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Ck KSHITIJ Raj

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Papers by Ck KSHITIJ Raj

CASTLE: Architecting Assured System-on-Chip Firmware Integrity

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that exec... more Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that execute custom firmware. Firmware provides the flexibility of updating security features, i.e., it enables patching or in-field update, in response to an emerging security threat, bug, or changing requirements. Unfortunately, current firmware update mechanisms are complex, manual, and error-prone. In this paper we present CASTLE, an architectural framework to enable systematic and assured updates to SoC firmware. The main workhorse of CASTLE is a centralized, dedicated IP in the SoC that is responsible for receiving, authenticating, and installing a patch. The architecture works with off-chip firmware validation flows, e.g., cloud-based service for validating a proposed patch, and identifying compatibility constraints on other resident firmware in the SoC. The result is a comprehensive infrastructure that works seamlessly across architectures, vendors, and service providers, while meeting deployment and usability requirements. We demonstrate the application of proposed framework in addressing functional and security flaws of existing firmware patching mechanisms including firmware incompatibility, inadequate authentication, and time-ofcheck vs. time-of-use (TOCTOU) constraints.

Pattern of mobile phone use among nursing students in IMS, BHU, Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dec 28, 2016

Introduction: Mobile has become a necessity today. According to forbes.com in January 2016India c... more Introduction: Mobile has become a necessity today. According to forbes.com in January 2016India crossed one billion mobile subscribers. Almost every graduate student especially of urbanarea have and use mobile. Government of India is also promoting digitalization of India, internetuse and mobile banking throughout the country. Mobile phone usage is like a two way sword, itcan be both beneficial and harmful according to its use. This study was planned to find outpattern of mobile use by nursing students and time spent on mobile according to the year of theirstudy. Method: A cross sectional study was planned and conducted at college of nursing, IMS,BHU during months of January to February 2015. A total of 159 nursing students verballyconsented and participated in the study. The data was collected by using a pre-tested, semistructuredquestionnaire.DataanalysiswasdonebyusingMicrosoftExcelandSPSSversion16. Result: All 159 nursing students were having mobile. Maximum were having smart phone(52.8%). Mostly (80.5%) were having internet connection in their cell phone at the time of datacollection. More expenditure on mobile phone by nursing students is significantly associated withmale students high cost of the mobile phone handset, more number of ours spent online, moretime spent on texting, talking to boyfriend or girl friend, more time spent on Facebook was found.Conclusion: Mobile can be harmful economically and future carrier wise when the precious timeof student life is wasted on mobile which should be addressed by the authorities and by theirparents. The students who are in the second year of the graduation are more prone for mobilephone use in nearly all aspects of its utilization.

Prevalence of Headache among Adult Population in Urban Varanasi, India

International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, Apr 4, 2016

Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent neurological disorders interfering with every... more Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent neurological disorders interfering with everyday life in all countries. India appears to be no exception. Objectives are to assess the prevalence of headache among adult population in urban area of Varanasi and to find out factors influencing the occurrence of headache. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among adult population in urban area of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Total 151 eligible respondents were interviewed by simple random sampling technique. Proportion percentage and Chisquare test were applied for data analysis. Out of 151 respondents, majority (58.3%) were females. In this study, 92.8% respondents belonged to age group 18-60 years while 7.2% was either 60 year of age or above. The overall prevalence of headache was found to be 51.1%. Highest and lowest prevalence of headache was recorded in age groups 18-29 year & 40-49 year respectively. Headache was 62.1% in illiterate and was 40.0% among graduate & above. Unskilled workers had more headache 73.1% than other type of occupation. Headache was more prevalent among unemployed (35.9%) than employed (6.4%). Females had higher family history of headache (48.9%) as compared to males (41.3%). Study subjects having peaceful relation with family members, relatives and neighbors had more headache than those having no peaceful relation.

