Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2001
This resource allocation problem was resolved for a govern office (ProChile) dedicated to export ... more This resource allocation problem was resolved for a govern office (ProChile) dedicated to export promotion and final system has been applied twice a year since June, 1999. AHP model and evaluation process was performed by around ProChile's representatives located all around the world and expected benefits are currently in place. Extensions are under development towards a fully Internet application, considering feedback from expected benefits versus real benefits as well as optimization packages for funds distribution. To accomplish the above mentioned functions, ProChile acts through three lines of strategic action: National exporter base amplification: it refers to the incorporation of new companies to the export process in a combined work of ProChile and the instruments of productive development, especially with the Corporation for Development of the Production, CORFO. Consolidation of the exporter base, for which ProChile supports the exporters in the invigoration of their presence in the markets, the development of the commercialization channels and the accommodation
In this paper a very "easy to use" tool is shown in order to evaluate the best Technical and Cost... more In this paper a very "easy to use" tool is shown in order to evaluate the best Technical and Cost Proposal for a Construction Works Bid, particularly when big amounts of money and public institutions are involved. Different criteria, known by the bidders, are structured in two absolute measure models, costs and benefits. The Benefits model stands for the offers technical qualification (work schedule and proposed methodology) as well as for the bidding company's attributes (offered infrastructure, general and specific experience, other simultaneous work commitments and financial stability). The Costs model considers the final bidding amount and the risks involved in strong deviations between the bidding amount and the official budget (in time and money limits). The Benefits model acts as a filter for the following economic proposal aperture. As a common practice, the bidders those technical evaluation (in addition to the company's evaluation) exceeds the threshold defined by the Benefits model, may continue to the next step: the economic offer evaluation. By these means, not only a minimum acceptable quality level is guaranteed, but the mayor effort of the economical analysis is concentrated only in these bidders, which are initially scored equally. Finally, and after a sensitive analysis for the Cost-Benefits ratio, the offere that obtains the best score is recommended to the Decision Making Committee, for the construction works contract.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2001
Aysen Region, located at Chile's deep South, is characterized by natural geographical accidents t... more Aysen Region, located at Chile's deep South, is characterized by natural geographical accidents that endow it of great scenic beauty. But in conjunction with cold and rainy weather, it also generates a source of important natural risks of geologic, hydrological, hydromorphologic and oceanographic nature, over the population that inhibits that southern Region. With AHP, an environmental vulnerability scale was built for the mostly exposed populated towns. The theoretical risk threshold was calculated and risk sensitive areas, which contain mostly exposed towns under the effects of an incident of natural origin, were identified. Risk monitoring and early alert plans were developed to prevent risks impacts over population. Alternative scenarios were considered to gauge the impact of different factors over sensitive areas definition. Identifying sensitive areas is very important because it allows a more effective and efficient resource assignment process for setting monitoring and control plans over the Region.
Comparing AHP and ANP Shiftwork Models: Hierarchy Simplicity v/s Network
Summary The Objective of this presentation, is to show a comparison of models and results between... more Summary The Objective of this presentation, is to show a comparison of models and results between two different but complementary methods applied to the real Shiftwork problem. The first is an application of AHP in a very large problem (more than 400 terminal or cover criteria, and more than 500 overall criteria), this was a 18 months work with 22 different experts involved to build a Shiftwork Asset, that may be applied to almost any kind of shift in different type of work and enterprises. The second one is an extension, built after completeness of the first model. This time we used ANP instead of AHP, with a very good knowledge of the problem as an advantage, so we were able to synthesize the model, capturing almost all the existing interrelations. At the end, this paper has as a main objective to be able to compare the benefits and costs of both ways of doing the modeling process as well as to compare the final results obtained in both systems AHP & ANP.
