Papers by Christiaan Lemmen
Land, 2024
Sharing land data from one department to the other is a continuous process. A solid structure and... more Sharing land data from one department to the other is a continuous process. A solid structure and a set of guidelines on how to share them is to be put in place as a foundation for the development of a land administration data exchange and interoperability framework in support of data acquisition, land transactions and distribution of land data. In this research, the application of the ISO Framework for Enterprise Interoperability (FEI) as a standard is the starting point. Utilising the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile for Kenya as a base, an interoperability framework in support of land administration in Kenya is developed that addresses concerns, removes barriers and selects the approach for implementation. Due to the critical nature of land, it fits into the United Nations 2030 sustainability agenda. During the development of the Kenyan profile, four country-specific issues in the context of people-to-land relationships have been identified and modeled. The mapping of those issues relevant to the sustainable development goals supports the achievement of those goals so that all related targets and indicators can be attained. Using GIS tools, the implementing and testing of the new LADM profile for Kenya is not a difficult task. By using existing land data combined with newly collected data in the LADM-compliant database, a complete and accurate workflow is assured. Integration with external databases is useful for improving efficiency and eliminating duplication. Data collection with all stakeholders and validation through public inspection are recommended.
A Land Administration System (LAS), with its cadastral component, is the infrastructure that faci... more A Land Administration System (LAS), with its cadastral component, is the infrastructure that facilitates the implementation of land policies to attain sustainable development. The availability of a digital, up-to-date, complete and easy accessible cadastral database has become a primary requisite for undertaking an efficient land administration and/or developmental planning decisions for any country. This paper highlights the possible advantages of having a digital cadastral database over the traditional paper-based cadastral systems, and how such digital cadastral maps with acceptable accuracy levels can be used for operationalising the concept of the Land Administrative Domain Model (ISO 19152) in an Indian perspective. In this direction, we have demonstrated a method of preparing a seamless digital cadastral database using GIS and image interpretation techniques for a sufficiently large area of about 326 sq. km. Geo-Eye1 merged data was used for this purpose in combination with paperbased cadastral maps and limited on-site surveys. This approach can be considered as an (temporal) alternative to a complete cadastral re-survey. A cadastral resurvey is expected to be a time consuming and costly approach where there is an urgent need for cadastral data with reasonable quality urgently. This paper presents the results of a first step of a broad approach to reconstruct colonial cadastral maps and related registers with land records for various purposes, amongst others, spatial planning one of the important aspects which is based on a reliable overview of peopleland relationships. The paper will then develop the LADM based options on: 1. How to convert and link the existing (colonial) maps and records to prepare a digital database based on the LADM standard? 2. How to document and publish the geometric quality of the existing maps? 3. How to make the existing maps and records up to date (in the digital LAS)? 4. How to integrate the more accurate data after the re-survey?
This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International
Advances in Responsible Land Administration, 2015
Using tests in Rwanda, this chapter introduces an alternative to populating a land administration... more Using tests in Rwanda, this chapter introduces an alternative to populating a land administration system: the digital pen toolkit can reduce the workflows for capturing parcel geometry. It is a low-cost technology that can be operated with relatively limited training. Instead of acquiring data through a participatory mapping process using ortho-photos, regular drawing equipment, and extensive post-processing, the use of a digital pen allows storage of the digital data directly into geo-referenced digital format. When comparing this to the analog method it reduces sources of errors, saves time, reduces archiving space, and optimally utilizes the benefits of participatory mapping.
Land Use Policy
Land and space are major driving factors in doing business in urban areas. Cities around the worl... more Land and space are major driving factors in doing business in urban areas. Cities around the world are performing land management techniques to achieve sustainable urban development. The World Bank acknowledges the importance of land management practices and promotes it as the Ease Of Doing Business (EODB) indicators for a supportive environment for economic activities. In improving a city's competitiveness, local governments need to establish a reliable Land Administration System to organize unrenewable urban land and spaces and simultaneously reduce information asymmetry between actors. A modernized LAS is needed to accommodate the four functions of land management: land tenure, land value, land-use planning, and land development. The ISO 19152:2012 on Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard offers a foundation to establish information interoperability in land management that is crucial in modeling the relationship between people and land (and space), the geometrical components, as well as documented Rights, Responsibilities, and Restrictions (RRRs) in land. To promote the exchange of information between the domains of land administration domain and spatial planning, an extension of LADM, the Spatial Plan Information Package (SP Package), was proposed to support cities organizing information in land management. This article presents the proposed spatial plan information extension to the LADM country profile for Indonesia. This work also develops a proof-of-concept of the package in the two biggest Indonesian cities (Jakarta and Bandung) with adaptation to the current national data management policies. Our research shows positive results on making the LADM country profile reflect on the real condition and improving LAS's adaptability to be integrated with the Spatial Information Infrastructure.
