This volume is the result of an initiative taken during the International Year of the Child in 19... more This volume is the result of an initiative taken during the International Year of the Child in 1979. It attempts to present a state-of-the-art survey on research into infant mortality (ANNOTATION)
A brief review of Sub-Saharan Africas demographic history is presented. Beginning with the 14th c... more A brief review of Sub-Saharan Africas demographic history is presented. Beginning with the 14th century to 1830 there were 170 periods of drought and epidemics. Significant events that changed the population was the introduction of new plants such as manioc rice corn and stringbeans and the slave trade that lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries where 25 million Africans were taken a slaves. 3 major periods affecting the demographic structure are distinguished: 1) a pre-colonial period (1850-1880); 2) a 1st colonial period (1890-1920); and 3) a period of demographic recovery (1920-1930). By the end of the 20th century Sub-Saharan Africas demographic growth rate will be without precedent in the history of man nor comparable to that of any other continent. By 1985 Sub-Saharan Africa had over 450 million inhabitants and by 2025 will have more than 1.4 billion going from 7% of the world population in 1950 to 17% in 2025. Between 1980-85 there had a 3% growth rate doubling the popula...
Mortality differentials in Sub-Saharan Africa are analyzed with a focus on differences by educati... more Mortality differentials in Sub-Saharan Africa are analyzed with a focus on differences by educational status of father and mother social class mothers labor force participation residence characteristics region religion and ethnic group. Data are from a variety of sources including the World Fertility Survey. The chapter concludes with a multivariate analysis of the relative impact of these factors on mortality. (ANNOTATION)
Demographers analyzed data from 1970-79 World Fertility Surveys and 1989-89 Demographic and Healt... more Demographers analyzed data from 1970-79 World Fertility Surveys and 1989-89 Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate excess mortality of 0-5 year old girls in developing countries. Excess mortality occurred somewhat less often in the 1980s than the 1970s (9% vs. 11%) but it was still considerably widespread (66% of countries) and occurred in all regions. It increased in sub-Saharan Africa from 5% to 9% stayed the same in Latin America (at 9%) and declined appreciably in North Africa and the Near East from 13% to 8%. Excess mortality began in the postneonatal period and lasted throughout 4-5 years of age. The early excess mortality (i.e. postneonatal period) was especially true in Arab-Muslim countries and in sub-Saharan Africa while it was not evident in Latin America. In 1982 excess mortality began in China at 1 year of age and was especially evident at ages 2 and 3 (14% and 12%. respectively). It had completely disappeared by age 5. Excess mortality occurred less frequently i...
The author outlines major family types in each of six regions of the world using data from publis... more The author outlines major family types in each of six regions of the world using data from published sources. The focus is on relationships among family type socioeconomic structure and modernization in developing countries. (ANNOTATION)
This collective work is the product of a seminar held in Rabat Morocco on May 10-25 1993 concerni... more This collective work is the product of a seminar held in Rabat Morocco on May 10-25 1993 concerning the relationship between population growth and the environment in Algeria Morocco and Tunisia. Six major topics were examined at the seminar: the relationships among population environment and development; population dynamics and policies; problems and policies concerning environment and development; methodological issues; models; and cooperative approaches to tackling such problems. (ANNOTATION)
The authors present a general overview of the literature on the relationship between population a... more The authors present a general overview of the literature on the relationship between population and the environment. They conclude that the arguments linking population growth and environmental degradation lack sufficient empirical data but that the concept of sustainable development remains an objective that has yet to be achieved. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA AND ARA AND DUT AND CHI) (ANNOTATION)
The complications involved in providing explanations of infant mortality trends are first describ... more The complications involved in providing explanations of infant mortality trends are first described. The authors then provide an overview of the various approaches that have been tested primarily in the fields of demography and epidemiology but also in medical sciences medical sociology and anthropology. The authors suggest that most of the research undertaken to date is descriptive rather than explanatory in nature. They then present a critique of current research and offer some suggestions for a multidisciplinary approach that might enable more progress to be made toward the goal of explaining infant mortality levels and trends. (summary in ENG)
The authors first emphasize the need to concentrate studies on the demographic transition and the... more The authors first emphasize the need to concentrate studies on the demographic transition and the decline in fertility in developing countries at the family rather than the individual level. The diversity of family characteristics around the world is described. An attempt is then made to identify a number of indirect variables affecting fertility in the framework of the transformation of social structures and of the family. The emphasis is on nuptiality including factors such as age at marriage and frequency of marriage dissolution and on factors such as abstinence and lactation.
Studies concerning the impact on fertility of a change in family structure from an extended to a ... more Studies concerning the impact on fertility of a change in family structure from an extended to a nuclear family are reviewed. Methodological questions concerning the family life cycle concept are discussed and fertility in nuclear and extended families is compared. Attention is given to the interaction of family type with intermediate variables affecting fertility including marriage age husband-wife age differences contraception sterility and postpartum abstinence marriage dissolution and remarriage and breast-feeding. The geographical focus is on developing countries.