For society in the last years the idea of sustainable business has become a very important idea c... more For society in the last years the idea of sustainable business has become a very important idea considering both sides view, the necessary inside developing of the business as well as the surrounding environment where is located. The different social organizations like communities, workers, families, and stakeholders, have understand the importance that business or entrepreneurships of certain level take care of their possible environmental, social and economical impacts, considering the two basic aspects for the “responsibility” concept, that is presenting the accountability of the business in front of their stakeholders and at the same time be able to respond to the different social organizations about his behavior, put together these two aspects it necessary carry into the Corporative Social Responsibility (CSR) concept, it means to look the business and its surrounding as a whole indivisible. This new approach takes the concept of sustainable development into the core of the bus...
This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-maki... more This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). The article belongs to the field of mathematical modelling based in order topology. The relevance of this article is related with having a dependable cardinal measure of distance in weighted environments (order topology). Weighted environments is a no isotropic structure where the different directions (axes) may have different importance (weight) hence, there exist privilege directions. In this kind of structure is very important to have a cardinal reliable index, able to say how close or compatible is the set of measures of one individual with respect to the group (or to anyone other). Or how close is one pattern of behavior to another or in some special cases to assess how good a rule of measurement or index, built with any cardinal MCDM method is. Common examples of application of this is the interaction between actors in a decision making process (system values inte...
The compability index G. Creating an index of closeness within weighted enviroment
This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-maki... more This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). The article belongs to the field of mathematical modelling based in order topology. The relevance of this article is related with having a dependable cardinal measure of distance in weighted environments (order topology). Weighted environments is a no isotropic structure where the different directions (axes) may have different importance (weight) hence, there exist privilege directions. In this kind of structure is very important to have a cardinal reliable index, able to say how close or compatible is the set of measures of one individual with respect to the group (or to anyone other). Or how close is one pattern of behavior to another or in some special cases to assess how good a rule of measurement or index, built with any cardinal MCDM method is. Common examples of application of this is the interaction between actors in a decision making process (system values int...
How to Obtain a Global Reference Threshold in Ahp/Anp
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded t... more This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded technique to construct local and global thresholds using the well-known rate of change method. The next objective, which is secondary, is to show the relevance and possibilities of applying the AHP/ANP in absolute measurement (AM) compared to the relative measurement (RM) mode, which is currently widely used in the AHP/ANP community. The ability to construct a global threshold would help increase the use of AHP/ANP in the AM mode (rating mode) in the AHP/ANP community. Therefore, if the first specific objective is achieved, it would facilitate reaching the second, more general objective. For this purpose, a real-life example based on the construction of a multi-criteria index and threshold will be described. The index measures the degree of lag of a neighborhood through the Urban and Social Deterioration Index (USDI) based on an AHP risks model. The global threshold represents the toler...
Artificial Intelligence (Ai) and Ethical Artificial Intelligence (Eai)
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
The concept of AI is a relatively new concept that is being used with increasing frequency. The i... more The concept of AI is a relatively new concept that is being used with increasing frequency. The importance of this concept has to do in general with the increased capacity of what we understand as intelligence. However, it is a delicate concept and easy to misuse and / or misinterpret. This requires a good understanding of what AI is, what it is based on or should be based on and its forms of practical operation. I would like to make a point regarding the difference between IA and IAE. AI in general is thought of as a program or machine capable of answering difficult questions by generating relationships related to the question within large relational databases. This, in general, leads to obtaining results about which it is not clear how they were obtained (what was the "reasoning" behind). This, in the long term, can bring important problems of understanding and dependency. Ultimately, we would be obeying a machine based on its eventual high predictive capacity. But, in t...
Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions, 2016
A significant increase in the impacts caused by extreme events, of both natural and anthropogenic... more A significant increase in the impacts caused by extreme events, of both natural and anthropogenic origin, has been observed in recent decades at a global scale. Chile is no exception to this dynamic. Hazards of various origins and their interactions with socioeconomic, urban, and demographic changes, combined with governance issues have led to a significant risk increase. An accurate assessment of this risk is a significantly complex problem and a holistic approach is required. To address this issue, a multicriteria decision model has been designed, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which includes qualitative and quantitative variables. The model can be adapted to different contexts, generating a comparable metrics (commensurable) for different cities. The three cities analyzed in this study (Iquique, Puerto Montt, and Puerto Varas) show different levels of risks as a result of a synergic and dynamic combination of factors related not only with natural and physical conditions but also particularly with the variables related to social vulnerability and resilience capacity.