Land Use Policy, 2021
The introduction or renewal of information systems conventionally begins with data modelling. In ... more The introduction or renewal of information systems conventionally begins with data modelling. In the domain of land administration, like others, the process is challenging: complex laws and regulations, lengthy process descriptions, shared organisational responsibilities, differing information encodings and formats, and seeking compliance with the LADM ISO 19152 standard, must be considered. Between 2016 and 2018, The Netherlands' Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agencyin short, Kadastersuccessfully undertook the renewal of the information system supporting its deeds registration. The previous system dated back to the 1980s. In-house data modelling specialists led the program, the most extensive undertaken in decades. Inspired by action-research principles, the process and resultant lessons are documented using a case study approach. It is shown that beyond Model Driven Architectures, other model-driven methodologies, such as Domain-Driven Design, are entirely useful in the land administration domain. A domain is usually more extensive than a few objects, and to make it more manageable, DDD divides a domain into subdomains. The DDD term 'problem domain' is used to define a functional area within a context such as an organisation or department. The terms domain in DDD and LADM have common characteristics as considering contexts such as a land registry and a cadastre. and Vernon (2013) articulate how DDD is a set of design practices, techniques and fundamental principles, terms, and implications to facilitate the development of software projects within complex domains, used to guide software developers and domain experts to share and represent models of knowledge from the domain. In DDD, the ubiquitous language is also essential in intersecting the jargons between domain experts and IT experts. The LADM provides a formal language for describing similarities and differences for describing the many aspects of the land administration domain. The approach demands greater participation from domain experts: they lead modelling of the current state and its evolution: the events. The Annex N of ISO 19152 describes that LADM covers both event-based and state-based modelling via LA_Source and VersionedObject. The application of Event-Based Modelling and Event Sourcing is still relatively novel to the LA domain. Event Sourcing ensures that all current state changes are stored as a sequence of events, enabling querying and state reconstruction. The new information system is considered futureproof, delivering improvements for deed registration times, monitoring, traceability/auditing, history management and interoperability. Further research suggestions include undertaken Domain-Driven Design in other contexts, particularly those implementing LADM.
Land Use Policy, 2021
Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN ... more Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN GGIM, 2018) and the integrated geospatial information framework for any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Domain-specific standards, an integral component of the SDI, play an essential role to represent the semantics of domains, specify links between distributed registries and databases, and stimulate the development and implementation for Land Administration Systems (LAS). As an international descriptive standard providing an abstract conceptual schema, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been used and is being used as a reference for the implementation of LAS. Various approaches have been used for the LADM implementation that includes elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for the implementation (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2015). LADM focuses on a specific function of LA that is interested in Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (RRR) affecting land, and the geometrical components thereof. The land value function of LA is considered outside the scope in the first edition. Recently, for extending the flexible and modular basis of the LADM, a valuation information model is developed for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities. It identifies the links between property valuation and the other LA registries and databases (e.g., cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling registries) that may enable interoperability across systems. The conceptual schema of the model provides a common basis to direct the development of local and national valuation databases and information technology products and services, following an approach similar to the LADM implementation. The proposed LADM Valuation Information Model is on the agenda of the development of the second edition of LADM within ISO/TC211. The operability of the newly proposed conceptual model needs to be evaluated through technical implementation. This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the LADM Valuation Information Model and assesses its operability through a case study for Turkey. The primary aim of the paper is to test the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model using the required and produced data in recurrent valuation processes, but not to build a specific information management system for Turkey. As the implementation of a LADM compliant prototype initially requires the development of a country profile at conceptual level, methodologies applied for LADM profile development are examined and then a Turkish LADM Valuation Information Model country profile is proposed using the Conceptual Schema Languages (CSL) of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and INTERLIS. INTERLIS is a formal language as well as a set of software tools that support LADM implementations. Subsequently, approaches and tools used in the LADM implementation are investigated and utilized for the automated transformations from the country profile to several technical models. In this context, the article presents the experiences gained during the implementations. Moreover, strategies for implementing and managing property valuation information more efficiently (e.
