Comunalización y heterogeneidades económicas: espacios de diálogo en torno a casos en el centro-s... more Comunalización y heterogeneidades económicas: espacios de diálogo en torno a casos en el centro-sur de Chile».
El presente artículo busca dimensionar y caracterizar el sector de la economía social en Chile al... more El presente artículo busca dimensionar y caracterizar el sector de la economía social en Chile al año 2015, adaptando la tipología propuesta por EESC/CIRIEC para Europa. A partir de la sistematización de datos cuantitativos primarios levantados para el estudio, se plantea una visión panorámica comparable con otros países que usan la tipología de EESC/CIRIEC y complementaria a los estudios realizados sobre el subsector no mercantil de la economía social en Chile. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio, en el año 2015 la economía social en Chile empleó a 313.591 trabajadores remunerados y generó ingresos monetarios por US$8.963 millones. Estas cifras son equivalentes al 3,8 por ciento de la ocupación y del 3,7 por ciento del PIB de Chile, respectivamente, situando al país por debajo del promedio de la Unión Europea y por encima de países de ingreso per cápita comparables como Grecia o Polonia. No obstante, debido a la alta tasa de organizaciones y empresas informales esto...
This paper explores the meaning of globalization in rural places, as well as the emergence of rur... more This paper explores the meaning of globalization in rural places, as well as the emergence of rural globalities, and even of rural cosmopolitanisms. While the discussion about globalization has been mainly localized in urban places, and mostly in some core cities, rural places are also intertwined with globality, and can became important nodes in the production and circulation of capital, culture, and ideology. To account for this, I explore a new meaning for the concept of "global villages", not used in McLuhan's sense, but rather in terms of rural places that become truly global. As case studies, the paper addresses three "global villages" in Latin America: the Central Valley in Chile, a node in the global food system; Otavalo in Ecuador, a core of cultural representations; and La Realidad, in Chiapas, Mexico, a center of ideological production. El presente documento explora en el significado de los procesos de globalización en lo rural, así como también la emergencia de globalidades y cosmopolitanismos rurales. Mientras la discusión acerca de lo global de ha localizado en los espacios urbanos, y principalmente en ciertas ciudades centrales, las localidades rurales también se imbrican con lo global y pueden constituirse en nodos importantes de la producción y circulación de capital, cultura e ideología. Para dar cuenta de ello, exploro en un nuevo significado para el concepto de "aldea global", no en es sentido de McLuhan, sino en para referir a lugares rurales que se vuelven auténticamente globales. Como casos de estudio, el artículo tres "aldeas globales" en América Latina: el Valle Cantral chileno, un nodo en el sistema alimentario global, Otavalo en Ecuador, un centro de representaciones culturales y La Realidad en Chiapas, México, un centro de producción ideológica.
En el marco del proyecto de investigacion Cartografias de Economias Heterogeneas (Fondecyt N.° 1.... more En el marco del proyecto de investigacion Cartografias de Economias Heterogeneas (Fondecyt N.° 1.160.186), se desarrollo un analisis de los discursos sobre lo alternativo en las economias del centro-sur de Chile. Utilizando una muestra intencional, se aplicaron 45 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes claves (sector publico, universidades, cooperativas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil). Mediante un analisis de contenido, se identificaron ejes tematicos que permitieron, por un lado, caracterizar las iniciativas, experiencias o emprendimientos y, por otro lado, reconocer las narrativas que los informantes claves sostenian sobre las economias alternativas. Los resultados permiten comprender y reconocer la diversidad de discursos y practicas sobre las economias alternativas. Estos se pueden ordenar a partir de dos ejes: (1) la tension entre subjetividades molares y moleculares; y (2) la tension entre reforma y transformacion, que se refiere a un tipo de cambio institucional y...