Psychosocial perspective of substance abuse among male youth students in Chiraigaon block of District Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jun 28, 2017

ackground: Substance abuse is perhaps most usefully conceptualized in terms of multiplesimultaneo... more ackground: Substance abuse is perhaps most usefully conceptualized in terms of multiplesimultaneous variables interacting over time .Among these, psychosocial factors play animportant role in initiation, maintenance of drug-abuse which may further lead to relationshipdifficulties and may cause disruption in studies, and even dropping out of school. Objective: Tofind prevalence & identifying the psychosocial behaviour among male youth students usingsubstances. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional institution based study was conducted bymultistage random sampling. 570 male youth students of all the schools and colleges of thisblock were selected. Out of them 27 and 3 students were excluded from study due to unreliabilityof information and denial of consent. Finally 540 students were interviewed and thus obtaineddata was entered and analyzed by SPSS. Result: Prevalence of substance abuse was 31.7%.About 33.9% of the substance users were feeling sad several times in last 7 days which was moreas compared to 21.4% of non users. Half to three fourth of the users perceived that they have lowself confidence. Substance use was more among those study subjects whose friends were takingany kind of substances. Conclusion & Recommendation: All schools and colleges shouldinitiate programs for adolescent and youth including family life education, so that they mayhandle their low self confidence, sad feeling and poor concentration. Counseling of parents andpeers should be done to quit their habit of substance use.

Assessment of substance abuse among husbands and domestic violence among pregnant women in a Rural Block of Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jun 28, 2017

Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 at Geneva has defined domestic violenceas &... more Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 at Geneva has defined domestic violenceas "the range of sexually, psychologically and physically coercive acts used against adult andadolescent women by current or former male intimate partners". Intimate partner violence canhave trivial to catastrophic effect on pregnancy outcome. This study was planned to find outprevalence and association of substance abuse in husbands with domestic violence in pregnantwomen. Methodology: This article is a part of a study conducted in Chiraigaon Rural Block ofVaranasi district among females of reproductive age group. An overall 220 pregnant females of2nd and 3rd trimester were interviewed. A Domestic Violence Questionnaire was used asinterview schedule to assess intimate partner violence by husband. Result: 23.2% pregnantwomen faced domestic violence/ intimate partner violence during their current pregnancy.Prevalence of Domestic violence was found more in those pregnant women whose husband hasany type of substance abuse (27.4%) compared to those having drug abuse (19.3%). More thanhalf (52.9%) of pregnant women were subjected to intimate partner violence whose husbandabused more than 2 substances. Alcohol consumption by the husband was significantlyassociated with the domestic violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence was found to be higher inthose pregnant women whose husband does any substance abuse especially alcohol. Domesticviolence also increases as the number of substance abuse increases which should be addressedby Government and private health services and NGOs giving maternal and child health services.

Nutritional status and knowledge about obesity among nursing students of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

The Journal of Community Health Management, Nov 15, 2015

Introduction: There has been growing concern about nutritional status of Indian young population ... more Introduction: There has been growing concern about nutritional status of Indian young population especially girls. This study was planned to find out nutritional status of nursing students using BMI and their knowledge about obesity. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at college of nursing, IMS, BHU among 112 nursing students by using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The weight and height was taken at that time. Data analysis was done by using excel. Result: Out of 128 girls 42.2 % were undernourished with BMI <18.5 and 17.2% out of 29 boys were undernourished. Family size, type of ration card, year of study, source of drinking water and per capita monthly income seems to have no role on BMI. About 18.5% of students think that substance abuse does not contribute to obesity. 29.3% of nursing students do not consider obesity as a disease. Conclusion: Though Indian govt. is running programs nutrition supplementation and upliftment, even in educated individuals the percentage of under nutrition is high. Malnutrition leads to vicious cycle of disease occurrence and malnutrition.

Assessment of socio-demographic profile, knowledge and training status of health personnel linked with RNTCP in context with loss to Follow-up

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Mar 30, 2021

SeVNoC: Security Validation of System-on-Chip Designs With NoC Fabrics

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Feb 1, 2023

SoCCAR: Detecting System-on-Chip Security Violations Under Asynchronous Resets

Modern SoC designs include several reset domains that enable asynchronous partial resets while ob... more Modern SoC designs include several reset domains that enable asynchronous partial resets while obviating complete system boot. Unfortunately, asynchronous resets can introduce security vulnerabilities that are difficult to detect through traditional validation. In this paper, we address this problem through a new security validation framework, SoC-CCAR, that accounts for asynchronous resets. The framework involves (1) efficient extraction of reset-controlled events while avoiding combinatorial explosion, and (2) concolic testing for systematic exploration of the extracted design space. Our experiments demonstrate that SoCCAR can achieve almost perfect detection accuracy and verification time of a few seconds on realistic SoC designs.