Many people around the world uses fossil fuels and other forms of biomass as a source of energy f... more Many people around the world uses fossil fuels and other forms of biomass as a source of energy for cooking or heating purposes. These fuels generate high levels of indoor pollutants, which can be extremely deleterious to the health of the exposure persons. This problem is relevant if we consider that people spend about 70-90% indoors spaces, and particularly important to susceptible groups like children, elderly and persons with heart and respiratory diseases and population living in geographic zones with long wintertime. Objective: to select the most appropriate energy low emission heating systems considering the balance between social benefits, economic cost, and health and environmental risk. Method: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision-making method was used. Results: This analysis provided a prioritized ranking defining to electricity (oil-electric system) as the most appropriate alternative, which could be explained mainly by the high degree of "safety" that these systems have; being weighted with close to 50% total importance of "social benefits", even though the low environmental risk was also a good criteria and the cost was negative for this heating system. The "gas" and "electricity" options were very similar concerning quality and quantity of social benefits delivered. Conclusion: This methodology can support the process of decision-making considering qualitative and quantitative algorithms in an integrated manner, thus specifying the validity of the decisions in environmental management.
Instituto de la Construccion, with the participation and contribution of 14 public and private in... more Instituto de la Construccion, with the participation and contribution of 14 public and private institutions of the construction sector, is developing a national Building Environmental Assessment System and Certification Scheme, "Certificacion Edificio Sustentable", in order to assess, qualify and certify compliance based on a set of requirements focused on design conditions, on site verification and performance of nonresidential buildings. The certification scheme consists of a set of requirements, 14 of them mandatory, arranged in two main categories: Architectural Design and MEP Systems Design. The definition of the weights, scales and thresholds, was based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), involving 39 public and private institutions and companies. To implement the system, it is consider the formation of assessment bodies throughout the country, which would give feedback and improve the system requirements at local level, facilitate on site verification, and increase opportunities for market players.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2001
This resource allocation problem was resolved for a govern office (ProChile) dedicated to export ... more This resource allocation problem was resolved for a govern office (ProChile) dedicated to export promotion and final system has been applied twice a year since June, 1999. AHP model and evaluation process was performed by around ProChile's representatives located all around the world and expected benefits are currently in place. Extensions are under development towards a fully Internet application, considering feedback from expected benefits versus real benefits as well as optimization packages for funds distribution. To accomplish the above mentioned functions, ProChile acts through three lines of strategic action: National exporter base amplification: it refers to the incorporation of new companies to the export process in a combined work of ProChile and the instruments of productive development, especially with the Corporation for Development of the Production, CORFO. Consolidation of the exporter base, for which ProChile supports the exporters in the invigoration of their presence in the markets, the development of the commercialization channels and the accommodation
In this paper a very "easy to use" tool is shown in order to evaluate the best Technical and Cost... more In this paper a very "easy to use" tool is shown in order to evaluate the best Technical and Cost Proposal for a Construction Works Bid, particularly when big amounts of money and public institutions are involved. Different criteria, known by the bidders, are structured in two absolute measure models, costs and benefits. The Benefits model stands for the offers technical qualification (work schedule and proposed methodology) as well as for the bidding company's attributes (offered infrastructure, general and specific experience, other simultaneous work commitments and financial stability). The Costs model considers the final bidding amount and the risks involved in strong deviations between the bidding amount and the official budget (in time and money limits). The Benefits model acts as a filter for the following economic proposal aperture. As a common practice, the bidders those technical evaluation (in addition to the company's evaluation) exceeds the threshold defined by the Benefits model, may continue to the next step: the economic offer evaluation. By these means, not only a minimum acceptable quality level is guaranteed, but the mayor effort of the economical analysis is concentrated only in these bidders, which are initially scored equally. Finally, and after a sensitive analysis for the Cost-Benefits ratio, the offere that obtains the best score is recommended to the Decision Making Committee, for the construction works contract.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2001
Aysen Region, located at Chile's deep South, is characterized by natural geographical accidents t... more Aysen Region, located at Chile's deep South, is characterized by natural geographical accidents that endow it of great scenic beauty. But in conjunction with cold and rainy weather, it also generates a source of important natural risks of geologic, hydrological, hydromorphologic and oceanographic nature, over the population that inhibits that southern Region. With AHP, an environmental vulnerability scale was built for the mostly exposed populated towns. The theoretical risk threshold was calculated and risk sensitive areas, which contain mostly exposed towns under the effects of an incident of natural origin, were identified. Risk monitoring and early alert plans were developed to prevent risks impacts over population. Alternative scenarios were considered to gauge the impact of different factors over sensitive areas definition. Identifying sensitive areas is very important because it allows a more effective and efficient resource assignment process for setting monitoring and control plans over the Region.