El salmón Chinook ha llegado a ser considerado una invasión biológica en ríos del sur de Chile, a... more El salmón Chinook ha llegado a ser considerado una invasión biológica en ríos del sur de Chile, afectando su entorno ambiental, predando y compitiendo con especies nativas. Pero, a su vez, tiene una apreciación socioeconómica compleja, debido a su alto valor económico, turístico y culinario. La falta de información y reglas hacia la explotación de este recurso de uso común, por parte del turismo y los pescadores artesanales y por el marco regulatorio chileno ha invisibilizado su presencia como especie invasora, su importancia económica y su carácter de recurso de uso común. Por ello, este trabajo se propone analizar la construcción social de los salmónidos por los distintos grupos de interés y su interacción con la situación legal en que esta especie ha estado. Se toma como caso de estudio a los pescadores artesanales de La Barra de Toltén, quienes hicieron de la pesca –hasta hace poco ilegal– de Chinook , su principal actividad económica, desarrollando una gobernanza local, presion...
The speeches on the adoption and adaptation of technological innovations by peri-urban small farm... more The speeches on the adoption and adaptation of technological innovations by peri-urban small farmers located in the town of Cosmito (in the Biobio Region, Chile) expresses a complex phenomenon, which was addressed from the speeches of farmers who adopt-adapt-reject innovations and the technical assistants that disseminate them. The study of this phenomenon defined as objective to know the processes of diffusion of innovations and adoption of technologies through the speeches and behaviors of the actors associated with the horticultural production of this locality. In this way the study was approached qualitatively, applying 11 semi-structured interviews, considering dimensions such as: the physical place where the agents carry out their activities; the strategies they develop to interact with each other and the social interface from which they express their discourses, making visible the points of encounter and disagreement of their visions. The results allowed to their authors to s...
Este artículo presenta la técnica de la cartografía social como un instrumento que propicia la ap... more Este artículo presenta la técnica de la cartografía social como un instrumento que propicia la aproximación de mundos a través del uso y eficacia del trabajo colaborativo interdisciplinar y la efectiva participación en ejercicios de diseño conjunto y diálogo de saberes. En particular, este documento muestra la metodología usada en el aprendizaje colectivo y de vinculación territorial con diferentes comunidades del centro sur de Chile: campesinas e indígenas, dedicadas a la viñatería, a la agroecología, a la recolección de productos silvestres, al turismo comunitario y a la pesca artesanal en ríos. Con ellas, se llevaron a cabo ejercicios para documentar, promover y amplificar sus prácticas de producción de alteridad económica y de creación y cuidado de sus comunes. Las cartografías desarrolladas no reflejan datos positivistas, exactos y objetivos, sino representaciones, imaginarios, sentimientos, desafíos, logros y aspiraciones de quienes habitan esos territorios y contribuyen a la ...
Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2012
The recent interest in the role of transport in social interactions has been partly motivated by ... more The recent interest in the role of transport in social interactions has been partly motivated by the hope of achieving a better understanding of the role that transport plays in network capital, or the resources that people can gather from their social networks. Despite the relevancy of this question for policy, little empirical work has been done to elucidate this relationship. This paper illustrates a method of data collection and analysis, using the social networks approach to assess the role of transport in social support, both emotional and material. The personal networks of two neighbourhoods in Concepción, Chile, with different income levels, are compared, focusing on the role of car ownership in network capital, and the relevance of the time and space characteristics of social contacts. The results suggest that having a car at home does not lead to homogeneous access to network capital, which depends heavily on the kind of social resource studied and the income context (neig...
ABSTRACT In Chile, sexual and reproductive rights have been at the core of an ideological and mat... more ABSTRACT In Chile, sexual and reproductive rights have been at the core of an ideological and material struggle during the past decade between the women’s movement—the grassroots, academic, and nongovernmental organizations that work for women’s rights, whether or not they call themselves feminists—and conservative forces. The 2006 election of Michelle Bachelet, a divorced socialist and single mother, as president led to governmental attempts to advance reproductive rights, principally distribution of the emergency contraceptive pill in public health care centers. This effort was unsuccessful for most of Bachelet’s term. Although in 2010 a new emergency contraception law finally allowed the public health system to distribute the “morning-after pill,” the political debate over other reproductive rights such as abortion is still dominated by conservative positions.