Depression and its Association with Housing conditions and Family among Pregnant Women of Rural Varanasi

Indian Journal of Community Health, Dec 31, 2021

Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion References Citation Tables / Figures

Factitious disorder imposed on another: a diagnostic dilemma

Przegla̧d dermatologiczny, 2020

Morbidities and its relationship with disability and psychological wellbeing among elderly in Varanasi district

The Journal of Community Health Management, Oct 15, 2014

Objective: To assess the pattern of morbidity, co-morbidity, and treatment-seeking behaviour amon... more Objective: To assess the pattern of morbidity, co-morbidity, and treatment-seeking behaviour among the elderly. To determine the relationship of specific medical and co-morbid conditions with disability and psychological well-being, and also morbidity with socio-demographic variables. Methods: This is acrosssectional study, using a cluster sampling technique, with a sample of 200 subjects (elderly people over 60 years old) from the urban population of Varanasi City and the rural area of Harahua Block, Varanasi District. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine relationship between various sociodemographic variables and morbidity. Variables that were independently associated with morbidity and perceived health were analyzed. Results: Females and the rural elderly were found to have higher mean morbidity. Asthma, COAD, hypertension, osteoarthritis, gastro-intestinal tract disorders, anemia, eye, psychological and neurological problems were significantly associated with both disability and distress. Conclusion: More geriatric facilities need to be provided in hospitals and dispensaries. The oldest of the old should be provided free treatment and medicines. Family members need to be educated about the harms of the elder abuse.

Designing A Popular Game Framework Using Neat A Genetic Algorithms

Various treatment outcomes of drug sensitive tuberculosis patient with respect to site of infection in Tuberculosis Unit Sunderpur, Varanasi, U.P

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dec 30, 2019

Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big health prob... more Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big health problem in developing countries. WHO defines Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) as "an infection by M. tuberculosis which affects tissues and organs outside the pulmonary parenchyma". Extrapulmonary TB is more difficult to diagnose owing to its vague nature of symptoms and investigative reports. The study was planned to assess various Treatment Outcomes of Drug sensitive Tuberculosis patients concerning the Site of Infection. Methodology: Data of the patients enrolled in TB unit Sunderpur of two years 2017 and 2018 was taken which was complete till August 2019, with the permission of the TB unit Sunderpur Incharge. The data was cleaned and analyzed in MS Excel. Observation and Results: Percentage of extra-pulmonary (EPTB) cases has increased in 2018 from 2017. Extra-pulmonary cases are more common in the younger age group while pulmonary cases were more in the older age group in both the years. Females encounter significantly more extra-pulmonary TB than males in both the years. The loss to follow up has increased in 2018 from 4.8% to 11% in pulmonary TB and from 3.5% to 12.1% in EPTB. Treatment failure has deceased in EPTB from 3.5% in 2017 to 0.9% in 2018. Conclusion: There is still a delay in the initiation of treatment in the considerable number of cases of both EPTB and pulmonary TB which should be improved. There is much scope to work on assessing the reason and decreasing unfavorable outcomes to achieve the target of our National Tuberculosis Elimination Program in the stipulated time frame.

SoCCom: Automated Synthesis of System-on-Chip Architectures

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, Apr 1, 2022

We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architect... more We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architectures. We delineate a disciplined and streamlined methodology to enable automated IP integration and design optimization. SOCCOM supports generation of a wide variety of optimized SoCs by: 1) automating the entire process of intellectual property (IP) standardization and integration; 2) allowing configurable assembly of complex, scalable systems with application-specific subsystems; and 3) enabling optimization and evaluation of generated designs based on area and power constraints. Applications of SOCCOM include development of heterogeneous, domainspecific SoCs, rapid register-transfer level (RTL) prototyping of wide-varieties of SoC benchmarks, and many others.