Comparing AHP and ANP Shiftwork Models: Hierarchy Simplicity v/s Network
Summary The Objective of this presentation, is to show a comparison of models and results between... more Summary The Objective of this presentation, is to show a comparison of models and results between two different but complementary methods applied to the real Shiftwork problem. The first is an application of AHP in a very large problem (more than 400 terminal or cover criteria, and more than 500 overall criteria), this was a 18 months work with 22 different experts involved to build a Shiftwork Asset, that may be applied to almost any kind of shift in different type of work and enterprises. The second one is an extension, built after completeness of the first model. This time we used ANP instead of AHP, with a very good knowledge of the problem as an advantage, so we were able to synthesize the model, capturing almost all the existing interrelations. At the end, this paper has as a main objective to be able to compare the benefits and costs of both ways of doing the modeling process as well as to compare the final results obtained in both systems AHP & ANP.
For society in the last years the idea of sustainable business has become a very important idea c... more For society in the last years the idea of sustainable business has become a very important idea considering both sides view, the necessary inside developing of the business as well as the surrounding environment where is located. The different social organizations like communities, workers, families, and stakeholders, have understand the importance that business or entrepreneurships of certain level take care of their possible environmental, social and economical impacts, considering the two basic aspects for the “responsibility” concept, that is presenting the accountability of the business in front of their stakeholders and at the same time be able to respond to the different social organizations about his behavior, put together these two aspects it necessary carry into the Corporative Social Responsibility (CSR) concept, it means to look the business and its surrounding as a whole indivisible. This new approach takes the concept of sustainable development into the core of the bus...
This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-maki... more This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). The article belongs to the field of mathematical modelling based in order topology. The relevance of this article is related with having a dependable cardinal measure of distance in weighted environments (order topology). Weighted environments is a no isotropic structure where the different directions (axes) may have different importance (weight) hence, there exist privilege directions. In this kind of structure is very important to have a cardinal reliable index, able to say how close or compatible is the set of measures of one individual with respect to the group (or to anyone other). Or how close is one pattern of behavior to another or in some special cases to assess how good a rule of measurement or index, built with any cardinal MCDM method is. Common examples of application of this is the interaction between actors in a decision making process (system values inte...
The compability index G. Creating an index of closeness within weighted enviroment
This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-maki... more This article addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). The article belongs to the field of mathematical modelling based in order topology. The relevance of this article is related with having a dependable cardinal measure of distance in weighted environments (order topology). Weighted environments is a no isotropic structure where the different directions (axes) may have different importance (weight) hence, there exist privilege directions. In this kind of structure is very important to have a cardinal reliable index, able to say how close or compatible is the set of measures of one individual with respect to the group (or to anyone other). Or how close is one pattern of behavior to another or in some special cases to assess how good a rule of measurement or index, built with any cardinal MCDM method is. Common examples of application of this is the interaction between actors in a decision making process (system values int...