This paper presents the first and incomplete draft text for the revision of IS 19152:2012 'Geogra... more This paper presents the first and incomplete draft text for the revision of IS 19152:2012 'Geographic information -Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)' within ISO TC211 in the form of a New Working Item Proposal (NWIP). This 'two-page NWIP' text aims to describe the scope of proposed project to revise, and also provides the purpose and justification behind this revision of LADM. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) also submitted to ISO the NWIP for the current version of LADM (IS 19152:2012). As for the revision the ambition is now to go beyond just a conceptual model by providing steps towards implementations (e.g. more specific profiles, technical model in various encodings, etc.), it is the intention that the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) is heavily involved in the revision and that the result is a joint ISO/OGC standard. For this purpose the recent draft OGC White Paper is added as Appendix 1 to this paper to provide more detail background information. It is further noted that the complete NWIP for Edition II of LADM also 'Preparatory work' should be attached; e.g. a draft of the new version of the standard. In the case of the revised LADM standard of course this is based on the IS 19152:2012, but will contain also contain collected materials from the LADM2017 and LADM2018 workshop.
there is consensus growing towards the new scope of the standard. This new scope is described in ... more there is consensus growing towards the new scope of the standard. This new scope is described in this paper, and it is no exaggeration to state that there is a rather spectacular extension of Edition's I scope. Below a first impression.
A significant number of undocumented people-to-land relationships exist in many countries; they c... more A significant number of undocumented people-to-land relationships exist in many countries; they constitute an important barrier to economic development, especially that of rural areas. Although countries often have established procedures to register these relationships, typically, procedures involve outdated, costly and time-consuming workflows, and in many cases, require workflow resources that are simply unavailable. The vital, underlying technology and standards to collect and manage the required data are complex and sometimes inaccessible, or if available, tools do not comply with adopted (inter)national standards. If we continue down this path, the registration of undocumented people-to-land relationships will take significantly more time and money than governments are willing to afford and be held responsible for. While each issue mentioned above presents a substantial challenge, it is only by addressing them holistically that a significant impact can be obtained. Using the post-conflict Colombia as a pilot area and fit-for-purpose land administration as philosophy (FIG/World Bank, 2014; UN Habitat/GLTN/Kadaster, 2016), we have developed and tested a simplified, communitybased, standards-compliant methodology and supporting technology, to register people-toland relationships in a fast and economically viable way. A country cannot afford to be non-compliant with the ISO's 19152 standard, which defines a reference land administration model (LADM). Its adoption, however, adds a whole level of complexity to existing procedures. We therefore developed a multi-level data model based on LADM, in which each level is optimized for the procedural step where it is used. These steps are: data collection, post-processing, validation and recording. At the end of the last step the data complies fully with the standard and, in the case of Colombia, with the corresponding country profile. The developers of this profile made relevant observations for the development of the second edition of LADM -commented in this paper. Conventionally, in countries with very traditional institutions like for example Colombia, land administration data collection is carried out by specialists who use sophisticated measuring equipment and high-detail forms following a multi-purpose cadastre philosophy. We propose a multi-layer approach in which the base data on people-to-land relationships is collected first, and then data associated with other land administration aspects is optionally added as part of normal government agencies operations. For the data collection, we worked with Esri and Trimble and developed technology that satisfies two intrinsic objectives. The first is to create
Valuation aspect of land administration 3 • UnitedNew Urban Agenda -We will support local governm... more Valuation aspect of land administration 3 • UnitedNew Urban Agenda -We will support local governments and relevant stakeholders, through a variety of mechanisms, in developing and using basic land inventory information, such as a cadaster, valuation and risk maps, as well as land and housing price records … needed to assess changes in land values ... (Clause 104). • Valuation is the missing component in land administration. Studies on land administration more focused on land tenure, 3D aspects and technical issues. • A recently started joint activity group has started to extend LADM for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. LADM: LA_ prefix, white Valuation extension: VM_ prefix, vanilla VM_ValuationUnit represents basic recording units of valuation databases, such as a. Only land (e.g. parcel), b. Only improvements (e.g. buildings), c. Land and improvements together as land property, d. Land and improvements together as condominium property 6 Valuation information model -Valuation objects Valuation information model -Valuation objects VM_ValuationUnitGroup clusters valuation units according to zones (e.g. administrative divisions, value zones) or type of valuation units (e.g. commercial, residential) that have similar functional characteristics. Valuation information model -Valuation approach 12 VM_SalesComparisonMethod documents comparable units used in comparison approach, and monetary adjustments made for the sales prices. VM_CostMethod organizes cost method related data, such as type, source and price of cost, age of improvements, and appreciated depreciations. VM_IncomeMethod renders gross and net incomes, capitalization and discount rates, and gross rent multipliers used in income capitalization procedures.