SoCCom: Automated Synthesis of System-on-Chip Architectures

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2022

We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architect... more We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architectures. We delineate a disciplined and streamlined methodology to enable automated IP integration and design optimization. SOCCOM supports generation of a wide variety of optimized SoCs by: 1) automating the entire process of intellectual property (IP) standardization and integration; 2) allowing configurable assembly of complex, scalable systems with application-specific subsystems; and 3) enabling optimization and evaluation of generated designs based on area and power constraints. Applications of SOCCOM include development of heterogeneous, domainspecific SoCs, rapid register-transfer level (RTL) prototyping of wide-varieties of SoC benchmarks, and many others.

SSEL: An Extensible Specification Language for SoC Security

2021 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST), 2021

A critical component of System-on-Chip (SoC) design entails specification of security requirement... more A critical component of System-on-Chip (SoC) design entails specification of security requirements for trustworthy system operation. In this paper, we address this problem through the design of a new Security Specification Language (SSEL) to standardize the definition and implementation of SoC security requirements. We demonstrate that a viable path to the development of such a language is to build it on top of an existing programming language, extending a subset of the underlying language constructs and introducing new securityspecific constructs as APIs. SSEL realizes this idea by building on top of a subset of C. We show how SSEL constructs can be used to develop executable specifications of a diverse set of usecases in modern SoC platforms. We show the application of SSEL in designing specifications for unlocking Logic Locked (LL)IPs, Authentication, and Secure Boot.

Prevalence Of Headache Among Adult Population In Urban Varanasi, India

Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent<br> neurological disorders interfering ... more Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent<br> neurological disorders interfering with everyday life in all countries.<br> India appears to be no exception. Objectives are to assess the<br> prevalence of headache among adult population in urban area of<br> Varanasi and to find out factors influencing the occurrence of<br> headache. A community based cross sectional study was conducted<br> among adult population in urban area of Varanasi district, Uttar<br> Pradesh, India. Total 151 eligible respondents were interviewed by<br> simple random sampling technique. Proportion percentage and Chisquare<br> test were applied for data analysis. Out of 151 respondents,<br> majority (58.3%) were females. In this study, 92.8% respondents<br> belonged to age group 18-60 years while 7.2% was either 60 year of<br> age or above. The overall prevalence of headache was found to be<br> 51.1%. Highest and lowest preva...

Various treatment outcomes of drug sensitive tuberculosis patient with respect to site of infection in Tuberculosis Unit Sunderpur, Varanasi, U.P

Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big healthprobl... more Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big healthproblem in developing countries. WHO defines Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) as “an infection by M.tuberculosis which affects tissues and organs outside the pulmonary parenchyma”. ExtrapulmonaryTBismoredifficulttodiagnoseowingtoitsvaguenatureofsymptomsandinvestigative reports. The study was planned to assess various Treatment Outcomes of Drug sensitiveTuberculosis patients concerning the Site of Infection. Methodology: Data of the patients enrolled in TB unit Sunderpur of two years 2017 and 2018 was taken which was complete till August 2019,with the permission of the TB unit Sunderpur Incharge. The data was cleaned and analyzed in MSExcel. Observation and Results: Percentage of extra-pulmonary (EPTB) cases has increased in2018 from 2017. Extra-pulmonary cases are more common in the younger age group whilepulmonary cases were more in the older age group in both the years. Females encountersignifican...

CASTLE: Architecting Assured System-on-Chip Firmware Integrity

2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2021

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that exec... more Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that execute custom firmware. Firmware provides the flexibility of updating security features, i.e., it enables patching or in-field update, in response to an emerging security threat, bug, or changing requirements. Unfortunately, current firmware update mechanisms are complex, manual, and error-prone. In this paper we present CASTLE, an architectural framework to enable systematic and assured updates to SoC firmware. The main workhorse of CASTLE is a centralized, dedicated IP in the SoC that is responsible for receiving, authenticating, and installing a patch. The architecture works with off-chip firmware validation flows, e.g., cloud-based service for validating a proposed patch, and identifying compatibility constraints on other resident firmware in the SoC. The result is a comprehensive infrastructure that works seamlessly across architectures, vendors, and service providers, while meeting deployment and usability requirements. We demonstrate the application of proposed framework in addressing functional and security flaws of existing firmware patching mechanisms including firmware incompatibility, inadequate authentication, and time-ofcheck vs. time-of-use (TOCTOU) constraints.