How to Obtain a Global Reference Threshold in Ahp/Anp
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded t... more This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded technique to construct local and global thresholds using the well-known rate of change method. The next objective, which is secondary, is to show the relevance and possibilities of applying the AHP/ANP in absolute measurement (AM) compared to the relative measurement (RM) mode, which is currently widely used in the AHP/ANP community. The ability to construct a global threshold would help increase the use of AHP/ANP in the AM mode (rating mode) in the AHP/ANP community. Therefore, if the first specific objective is achieved, it would facilitate reaching the second, more general objective. For this purpose, a real-life example based on the construction of a multi-criteria index and threshold will be described. The index measures the degree of lag of a neighborhood through the Urban and Social Deterioration Index (USDI) based on an AHP risks model. The global threshold represents the toler...
Artificial Intelligence (Ai) and Ethical Artificial Intelligence (Eai)
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
The concept of AI is a relatively new concept that is being used with increasing frequency. The i... more The concept of AI is a relatively new concept that is being used with increasing frequency. The importance of this concept has to do in general with the increased capacity of what we understand as intelligence. However, it is a delicate concept and easy to misuse and / or misinterpret. This requires a good understanding of what AI is, what it is based on or should be based on and its forms of practical operation. I would like to make a point regarding the difference between IA and IAE. AI in general is thought of as a program or machine capable of answering difficult questions by generating relationships related to the question within large relational databases. This, in general, leads to obtaining results about which it is not clear how they were obtained (what was the "reasoning" behind). This, in the long term, can bring important problems of understanding and dependency. Ultimately, we would be obeying a machine based on its eventual high predictive capacity. But, in t...
Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions, 2016
A significant increase in the impacts caused by extreme events, of both natural and anthropogenic... more A significant increase in the impacts caused by extreme events, of both natural and anthropogenic origin, has been observed in recent decades at a global scale. Chile is no exception to this dynamic. Hazards of various origins and their interactions with socioeconomic, urban, and demographic changes, combined with governance issues have led to a significant risk increase. An accurate assessment of this risk is a significantly complex problem and a holistic approach is required. To address this issue, a multicriteria decision model has been designed, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which includes qualitative and quantitative variables. The model can be adapted to different contexts, generating a comparable metrics (commensurable) for different cities. The three cities analyzed in this study (Iquique, Puerto Montt, and Puerto Varas) show different levels of risks as a result of a synergic and dynamic combination of factors related not only with natural and physical conditions but also particularly with the variables related to social vulnerability and resilience capacity.
Many people around the world uses fossil fuels and other forms of biomass as a source of energy f... more Many people around the world uses fossil fuels and other forms of biomass as a source of energy for cooking or heating purposes. These fuels generate high levels of indoor pollutants, which can be extremely deleterious to the health of the exposure persons. This problem is relevant if we consider that people spend about 70-90% indoors spaces, and particularly important to susceptible groups like children, elderly and persons with heart and respiratory diseases and population living in geographic zones with long wintertime. Objective: to select the most appropriate energy low emission heating systems considering the balance between social benefits, economic cost, and health and environmental risk. Method: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision-making method was used. Results: This analysis provided a prioritized ranking defining to electricity (oil-electric system) as the most appropriate alternative, which could be explained mainly by the high degree of "safety" that these systems have; being weighted with close to 50% total importance of "social benefits", even though the low environmental risk was also a good criteria and the cost was negative for this heating system. The "gas" and "electricity" options were very similar concerning quality and quantity of social benefits delivered. Conclusion: This methodology can support the process of decision-making considering qualitative and quantitative algorithms in an integrated manner, thus specifying the validity of the decisions in environmental management.
Instituto de la Construccion, with the participation and contribution of 14 public and private in... more Instituto de la Construccion, with the participation and contribution of 14 public and private institutions of the construction sector, is developing a national Building Environmental Assessment System and Certification Scheme, "Certificacion Edificio Sustentable", in order to assess, qualify and certify compliance based on a set of requirements focused on design conditions, on site verification and performance of nonresidential buildings. The certification scheme consists of a set of requirements, 14 of them mandatory, arranged in two main categories: Architectural Design and MEP Systems Design. The definition of the weights, scales and thresholds, was based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), involving 39 public and private institutions and companies. To implement the system, it is consider the formation of assessment bodies throughout the country, which would give feedback and improve the system requirements at local level, facilitate on site verification, and increase opportunities for market players.
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