International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its de... more International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGTs) are key global cornerstones in the protection of women's land rights and enabler for women to get land rights. Land rights for women is an issue that is linked to broader issues across geographical regions and cultural and religious differences. The SDGs specifically target women's land and property rights in ending poverty (target 1.4), achieving food security (target 2.3) and ensuring gender equality (target 5a). To achieve these goals and to act according to these global policies, namely, to have equal land rights for women and men, land ownership and land use records need to include both genders. Though, in many countries, such records are non-existent or not up to date or do not show the reality on the ground. As a result, women are often passed over by the government during tenure recordation processes. Further overlapping or secondary land rights have been lost through formal land registration systems (women are often these 'secondary land right holders', where men are mostly the primary right holder). Consequently, the livelihoods of those relying on the secondary land rights, which are often overlapping use rights to property rights, have been negatively affected. Issues such as: polygamy, monogamy, divorce, inheritance, primary and secondary rights, shares in property and use rights, legal systems (statutory, customary) are directly related to women's land rights. More specifically, the required supportive data models, forms and databases that could support women's land rights are either not designed or used in a way that is gender equitable. Aimed at overcoming these issues, supporting and enhancing the protection of the land rights of women and underrepresented, fit-for-purpose land administration promotes alternative approaches to improve land tenure security.
First Edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has three packages related to: Parti... more First Edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has three packages related to: Parties (people and organisations); Basic Administrative Units, Rights, Responsibilities, and Restrictions (of ownership rights); spatial units (parcels, and the legal space of buildings and utility networks) with a sub package for Surveying and Representation (geometry and topology). The latter sub-package provides the functionality to manage observations and cadastral surveys measurements. Contents of LADM implementations are based on authentic source documents, including the names of the persons having a role (responsibility) in the process of the initial data acquisition and/or in the maintenance process. This concerns legal/administrative data and spatial data based on field surveys and observations-where responsible professionals can be conveyors, registrars, surveyors, grassroot surveyors, citizens themselves (participatory surveying) and paralegals. Some of the existing parts of Edition I of the LADM are proposed to be refined in the context of development of Edition II of the standard. This will allow for the inclusion of better structured meta data-also in support of participatory approaches in cadastral surveying. Richer semantics may require more rigid representations of the various Code Lists and the values they contain (adding more structure and using sematic technologies to define meaning of values). An extended survey and legal models are proposed and presented in this paper. This implies adjustments from field observations to the spatial database and the generation of quality labels.
Key words: access to land; cadastre; digital cadastre; e-Governance; GSDI; tenure security; cadas... more Key words: access to land; cadastre; digital cadastre; e-Governance; GSDI; tenure security; cadastral data modeling SUMMARY At the FIG Congress in Washington in 2002, the proposal was launched to develop a (shared) core cadastral domain model; the FIG CCDM (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2002). After the launch several specific international workshops have been devoted to the development of this topic, various organizations have been involved (Open GeoSpatial Consortium- OGC,
This paper will focus on (cadastral) geodata acquisition, based on field surveys in the context o... more This paper will focus on (cadastral) geodata acquisition, based on field surveys in the context of the ISO 19152 Draft International Standard (DIS) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). During the development of LADM existing standards have been re-used as far as possible. Original observations related to adjudication, and all geodata maintenance, because of land transactions, physical planning, establishment of mortgage, etc. need to be documented. This is for quality, consistency and integrity reasons. The documentation is the basis for authenticity of the administrative and geodata. In case of cadastral geodata this documentation is often referred to as "evidence from the field".Data acquisition can be based on variety of approaches (low cost / high tech), which not always involves conventional terrestrial surveying. Observations may require transformations and adjustments, or other corrections (e.g. rectangulation), before the cadastral geodata for spatial units can...
focus on constraints specified in the Object Constraint Language
Managers of Cadastral systems often stress the differences between their systems. The one end has... more Managers of Cadastral systems often stress the differences between their systems. The one end has a deed, the other a title registration, some systems are centralized, and others decentralized. Some systems are based on a general boundaries approach, others on fixed boundaries. Some cadastres have a fiscal background, others a legal one. Etcetera. However, looking at it from a little distance the systems are in principle mainly the same: they are all based on the relationships between persons and land, via (property) rights and are much influenced by developments in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In this paper the authors propose the development of a standardized core cadastral data model based on the geographic standards from ISO and OpenGIS. This cadastral model will be developed in cooperation with the FIG, the research is related to the framework of the COST (Co-ordination in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) Action G9: ‘Modelling Real Property...
A system to support electronic conveyancing of deeds has been developed at the Netherlands Cadast... more A system to support electronic conveyancing of deeds has been developed at the Netherlands Cadastre in close co-operation with the notaries. This system will be operational as soon as the required legislation has been accepted by parliament. The system has been accepted by the notary as a secure system which can replace the paper based system. In this paper some basic concepts of the Netherlands Cadastre are presented and some technical aspects on the developed system on electronic conveyancing of deeds: electronic signatures, hashing algorithms and the role of a Certification Service Provider are presented in relation to the functionality of the system for electronic conveyancing of deeds. TS5 e-Government Aspects of Land
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Papers by Christiaan Lemmen