CASTLE: Architecting Assured System-on-Chip Firmware Integrity

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that exec... more Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that execute custom firmware. Firmware provides the flexibility of updating security features, i.e., it enables patching or in-field update, in response to an emerging security threat, bug, or changing requirements. Unfortunately, current firmware update mechanisms are complex, manual, and error-prone. In this paper we present CASTLE, an architectural framework to enable systematic and assured updates to SoC firmware. The main workhorse of CASTLE is a centralized, dedicated IP in the SoC that is responsible for receiving, authenticating, and installing a patch. The architecture works with off-chip firmware validation flows, e.g., cloud-based service for validating a proposed patch, and identifying compatibility constraints on other resident firmware in the SoC. The result is a comprehensive infrastructure that works seamlessly across architectures, vendors, and service providers, while meeting deployment and usability requirements. We demonstrate the application of proposed framework in addressing functional and security flaws of existing firmware patching mechanisms including firmware incompatibility, inadequate authentication, and time-ofcheck vs. time-of-use (TOCTOU) constraints.

Pattern of mobile phone use among nursing students in IMS, BHU, Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dec 28, 2016

Introduction: Mobile has become a necessity today. According to forbes.com in January 2016India c... more Introduction: Mobile has become a necessity today. According to forbes.com in January 2016India crossed one billion mobile subscribers. Almost every graduate student especially of urbanarea have and use mobile. Government of India is also promoting digitalization of India, internetuse and mobile banking throughout the country. Mobile phone usage is like a two way sword, itcan be both beneficial and harmful according to its use. This study was planned to find outpattern of mobile use by nursing students and time spent on mobile according to the year of theirstudy. Method: A cross sectional study was planned and conducted at college of nursing, IMS,BHU during months of January to February 2015. A total of 159 nursing students verballyconsented and participated in the study. The data was collected by using a pre-tested, semistructuredquestionnaire.DataanalysiswasdonebyusingMicrosoftExcelandSPSSversion16. Result: All 159 nursing students were having mobile. Maximum were having smart phone(52.8%). Mostly (80.5%) were having internet connection in their cell phone at the time of datacollection. More expenditure on mobile phone by nursing students is significantly associated withmale students high cost of the mobile phone handset, more number of ours spent online, moretime spent on texting, talking to boyfriend or girl friend, more time spent on Facebook was found.Conclusion: Mobile can be harmful economically and future carrier wise when the precious timeof student life is wasted on mobile which should be addressed by the authorities and by theirparents. The students who are in the second year of the graduation are more prone for mobilephone use in nearly all aspects of its utilization.

Prevalence of Headache among Adult Population in Urban Varanasi, India

International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, Apr 4, 2016

Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent neurological disorders interfering with every... more Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent neurological disorders interfering with everyday life in all countries. India appears to be no exception. Objectives are to assess the prevalence of headache among adult population in urban area of Varanasi and to find out factors influencing the occurrence of headache. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among adult population in urban area of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Total 151 eligible respondents were interviewed by simple random sampling technique. Proportion percentage and Chisquare test were applied for data analysis. Out of 151 respondents, majority (58.3%) were females. In this study, 92.8% respondents belonged to age group 18-60 years while 7.2% was either 60 year of age or above. The overall prevalence of headache was found to be 51.1%. Highest and lowest prevalence of headache was recorded in age groups 18-29 year & 40-49 year respectively. Headache was 62.1% in illiterate and was 40.0% among graduate & above. Unskilled workers had more headache 73.1% than other type of occupation. Headache was more prevalent among unemployed (35.9%) than employed (6.4%). Females had higher family history of headache (48.9%) as compared to males (41.3%). Study subjects having peaceful relation with family members, relatives and neighbors had more headache than those having no peaceful relation.