Species diagnosis is essential to assess the level of mislabeling or misnamed seafood products su... more Species diagnosis is essential to assess the level of mislabeling or misnamed seafood products such as sushi. In Chile, sushi typically includes salmon as the main ingredient, but species used are rarely declared on the menu. In order to identify which species are included in the Chilean sushi market, we analyzed 84 individual sushi rolls sold as “salmon” from sushi outlets in ten cities across Chile. Using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol (PCR-RFLP), we identified mislabeled and misnamed products. Atlantic salmon was the most common salmonid fish used in sushi, followed by coho salmon, rainbow trout, and Chinook salmon. We found a total of 23% and 18% of the products were mislabeled and misnamed, respectively. In 64% of cases, the salesperson selling the product could not identify the species. We also identified the use of wild-captured Chinook salmon samples from a naturalized population. Our results provide a first indication regarding...
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social economy discourses in four regions of ... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social economy discourses in four regions of Chile, characterized by their internal economic heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach Using an intentional sample, semi-structured interviews were applied to 45 key informants from the public sector, universities, consultant enterprises, cooperatives and civil society organizations. Through a content analysis, thematic axes were identified that allowed to characterize and to recognize the narratives that key informants held about their initiatives, experiences or ventures. Findings The results allow us to understand the diversity of discourses and practices about alternative economies, being able to organize them from two axes: the tension between molar and molecular subjectivities; and the tension between reform and transformation (which refers to a transformative type of institutional and socio-material change). These axes propose an interpretative framework that integrates a dive...
El texto reflexiona en torno a un proyecto de Investigación-Acción Participativa de turismo culin... more El texto reflexiona en torno a un proyecto de Investigación-Acción Participativa de turismo culinario basado en la puesta en valor del patrimonio alimentario campesino e indígena, desarrollado en el Sur de Chile. Desde ahí, se reflexiona en torno a la turistificación del territorio y los alimentos, y sus implicancias para la repolitización del lugar. A partir del caso se argumentará que los procesos de patrimonialización y turistificación son heterogéneamente vividos y terreno de luchas por la hegemonía, existiendo el riesgo de hegemonía del saber experto donde se arriesga que la categoría de "lo otro" se imponga sobre la categoría de "lo justo" y se produzcan formas de colonización cultural.
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 2011
Chile has played a relevant role in neoliberal global food production since the 1980s, using the ... more Chile has played a relevant role in neoliberal global food production since the 1980s, using the motto "Chile: An Agro-food Power." Thus, it is relevant to enquire about the exercise of individual and collective citizenship on the part of agricultural producers who attempt to challenge-or at least make a difference-within this dominant economic and productive model. This paper explores the development and current state of the agroecological movement in Chile as an expression of civic agriculture representing a Polanyian countermovement developed by diverse actors against the dominant discourse and practices of the "Chilean agro-food power." Performing a discourse analysis of interviews with agroecological producers in the Bío-Bío region of Chile, the paper discusses the limits of the literature with respect to conventionalization and bifurcation processes for the analysis of the Global South in particular. The paper shows the hybrid and intertwined economic, productive, and political practices of agroecological peasants and organic farmers.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015
ABSTRACT The agro-ecology and food sovereignty movements of southern Chile promote alternatives t... more ABSTRACT The agro-ecology and food sovereignty movements of southern Chile promote alternatives to the hegemonic agro-export regime that dominates the landscape. We explore these mobilizations and the strategies they employ, with a particular focus on a network of peasant women “seed curators.” The global agri-food complex relies on a flat and universalizing spatiality of land as resource and food as commodity, in which the character and fate of individual places is of little importance. This is paired with a hierarchical monopolization of knowledge, where producers become recipients rather than creators and custodians of agricultural inputs and know-how. In response, peasant movements have given birth to alternative spatial practices based on horizontal networks that join together interdependent producers and places. By sharing traditional and agro-ecological knowledge, cultivating alternate circuits of exchange, and building urban–rural partnerships, these movements seek to reshape the horizons of possibility both for peasant communities and for the broader agri-food system.
... Juan-Antonio Carrasco Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Chile PO Bo... more ... Juan-Antonio Carrasco Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Chile PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile [email protected] Sebastián Ureta Instituto de Sociología, Universidad Católica de Chile PO Box 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile [email protected] ...