In this paper the results of several studies relating to fertility in Western Zaire are brought t... more In this paper the results of several studies relating to fertility in Western Zaire are brought together. There are considerable variations in fertility within this region. In the equatorial zone fertility was very low scarcely reaching replacement level some 20 years ago. In the very prolific tropical zone on the other hand fertility was high. However these differences have tended to disappear since fertility has been increasing fast in areas where it had previously been low without a corresponding reduction elsewhere. The reasons for these changes include a rapid reduction of endemic sterility among certain ethnic groups the weak impact of education on family size and the maintenance of high fertility levels in the towns. (summary in ENG SPA) (EXCERPT)
Trends in excess mortality among females in North Africa are analyzed and compared for the period... more Trends in excess mortality among females in North Africa are analyzed and compared for the period from 1965 onward. The author finds that "in general mortality of women has fallen more rapidly than that of men at ages 10 and over and the excess mortality of women has gradually disappeared....However girls have not benefited from this change during the period of childhood and adolescence when they continue to suffer excess mortality....As is the case in many other less developed countries the phenomenon is concentrated at young ages." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
After 1st stressing the complexity of explaining child mortality, a short overview of the various... more After 1st stressing the complexity of explaining child mortality, a short overview of the various approaches to the problem is given. Included in the overview is research undertaken in different areas directly or indirectly concerned--particularly epidemiology and demography, but also in medical sciences, medical sociology, and anthropology. The purpose of this review is to point out the lack of coherence and shortcomings of research. Are they really explanatory or merely descriptive? Do they use the relevant techniques of observation and statistical analysis according to the objectives: Are they well integrated, without ambiguity, into the framework of a methodologically coherent thought? To many of these questions, the answer is often negative. To the partitioning of the different sciences concerning child mortality, this paper opposes the absolute necessity of a multidisciplinary approach, which should at the same time carry on the theoretical reflection on the cause of this complex phenomenon, and elaborate all research programs on the matter. (author's modified)
In this article the frequency and type of questions asked about fertility and mortality in 25 Afr... more In this article the frequency and type of questions asked about fertility and mortality in 25 African censuses taken since 1956 are studied. An increase in so-called "indirect" questions is noted: total number of children born or surving. However since 1970 direct questions on births and deaths which have occurred during the previous 12 months have also been used. Increasingly both types of questions are put. Although there is no shortage of techniques to process the information thus gathered these have practivally no "methodological results" e.g. observations which make it possible to validate these techniques. The results thus remain subject to uncertainties in mose cases. (authors modified) (summaries in FRE ENG SPA)
This volume is the result of an initiative taken during the International Year of the Child in 19... more This volume is the result of an initiative taken during the International Year of the Child in 1979. It attempts to present a state-of-the-art survey on research into infant mortality (ANNOTATION)
A brief review of Sub-Saharan Africas demographic history is presented. Beginning with the 14th c... more A brief review of Sub-Saharan Africas demographic history is presented. Beginning with the 14th century to 1830 there were 170 periods of drought and epidemics. Significant events that changed the population was the introduction of new plants such as manioc rice corn and stringbeans and the slave trade that lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries where 25 million Africans were taken a slaves. 3 major periods affecting the demographic structure are distinguished: 1) a pre-colonial period (1850-1880); 2) a 1st colonial period (1890-1920); and 3) a period of demographic recovery (1920-1930). By the end of the 20th century Sub-Saharan Africas demographic growth rate will be without precedent in the history of man nor comparable to that of any other continent. By 1985 Sub-Saharan Africa had over 450 million inhabitants and by 2025 will have more than 1.4 billion going from 7% of the world population in 1950 to 17% in 2025. Between 1980-85 there had a 3% growth rate doubling the popula...
Mortality differentials in Sub-Saharan Africa are analyzed with a focus on differences by educati... more Mortality differentials in Sub-Saharan Africa are analyzed with a focus on differences by educational status of father and mother social class mothers labor force participation residence characteristics region religion and ethnic group. Data are from a variety of sources including the World Fertility Survey. The chapter concludes with a multivariate analysis of the relative impact of these factors on mortality. (ANNOTATION)
Demographers analyzed data from 1970-79 World Fertility Surveys and 1989-89 Demographic and Healt... more Demographers analyzed data from 1970-79 World Fertility Surveys and 1989-89 Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate excess mortality of 0-5 year old girls in developing countries. Excess mortality occurred somewhat less often in the 1980s than the 1970s (9% vs. 11%) but it was still considerably widespread (66% of countries) and occurred in all regions. It increased in sub-Saharan Africa from 5% to 9% stayed the same in Latin America (at 9%) and declined appreciably in North Africa and the Near East from 13% to 8%. Excess mortality began in the postneonatal period and lasted throughout 4-5 years of age. The early excess mortality (i.e. postneonatal period) was especially true in Arab-Muslim countries and in sub-Saharan Africa while it was not evident in Latin America. In 1982 excess mortality began in China at 1 year of age and was especially evident at ages 2 and 3 (14% and 12%. respectively). It had completely disappeared by age 5. Excess mortality occurred less frequently i...