Psychosocial perspective of substance abuse among male youth students in Chiraigaon block of District Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jun 28, 2017

ackground: Substance abuse is perhaps most usefully conceptualized in terms of multiplesimultaneo... more ackground: Substance abuse is perhaps most usefully conceptualized in terms of multiplesimultaneous variables interacting over time .Among these, psychosocial factors play animportant role in initiation, maintenance of drug-abuse which may further lead to relationshipdifficulties and may cause disruption in studies, and even dropping out of school. Objective: Tofind prevalence & identifying the psychosocial behaviour among male youth students usingsubstances. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional institution based study was conducted bymultistage random sampling. 570 male youth students of all the schools and colleges of thisblock were selected. Out of them 27 and 3 students were excluded from study due to unreliabilityof information and denial of consent. Finally 540 students were interviewed and thus obtaineddata was entered and analyzed by SPSS. Result: Prevalence of substance abuse was 31.7%.About 33.9% of the substance users were feeling sad several times in last 7 days which was moreas compared to 21.4% of non users. Half to three fourth of the users perceived that they have lowself confidence. Substance use was more among those study subjects whose friends were takingany kind of substances. Conclusion & Recommendation: All schools and colleges shouldinitiate programs for adolescent and youth including family life education, so that they mayhandle their low self confidence, sad feeling and poor concentration. Counseling of parents andpeers should be done to quit their habit of substance use.

Assessment of substance abuse among husbands and domestic violence among pregnant women in a Rural Block of Varanasi

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jun 28, 2017

Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 at Geneva has defined domestic violenceas &... more Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 at Geneva has defined domestic violenceas "the range of sexually, psychologically and physically coercive acts used against adult andadolescent women by current or former male intimate partners". Intimate partner violence canhave trivial to catastrophic effect on pregnancy outcome. This study was planned to find outprevalence and association of substance abuse in husbands with domestic violence in pregnantwomen. Methodology: This article is a part of a study conducted in Chiraigaon Rural Block ofVaranasi district among females of reproductive age group. An overall 220 pregnant females of2nd and 3rd trimester were interviewed. A Domestic Violence Questionnaire was used asinterview schedule to assess intimate partner violence by husband. Result: 23.2% pregnantwomen faced domestic violence/ intimate partner violence during their current pregnancy.Prevalence of Domestic violence was found more in those pregnant women whose husband hasany type of substance abuse (27.4%) compared to those having drug abuse (19.3%). More thanhalf (52.9%) of pregnant women were subjected to intimate partner violence whose husbandabused more than 2 substances. Alcohol consumption by the husband was significantlyassociated with the domestic violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence was found to be higher inthose pregnant women whose husband does any substance abuse especially alcohol. Domesticviolence also increases as the number of substance abuse increases which should be addressedby Government and private health services and NGOs giving maternal and child health services.

Nutritional status and knowledge about obesity among nursing students of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

The Journal of Community Health Management, Nov 15, 2015

Introduction: There has been growing concern about nutritional status of Indian young population ... more Introduction: There has been growing concern about nutritional status of Indian young population especially girls. This study was planned to find out nutritional status of nursing students using BMI and their knowledge about obesity. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at college of nursing, IMS, BHU among 112 nursing students by using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The weight and height was taken at that time. Data analysis was done by using excel. Result: Out of 128 girls 42.2 % were undernourished with BMI <18.5 and 17.2% out of 29 boys were undernourished. Family size, type of ration card, year of study, source of drinking water and per capita monthly income seems to have no role on BMI. About 18.5% of students think that substance abuse does not contribute to obesity. 29.3% of nursing students do not consider obesity as a disease. Conclusion: Though Indian govt. is running programs nutrition supplementation and upliftment, even in educated individuals the percentage of under nutrition is high. Malnutrition leads to vicious cycle of disease occurrence and malnutrition.

Assessment of socio-demographic profile, knowledge and training status of health personnel linked with RNTCP in context with loss to Follow-up

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Mar 30, 2021

SeVNoC: Security Validation of System-on-Chip Designs With NoC Fabrics

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Feb 1, 2023

SoCCAR: Detecting System-on-Chip Security Violations Under Asynchronous Resets

Modern SoC designs include several reset domains that enable asynchronous partial resets while ob... more Modern SoC designs include several reset domains that enable asynchronous partial resets while obviating complete system boot. Unfortunately, asynchronous resets can introduce security vulnerabilities that are difficult to detect through traditional validation. In this paper, we address this problem through a new security validation framework, SoC-CCAR, that accounts for asynchronous resets. The framework involves (1) efficient extraction of reset-controlled events while avoiding combinatorial explosion, and (2) concolic testing for systematic exploration of the extracted design space. Our experiments demonstrate that SoCCAR can achieve almost perfect detection accuracy and verification time of a few seconds on realistic SoC designs.