Comunalización y heterogeneidades económicas: espacios de diálogo en torno a casos en el centro-s... more Comunalización y heterogeneidades económicas: espacios de diálogo en torno a casos en el centro-sur de Chile».
El presente artículo busca dimensionar y caracterizar el sector de la economía social en Chile al... more El presente artículo busca dimensionar y caracterizar el sector de la economía social en Chile al año 2015, adaptando la tipología propuesta por EESC/CIRIEC para Europa. A partir de la sistematización de datos cuantitativos primarios levantados para el estudio, se plantea una visión panorámica comparable con otros países que usan la tipología de EESC/CIRIEC y complementaria a los estudios realizados sobre el subsector no mercantil de la economía social en Chile. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio, en el año 2015 la economía social en Chile empleó a 313.591 trabajadores remunerados y generó ingresos monetarios por US$8.963 millones. Estas cifras son equivalentes al 3,8 por ciento de la ocupación y del 3,7 por ciento del PIB de Chile, respectivamente, situando al país por debajo del promedio de la Unión Europea y por encima de países de ingreso per cápita comparables como Grecia o Polonia. No obstante, debido a la alta tasa de organizaciones y empresas informales esto...
This paper explores the meaning of globalization in rural places, as well as the emergence of rur... more This paper explores the meaning of globalization in rural places, as well as the emergence of rural globalities, and even of rural cosmopolitanisms. While the discussion about globalization has been mainly localized in urban places, and mostly in some core cities, rural places are also intertwined with globality, and can became important nodes in the production and circulation of capital, culture, and ideology. To account for this, I explore a new meaning for the concept of "global villages", not used in McLuhan's sense, but rather in terms of rural places that become truly global. As case studies, the paper addresses three "global villages" in Latin America: the Central Valley in Chile, a node in the global food system; Otavalo in Ecuador, a core of cultural representations; and La Realidad, in Chiapas, Mexico, a center of ideological production. El presente documento explora en el significado de los procesos de globalización en lo rural, así como también la emergencia de globalidades y cosmopolitanismos rurales. Mientras la discusión acerca de lo global de ha localizado en los espacios urbanos, y principalmente en ciertas ciudades centrales, las localidades rurales también se imbrican con lo global y pueden constituirse en nodos importantes de la producción y circulación de capital, cultura e ideología. Para dar cuenta de ello, exploro en un nuevo significado para el concepto de "aldea global", no en es sentido de McLuhan, sino en para referir a lugares rurales que se vuelven auténticamente globales. Como casos de estudio, el artículo tres "aldeas globales" en América Latina: el Valle Cantral chileno, un nodo en el sistema alimentario global, Otavalo en Ecuador, un centro de representaciones culturales y La Realidad en Chiapas, México, un centro de producción ideológica.
En el marco del proyecto de investigacion Cartografias de Economias Heterogeneas (Fondecyt N.° 1.... more En el marco del proyecto de investigacion Cartografias de Economias Heterogeneas (Fondecyt N.° 1.160.186), se desarrollo un analisis de los discursos sobre lo alternativo en las economias del centro-sur de Chile. Utilizando una muestra intencional, se aplicaron 45 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes claves (sector publico, universidades, cooperativas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil). Mediante un analisis de contenido, se identificaron ejes tematicos que permitieron, por un lado, caracterizar las iniciativas, experiencias o emprendimientos y, por otro lado, reconocer las narrativas que los informantes claves sostenian sobre las economias alternativas. Los resultados permiten comprender y reconocer la diversidad de discursos y practicas sobre las economias alternativas. Estos se pueden ordenar a partir de dos ejes: (1) la tension entre subjetividades molares y moleculares; y (2) la tension entre reforma y transformacion, que se refiere a un tipo de cambio institucional y...
