Post-perinatal infant mortality in Yorkshire 1991-1993 was higher among non-whites (mainly Pakist... more Post-perinatal infant mortality in Yorkshire 1991-1993 was higher among non-whites (mainly Pakistanis) than among whites (5.7/1000 vs. 4.9/1000 live births). Pakistani families had more deaths from congenital or metabolic abnormalities, and from perinatal factors, but far fewer than sudden infant death syndrome.
Social (UNRISD) es un instituto autĂłnomo dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas que realiza in... more Social (UNRISD) es un instituto autĂłnomo dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas que realiza investigaciones multidisciplinarias y análisis de polĂticas sobre las dimensiones sociales de cuestiones contemporáneas de desarrollo. Nuestra labor consiste en velar por que la equidad social, la inclusiĂłn y la justicia sean piezas fundamentales del pensamiento, la polĂtica y la práctica del desarrollo.
Shade-grown coffee (shade coffee) is an important component of the forested tropics, and is essen... more Shade-grown coffee (shade coffee) is an important component of the forested tropics, and is essential to the conservation of forest-dependent biodiversity. Despite its importance, shade coffee is challenging to map using remotely sensed data given its spectral similarity to forested land. This paper addresses this challenge in three districts of northern Nicaragua, here leveraging cloud-based computing techniques within Google Earth Engine (GEE) to integrate multi-seasonal Landsat 8 satellite imagery (30 m), and physiographic variables (temperature, topography, and precipitation). Applying a random forest machine learning algorithm using reference data from two field surveys produced a 90.5% accuracy across ten classes of land cover, with an 82.1% and 80.0% user's and producer's accuracy respectively for shade-grown coffee. Comparing classification accuracies obtained from five datasets exploring different combinations of non-seasonal and seasonal spectral data as well as physiographic data also revealed a trend of increasing accuracy when seasonal data were included in the model and a significant improvement (7.8-20.1%) when topographical data were integrated with spectral data. These results are significant in piloting an open-access and user-friendly approach to mapping heterogeneous shade coffee landscapes with high overall accuracy, even in locations with persistent cloud cover.
Sylvan Real : Animal Art by Artists from these Parts
Drawing parallels with the emergence of photorealism, Kanbara accounts for the popularity of wild... more Drawing parallels with the emergence of photorealism, Kanbara accounts for the popularity of wildlife art, situating ten artists within a copyist tradition. Brief statements by artists. Biographical notes. 3 bibl. ref.
By the nature of the work, TV newsworkers face a time famine: Too much to do in too little time. ... more By the nature of the work, TV newsworkers face a time famine: Too much to do in too little time. The famine has been compounded in recent years as local newsrooms produce content for two-and three-screen audiences. Chaos Theory says that even during chaotic times there are constants, such as deadlines and breaking news obligations. This study of 877 broadcast journalists examines their perceptions of work quality in light of organizational support, job satisfaction, work overload and autonomy. Results indicate that organizational support, job satisfaction and autonomy are significant, positive predictors of work quality. Additionally, 81% of newsworkers said they work differently than a few years ago, with social media/online obligations and doing-more-with-less consuming much of their time. In the meantime, diminished quality is a rising concern.
Working Paper 2014-22 Post-Conflict Reconciliation and Development in Nicaragua The Role of Cooperatives and Collective Action
his paper examines how cooperatives affected and were affected by the profound political, economi... more his paper examines how cooperatives affected and were affected by the profound political, economic and social transitions that have occurred in Nicaragua in recent decades. It pays particular attention to the shift from the post-revolutionary Sandinista regime of the 1980s to the “neoliberal” regime of the 1990s and early 2000s. In the early 1990s, a peace accord ended years of civil war and the Sandinista government was voted out of office by a coalition of Centrist and Right-wing parties. This meant that policies supporting state and cooperative forms of production were replaced by those favouring privatization, the rolling back of the state and the freeing up of market forces. Cooperatives and the agrarian reform process initiated by the Sandinista government were heavily impacted by this process, often in contradictory ways. Land redistribution to landless peasant farmers and cooperative organizations continued as part of the process of peace-building prior to the elections. Dem...
Small Cell Tumors, Lymphomas, and Sertoli Cell and Leydig Cell Tumors of the Bladder, Prostate, and Testis
Urological Cancers
Page 1. Lymphomas of the Testis, Bladder, and Prostate Approximately one third of lymphomas arise... more Page 1. Lymphomas of the Testis, Bladder, and Prostate Approximately one third of lymphomas arise at an extranodal site (primary extranodal lym-phomas), and both primary nodal lymphomas and leukemias not infrequently ...
This paper links changing global coffee markets to opportunities and vulnerabilities for sustaini... more This paper links changing global coffee markets to opportunities and vulnerabilities for sustaining small-scale farmer livelihoods in northern Nicaragua. Changing governance structures, corporate concentration, oversupply, interchangeable commodity grade beans, and low farm gate prices characterize the crisis in conventional coffee markets. In contrast, certified Fair Trade and organic are two alternative forms of specialty coffee trade and production that may offer opportunities for small-scale producers. A research team surveyed 228 farmers to measure the impact of sales on organic and Fair Trade markets. The results suggest that participation in organic and Fair Trade networks reduces farmers' livelihood vulnerability.