Depression and its Association with Housing conditions and Family among Pregnant Women of Rural Varanasi

Indian Journal of Community Health, Dec 31, 2021

Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion References Citation Tables / Figures

Factitious disorder imposed on another: a diagnostic dilemma

Przegla̧d dermatologiczny, 2020

Morbidities and its relationship with disability and psychological wellbeing among elderly in Varanasi district

The Journal of Community Health Management, Oct 15, 2014

Objective: To assess the pattern of morbidity, co-morbidity, and treatment-seeking behaviour amon... more Objective: To assess the pattern of morbidity, co-morbidity, and treatment-seeking behaviour among the elderly. To determine the relationship of specific medical and co-morbid conditions with disability and psychological well-being, and also morbidity with socio-demographic variables. Methods: This is acrosssectional study, using a cluster sampling technique, with a sample of 200 subjects (elderly people over 60 years old) from the urban population of Varanasi City and the rural area of Harahua Block, Varanasi District. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine relationship between various sociodemographic variables and morbidity. Variables that were independently associated with morbidity and perceived health were analyzed. Results: Females and the rural elderly were found to have higher mean morbidity. Asthma, COAD, hypertension, osteoarthritis, gastro-intestinal tract disorders, anemia, eye, psychological and neurological problems were significantly associated with both disability and distress. Conclusion: More geriatric facilities need to be provided in hospitals and dispensaries. The oldest of the old should be provided free treatment and medicines. Family members need to be educated about the harms of the elder abuse.

Designing A Popular Game Framework Using Neat A Genetic Algorithms

Various treatment outcomes of drug sensitive tuberculosis patient with respect to site of infection in Tuberculosis Unit Sunderpur, Varanasi, U.P

Indian Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dec 30, 2019

Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big health prob... more Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big health problem in developing countries. WHO defines Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) as "an infection by M. tuberculosis which affects tissues and organs outside the pulmonary parenchyma". Extrapulmonary TB is more difficult to diagnose owing to its vague nature of symptoms and investigative reports. The study was planned to assess various Treatment Outcomes of Drug sensitive Tuberculosis patients concerning the Site of Infection. Methodology: Data of the patients enrolled in TB unit Sunderpur of two years 2017 and 2018 was taken which was complete till August 2019, with the permission of the TB unit Sunderpur Incharge. The data was cleaned and analyzed in MS Excel. Observation and Results: Percentage of extra-pulmonary (EPTB) cases has increased in 2018 from 2017. Extra-pulmonary cases are more common in the younger age group while pulmonary cases were more in the older age group in both the years. Females encounter significantly more extra-pulmonary TB than males in both the years. The loss to follow up has increased in 2018 from 4.8% to 11% in pulmonary TB and from 3.5% to 12.1% in EPTB. Treatment failure has deceased in EPTB from 3.5% in 2017 to 0.9% in 2018. Conclusion: There is still a delay in the initiation of treatment in the considerable number of cases of both EPTB and pulmonary TB which should be improved. There is much scope to work on assessing the reason and decreasing unfavorable outcomes to achieve the target of our National Tuberculosis Elimination Program in the stipulated time frame.

SoCCom: Automated Synthesis of System-on-Chip Architectures

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, Apr 1, 2022

We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architect... more We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architectures. We delineate a disciplined and streamlined methodology to enable automated IP integration and design optimization. SOCCOM supports generation of a wide variety of optimized SoCs by: 1) automating the entire process of intellectual property (IP) standardization and integration; 2) allowing configurable assembly of complex, scalable systems with application-specific subsystems; and 3) enabling optimization and evaluation of generated designs based on area and power constraints. Applications of SOCCOM include development of heterogeneous, domainspecific SoCs, rapid register-transfer level (RTL) prototyping of wide-varieties of SoC benchmarks, and many others.

SoCCom: Automated Synthesis of System-on-Chip Architectures

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2022

We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architect... more We present CAD framework and EDA tool, SOCCOM, for automated synthesis of optimized SoC architectures. We delineate a disciplined and streamlined methodology to enable automated IP integration and design optimization. SOCCOM supports generation of a wide variety of optimized SoCs by: 1) automating the entire process of intellectual property (IP) standardization and integration; 2) allowing configurable assembly of complex, scalable systems with application-specific subsystems; and 3) enabling optimization and evaluation of generated designs based on area and power constraints. Applications of SOCCOM include development of heterogeneous, domainspecific SoCs, rapid register-transfer level (RTL) prototyping of wide-varieties of SoC benchmarks, and many others.