El salmón Chinook ha llegado a ser considerado una invasión biológica en ríos del sur de Chile, a... more El salmón Chinook ha llegado a ser considerado una invasión biológica en ríos del sur de Chile, afectando su entorno ambiental, predando y compitiendo con especies nativas. Pero, a su vez, tiene una apreciación socioeconómica compleja, debido a su alto valor económico, turístico y culinario. La falta de información y reglas hacia la explotación de este recurso de uso común, por parte del turismo y los pescadores artesanales y por el marco regulatorio chileno ha invisibilizado su presencia como especie invasora, su importancia económica y su carácter de recurso de uso común. Por ello, este trabajo se propone analizar la construcción social de los salmónidos por los distintos grupos de interés y su interacción con la situación legal en que esta especie ha estado. Se toma como caso de estudio a los pescadores artesanales de La Barra de Toltén, quienes hicieron de la pesca –hasta hace poco ilegal– de Chinook , su principal actividad económica, desarrollando una gobernanza local, presion...
The speeches on the adoption and adaptation of technological innovations by peri-urban small farm... more The speeches on the adoption and adaptation of technological innovations by peri-urban small farmers located in the town of Cosmito (in the Biobio Region, Chile) expresses a complex phenomenon, which was addressed from the speeches of farmers who adopt-adapt-reject innovations and the technical assistants that disseminate them. The study of this phenomenon defined as objective to know the processes of diffusion of innovations and adoption of technologies through the speeches and behaviors of the actors associated with the horticultural production of this locality. In this way the study was approached qualitatively, applying 11 semi-structured interviews, considering dimensions such as: the physical place where the agents carry out their activities; the strategies they develop to interact with each other and the social interface from which they express their discourses, making visible the points of encounter and disagreement of their visions. The results allowed to their authors to s...
Este artículo presenta la técnica de la cartografía social como un instrumento que propicia la ap... more Este artículo presenta la técnica de la cartografía social como un instrumento que propicia la aproximación de mundos a través del uso y eficacia del trabajo colaborativo interdisciplinar y la efectiva participación en ejercicios de diseño conjunto y diálogo de saberes. En particular, este documento muestra la metodología usada en el aprendizaje colectivo y de vinculación territorial con diferentes comunidades del centro sur de Chile: campesinas e indígenas, dedicadas a la viñatería, a la agroecología, a la recolección de productos silvestres, al turismo comunitario y a la pesca artesanal en ríos. Con ellas, se llevaron a cabo ejercicios para documentar, promover y amplificar sus prácticas de producción de alteridad económica y de creación y cuidado de sus comunes. Las cartografías desarrolladas no reflejan datos positivistas, exactos y objetivos, sino representaciones, imaginarios, sentimientos, desafíos, logros y aspiraciones de quienes habitan esos territorios y contribuyen a la ...
Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2012
The recent interest in the role of transport in social interactions has been partly motivated by ... more The recent interest in the role of transport in social interactions has been partly motivated by the hope of achieving a better understanding of the role that transport plays in network capital, or the resources that people can gather from their social networks. Despite the relevancy of this question for policy, little empirical work has been done to elucidate this relationship. This paper illustrates a method of data collection and analysis, using the social networks approach to assess the role of transport in social support, both emotional and material. The personal networks of two neighbourhoods in Concepción, Chile, with different income levels, are compared, focusing on the role of car ownership in network capital, and the relevance of the time and space characteristics of social contacts. The results suggest that having a car at home does not lead to homogeneous access to network capital, which depends heavily on the kind of social resource studied and the income context (neig...
ABSTRACT In Chile, sexual and reproductive rights have been at the core of an ideological and mat... more ABSTRACT In Chile, sexual and reproductive rights have been at the core of an ideological and material struggle during the past decade between the women’s movement—the grassroots, academic, and nongovernmental organizations that work for women’s rights, whether or not they call themselves feminists—and conservative forces. The 2006 election of Michelle Bachelet, a divorced socialist and single mother, as president led to governmental attempts to advance reproductive rights, principally distribution of the emergency contraceptive pill in public health care centers. This effort was unsuccessful for most of Bachelet’s term. Although in 2010 a new emergency contraception law finally allowed the public health system to distribute the “morning-after pill,” the political debate over other reproductive rights such as abortion is still dominated by conservative positions.