The author outlines major family types in each of six regions of the world using data from publis... more The author outlines major family types in each of six regions of the world using data from published sources. The focus is on relationships among family type socioeconomic structure and modernization in developing countries. (ANNOTATION)
This collective work is the product of a seminar held in Rabat Morocco on May 10-25 1993 concerni... more This collective work is the product of a seminar held in Rabat Morocco on May 10-25 1993 concerning the relationship between population growth and the environment in Algeria Morocco and Tunisia. Six major topics were examined at the seminar: the relationships among population environment and development; population dynamics and policies; problems and policies concerning environment and development; methodological issues; models; and cooperative approaches to tackling such problems. (ANNOTATION)
The authors present a general overview of the literature on the relationship between population a... more The authors present a general overview of the literature on the relationship between population and the environment. They conclude that the arguments linking population growth and environmental degradation lack sufficient empirical data but that the concept of sustainable development remains an objective that has yet to be achieved. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA AND ARA AND DUT AND CHI) (ANNOTATION)
The complications involved in providing explanations of infant mortality trends are first describ... more The complications involved in providing explanations of infant mortality trends are first described. The authors then provide an overview of the various approaches that have been tested primarily in the fields of demography and epidemiology but also in medical sciences medical sociology and anthropology. The authors suggest that most of the research undertaken to date is descriptive rather than explanatory in nature. They then present a critique of current research and offer some suggestions for a multidisciplinary approach that might enable more progress to be made toward the goal of explaining infant mortality levels and trends. (summary in ENG)
The authors first emphasize the need to concentrate studies on the demographic transition and the... more The authors first emphasize the need to concentrate studies on the demographic transition and the decline in fertility in developing countries at the family rather than the individual level. The diversity of family characteristics around the world is described. An attempt is then made to identify a number of indirect variables affecting fertility in the framework of the transformation of social structures and of the family. The emphasis is on nuptiality including factors such as age at marriage and frequency of marriage dissolution and on factors such as abstinence and lactation.
Studies concerning the impact on fertility of a change in family structure from an extended to a ... more Studies concerning the impact on fertility of a change in family structure from an extended to a nuclear family are reviewed. Methodological questions concerning the family life cycle concept are discussed and fertility in nuclear and extended families is compared. Attention is given to the interaction of family type with intermediate variables affecting fertility including marriage age husband-wife age differences contraception sterility and postpartum abstinence marriage dissolution and remarriage and breast-feeding. The geographical focus is on developing countries.
In this paper the results of several studies relating to fertility in Western Zaire are brought t... more In this paper the results of several studies relating to fertility in Western Zaire are brought together. There are considerable variations in fertility within this region. In the equatorial zone fertility was very low scarcely reaching replacement level some 20 years ago. In the very prolific tropical zone on the other hand fertility was high. However these differences have tended to disappear since fertility has been increasing fast in areas where it had previously been low without a corresponding reduction elsewhere. The reasons for these changes include a rapid reduction of endemic sterility among certain ethnic groups the weak impact of education on family size and the maintenance of high fertility levels in the towns. (summary in ENG SPA) (EXCERPT)
Trends in excess mortality among females in North Africa are analyzed and compared for the period... more Trends in excess mortality among females in North Africa are analyzed and compared for the period from 1965 onward. The author finds that "in general mortality of women has fallen more rapidly than that of men at ages 10 and over and the excess mortality of women has gradually disappeared....However girls have not benefited from this change during the period of childhood and adolescence when they continue to suffer excess mortality....As is the case in many other less developed countries the phenomenon is concentrated at young ages." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
After 1st stressing the complexity of explaining child mortality, a short overview of the various... more After 1st stressing the complexity of explaining child mortality, a short overview of the various approaches to the problem is given. Included in the overview is research undertaken in different areas directly or indirectly concerned--particularly epidemiology and demography, but also in medical sciences, medical sociology, and anthropology. The purpose of this review is to point out the lack of coherence and shortcomings of research. Are they really explanatory or merely descriptive? Do they use the relevant techniques of observation and statistical analysis according to the objectives: Are they well integrated, without ambiguity, into the framework of a methodologically coherent thought? To many of these questions, the answer is often negative. To the partitioning of the different sciences concerning child mortality, this paper opposes the absolute necessity of a multidisciplinary approach, which should at the same time carry on the theoretical reflection on the cause of this complex phenomenon, and elaborate all research programs on the matter. (author's modified)
In this article the frequency and type of questions asked about fertility and mortality in 25 Afr... more In this article the frequency and type of questions asked about fertility and mortality in 25 African censuses taken since 1956 are studied. An increase in so-called "indirect" questions is noted: total number of children born or surving. However since 1970 direct questions on births and deaths which have occurred during the previous 12 months have also been used. Increasingly both types of questions are put. Although there is no shortage of techniques to process the information thus gathered these have practivally no "methodological results" e.g. observations which make it possible to validate these techniques. The results thus remain subject to uncertainties in mose cases. (authors modified) (summaries in FRE ENG SPA)
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