardia cancer (RR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.55-1.01, three studies), but not for gastric non-cardia cancer (RR 1.02, 95 % CI 0.90-1.16, four studies). Consistent summary inverse associations were observed when comparing the highest with lowest intake, with statistically significant associations for esophageal (RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.64-0.91, seven studies) and gastric cardia cancers (RR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.39-0.99, three studies). Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia cancers, but further studies are needed.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, Jan 5, 2016
To systematically review outcomes of infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation randomised to resuscitation wi... more To systematically review outcomes of infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation randomised to resuscitation with low (≤0.3) vs high (≥0.6) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at delivery. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of low (≤0.3) vs high (≥0.6) FiO2 resuscitation. Information was obtained from databases (Medline/Pub Med, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane) and meeting abstracts between 1990 to 2015. Search index terms: preterm/ resuscitation/oxygen. Data for infants ≤28+6 weeks gestation were independently extracted and pooled using a random effects model. Analyses were performed with Revman V.5. Death in hospital, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity >grade 2 (ROP), intraventricular haemorrhage >grade 2 (IVH), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). A total of 251 and 253 infants were enrolled in 8 studies (6 masked, 2 unmasked) in the lower and higher oxygen groups, respectively, (mean gestation 26 weeks) between ...
Background: The evidence that red and processed meat influences colorectal carcinogenesis was jud... more Background: The evidence that red and processed meat influences colorectal carcinogenesis was judged convincing in the 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research report. Since then, ten prospective studies have published new results. Here we update the evidence from prospective studies and explore whether there is a non-linear association of red and processed meats with colorectal cancer risk.
There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for o... more There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. To further explore the association between meat intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 26 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1988 and 2000, including 6892 cancer cases and 1832 hospital controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals of various cancers for intake of total meat, red meat, beef, lamb and processed meat. There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of cancers of the mouth and pharynx (OR=1.63), esophagus (OR=3.30), larynx (OR=1.85), stomach (OR=4.02), colorectum (OR=1.78), lung (OR=1.59), sarcomas (OR=2.27), prostate (OR=1.58), bladder (OR=1.68), kidney (OR=1.96), nervous system (OR=3.12), thyroid (OR=2.38) and of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=1.79), myeloma (OR=3.28) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.61) with high intake of total meat and similar findings were found with red meat, beef and lamb. Intake of processed meat was associated with increased odds of cancers of the pharynx (OR=1.90), esophagus (OR=1.51), larynx (OR=2.03), stomach (OR=4.39), colorectum (OR=1.76), breast (OR=1.23), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=2.01), leukemia (OR=2.11) and with all cancer sites combined (OR=1.32). Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers with higher meat intake and suggest that meat consumption increases the risk of multiple other cancer sites.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2011
In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the ... more In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the relationship of maté consumption and risk of 13 cancer sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 13,201 participants (8,875 cases and 4,326 controls) drawn from the four major public hospitals in the city of Montevideo. Newly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder and kidney were included in the study. Controls were drawn from the same hospitals and in the same time period and were afflicted by non-neoplastic conditions not related with tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking and without recent changes in their diets. Odds ratios for maté consumption was directly associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), esophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder, and kidney. In conclusion these results suggest that chemicals, like benzo[a]pyrene, could be responsible of the carcinogenic effect of maté in the above mentioned cancer sites.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, 2009
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorec... more BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancer and some other cancers. However, the evidence is still limited. To further explore the association between egg intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls.RESULTS: In the multivariable model with adjustment for age, sex (when applicable), residence, education, income, interviewer, smoking, alcohol intake, intake of fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, fatty foods, meat, energy intake and BMI, there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR= 2.02, 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), upper aerodigestive tract (OR= 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), colorectum (OR= 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63), lung (OR= 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.29), breast (OR= 2.86, 95% CI: 1.66-4.92), prostate (OR= 1.89, 95% CI: 1.15-3.10), bladder (OR= 2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.83) and all cancer sites combined (OR= 1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.17) with a high vs low egg intake.CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between higher intake of eggs and increased risk of several cancers. Further prospective studies of these associations are warranted.
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