Species diagnosis is essential to assess the level of mislabeling or misnamed seafood products su... more Species diagnosis is essential to assess the level of mislabeling or misnamed seafood products such as sushi. In Chile, sushi typically includes salmon as the main ingredient, but species used are rarely declared on the menu. In order to identify which species are included in the Chilean sushi market, we analyzed 84 individual sushi rolls sold as “salmon” from sushi outlets in ten cities across Chile. Using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol (PCR-RFLP), we identified mislabeled and misnamed products. Atlantic salmon was the most common salmonid fish used in sushi, followed by coho salmon, rainbow trout, and Chinook salmon. We found a total of 23% and 18% of the products were mislabeled and misnamed, respectively. In 64% of cases, the salesperson selling the product could not identify the species. We also identified the use of wild-captured Chinook salmon samples from a naturalized population. Our results provide a first indication regarding...
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social economy discourses in four regions of ... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social economy discourses in four regions of Chile, characterized by their internal economic heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach Using an intentional sample, semi-structured interviews were applied to 45 key informants from the public sector, universities, consultant enterprises, cooperatives and civil society organizations. Through a content analysis, thematic axes were identified that allowed to characterize and to recognize the narratives that key informants held about their initiatives, experiences or ventures. Findings The results allow us to understand the diversity of discourses and practices about alternative economies, being able to organize them from two axes: the tension between molar and molecular subjectivities; and the tension between reform and transformation (which refers to a transformative type of institutional and socio-material change). These axes propose an interpretative framework that integrates a dive...
El texto reflexiona en torno a un proyecto de Investigación-Acción Participativa de turismo culin... more El texto reflexiona en torno a un proyecto de Investigación-Acción Participativa de turismo culinario basado en la puesta en valor del patrimonio alimentario campesino e indígena, desarrollado en el Sur de Chile. Desde ahí, se reflexiona en torno a la turistificación del territorio y los alimentos, y sus implicancias para la repolitización del lugar. A partir del caso se argumentará que los procesos de patrimonialización y turistificación son heterogéneamente vividos y terreno de luchas por la hegemonía, existiendo el riesgo de hegemonía del saber experto donde se arriesga que la categoría de "lo otro" se imponga sobre la categoría de "lo justo" y se produzcan formas de colonización cultural.
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 2011
Chile has played a relevant role in neoliberal global food production since the 1980s, using the ... more Chile has played a relevant role in neoliberal global food production since the 1980s, using the motto "Chile: An Agro-food Power." Thus, it is relevant to enquire about the exercise of individual and collective citizenship on the part of agricultural producers who attempt to challenge-or at least make a difference-within this dominant economic and productive model. This paper explores the development and current state of the agroecological movement in Chile as an expression of civic agriculture representing a Polanyian countermovement developed by diverse actors against the dominant discourse and practices of the "Chilean agro-food power." Performing a discourse analysis of interviews with agroecological producers in the Bío-Bío region of Chile, the paper discusses the limits of the literature with respect to conventionalization and bifurcation processes for the analysis of the Global South in particular. The paper shows the hybrid and intertwined economic, productive, and political practices of agroecological peasants and organic farmers.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015
ABSTRACT The agro-ecology and food sovereignty movements of southern Chile promote alternatives t... more ABSTRACT The agro-ecology and food sovereignty movements of southern Chile promote alternatives to the hegemonic agro-export regime that dominates the landscape. We explore these mobilizations and the strategies they employ, with a particular focus on a network of peasant women “seed curators.” The global agri-food complex relies on a flat and universalizing spatiality of land as resource and food as commodity, in which the character and fate of individual places is of little importance. This is paired with a hierarchical monopolization of knowledge, where producers become recipients rather than creators and custodians of agricultural inputs and know-how. In response, peasant movements have given birth to alternative spatial practices based on horizontal networks that join together interdependent producers and places. By sharing traditional and agro-ecological knowledge, cultivating alternate circuits of exchange, and building urban–rural partnerships, these movements seek to reshape the horizons of possibility both for peasant communities and for the broader agri-food system.
... Juan-Antonio Carrasco Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Chile PO Bo... more ... Juan-Antonio Carrasco Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Chile PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile [email protected] Sebastián Ureta Instituto de Sociología, Universidad Católica de Chile PO Box 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile [email protected] ...
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