SSEL: An Extensible Specification Language for SoC Security

2021 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST), 2021

A critical component of System-on-Chip (SoC) design entails specification of security requirement... more A critical component of System-on-Chip (SoC) design entails specification of security requirements for trustworthy system operation. In this paper, we address this problem through the design of a new Security Specification Language (SSEL) to standardize the definition and implementation of SoC security requirements. We demonstrate that a viable path to the development of such a language is to build it on top of an existing programming language, extending a subset of the underlying language constructs and introducing new securityspecific constructs as APIs. SSEL realizes this idea by building on top of a subset of C. We show how SSEL constructs can be used to develop executable specifications of a diverse set of usecases in modern SoC platforms. We show the application of SSEL in designing specifications for unlocking Logic Locked (LL)IPs, Authentication, and Secure Boot.

Prevalence Of Headache Among Adult Population In Urban Varanasi, India

Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent<br> neurological disorders interfering ... more Headache is one of the most ubiquitous and frequent<br> neurological disorders interfering with everyday life in all countries.<br> India appears to be no exception. Objectives are to assess the<br> prevalence of headache among adult population in urban area of<br> Varanasi and to find out factors influencing the occurrence of<br> headache. A community based cross sectional study was conducted<br> among adult population in urban area of Varanasi district, Uttar<br> Pradesh, India. Total 151 eligible respondents were interviewed by<br> simple random sampling technique. Proportion percentage and Chisquare<br> test were applied for data analysis. Out of 151 respondents,<br> majority (58.3%) were females. In this study, 92.8% respondents<br> belonged to age group 18-60 years while 7.2% was either 60 year of<br> age or above. The overall prevalence of headache was found to be<br> 51.1%. Highest and lowest preva...

Various treatment outcomes of drug sensitive tuberculosis patient with respect to site of infection in Tuberculosis Unit Sunderpur, Varanasi, U.P

Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big healthprobl... more Introduction: Though we have effective chemotherapy for a long time, TB remains a big healthproblem in developing countries. WHO defines Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) as “an infection by M.tuberculosis which affects tissues and organs outside the pulmonary parenchyma”. ExtrapulmonaryTBismoredifficulttodiagnoseowingtoitsvaguenatureofsymptomsandinvestigative reports. The study was planned to assess various Treatment Outcomes of Drug sensitiveTuberculosis patients concerning the Site of Infection. Methodology: Data of the patients enrolled in TB unit Sunderpur of two years 2017 and 2018 was taken which was complete till August 2019,with the permission of the TB unit Sunderpur Incharge. The data was cleaned and analyzed in MSExcel. Observation and Results: Percentage of extra-pulmonary (EPTB) cases has increased in2018 from 2017. Extra-pulmonary cases are more common in the younger age group whilepulmonary cases were more in the older age group in both the years. Females encountersignifican...

CASTLE: Architecting Assured System-on-Chip Firmware Integrity

2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2021

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that exec... more Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a large number of embedded microcontrollers that execute custom firmware. Firmware provides the flexibility of updating security features, i.e., it enables patching or in-field update, in response to an emerging security threat, bug, or changing requirements. Unfortunately, current firmware update mechanisms are complex, manual, and error-prone. In this paper we present CASTLE, an architectural framework to enable systematic and assured updates to SoC firmware. The main workhorse of CASTLE is a centralized, dedicated IP in the SoC that is responsible for receiving, authenticating, and installing a patch. The architecture works with off-chip firmware validation flows, e.g., cloud-based service for validating a proposed patch, and identifying compatibility constraints on other resident firmware in the SoC. The result is a comprehensive infrastructure that works seamlessly across architectures, vendors, and service providers, while meeting deployment and usability requirements. We demonstrate the application of proposed framework in addressing functional and security flaws of existing firmware patching mechanisms including firmware incompatibility, inadequate authentication, and time-ofcheck vs. time-of-use (TOCTOU) constraints.