The interaction between bedding and sleeping position in sudden infant death syndrome: a populati... more The interaction between bedding and sleeping position in sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study.
Objective-To investigate the role of sleeping arrangements as risk factors for the sudden infant ... more Objective-To investigate the role of sleeping arrangements as risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome after a national risk reduction campaign. Design-Two year population based case- control study. Parental interviews were conducted for each infant who died and for four controls matched for age and date of interview. Setting-Three regions in England with a total population of 17 million people. Subjects-195 babies who died and 780 matched controls. Results-Prone and side sleeping positions both carried increased risks of death compared with supine when adjusted for maternal age, parity, gestation, birth weight, exposure to smoke, and other relevant factors in the sleeping environment (multivariate odds ratio = 9.00 (95% confidence interval 2.84 to 28.47) and 1.84 (1.02 to 3.31), respectively). The higher incidence of side rather than prone sleeping led to a higher population at- tributable risk (side 18.4%, prone 14.2%). More of the infants who died were found with bed covers over their heads (21.58; 6.21 to 74.99). The use of a dummy had an apparent protective effect (0.38; 0.21 to 0.70). Bed sharing for the whole night was a significant risk factor for infants whose mothers smoked (9.25; 2.31 to 34.02). No protective effect of breast feeding could be identified on multivariate analysis. Conclusions-This study confirms the im- portance of certain risk factors for the sudden in- fant death syndrome and identifies others-for example, covers over the head, side sleeping position-which may be amenable to change by educating and informing parents and health care professionals. Key messages * Despite the success of the "Back to Sleep" cam- paign, the sudden infant death syndrome remains a major cause of death in infancy * This large case-control study is the first after the national campaign to reduce the risk of the syndrome * The risk of sudden infant death is increased by prone or side sleeping position; loose bedding (particularly duvets), which can slip over the baby's head; and bed sharing by mothers who smoke * The risk may be reduced by supine sleeping position; placing the baby with feet at the foot of the cot ("feet to foot"); ensuring that bedding is securely tucked in; and avoiding the use of duvets
The three year study of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), recently completed as part of ... more The three year study of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), recently completed as part of the programme of the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI), includes the largest and most comprehensive study of cot death yet conducted in the UK. Over 450 sudden deaths, of which 80% were classified as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were investigated in five (former) NHS regions between 1993 and 1996, both by confidential inquiry and by case-control technique. Outline results for the first two years were given in the third report of the National Advisory Body for CESDI 1 while more detailed reports on various aspects of the case-control study are being published in professional journals. 2 3 The national intervention on sleeping position in 1991 was followed by a marked and most welcome fall in the incidence of cot death, the national rate declining from 1.61/1000 live births in 1990 to 0.6 in 1993. However SIDS is still the largest category of deaths in the postperinatal period, and the SUDI study has shown that several major problems remain to be addressed. Some of these I should like to discuss.
Post-perinatal infant mortality in Yorkshire 1991-1993 was higher among non-whites (mainly Pakist... more Post-perinatal infant mortality in Yorkshire 1991-1993 was higher among non-whites (mainly Pakistanis) than among whites (5.7/1000 vs. 4.9/1000 live births). Pakistani families had more deaths from congenital or metabolic abnormalities, and from perinatal factors, but far fewer than sudden infant death syndrome.
Social (UNRISD) es un instituto autĂłnomo dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas que realiza in... more Social (UNRISD) es un instituto autĂłnomo dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas que realiza investigaciones multidisciplinarias y análisis de polĂticas sobre las dimensiones sociales de cuestiones contemporáneas de desarrollo. Nuestra labor consiste en velar por que la equidad social, la inclusiĂłn y la justicia sean piezas fundamentales del pensamiento, la polĂtica y la práctica del desarrollo.
Shade-grown coffee (shade coffee) is an important component of the forested tropics, and is essen... more Shade-grown coffee (shade coffee) is an important component of the forested tropics, and is essential to the conservation of forest-dependent biodiversity. Despite its importance, shade coffee is challenging to map using remotely sensed data given its spectral similarity to forested land. This paper addresses this challenge in three districts of northern Nicaragua, here leveraging cloud-based computing techniques within Google Earth Engine (GEE) to integrate multi-seasonal Landsat 8 satellite imagery (30 m), and physiographic variables (temperature, topography, and precipitation). Applying a random forest machine learning algorithm using reference data from two field surveys produced a 90.5% accuracy across ten classes of land cover, with an 82.1% and 80.0% user's and producer's accuracy respectively for shade-grown coffee. Comparing classification accuracies obtained from five datasets exploring different combinations of non-seasonal and seasonal spectral data as well as physiographic data also revealed a trend of increasing accuracy when seasonal data were included in the model and a significant improvement (7.8-20.1%) when topographical data were integrated with spectral data. These results are significant in piloting an open-access and user-friendly approach to mapping heterogeneous shade coffee landscapes with high overall accuracy, even in locations with persistent cloud cover.
Sylvan Real : Animal Art by Artists from these Parts
Drawing parallels with the emergence of photorealism, Kanbara accounts for the popularity of wild... more Drawing parallels with the emergence of photorealism, Kanbara accounts for the popularity of wildlife art, situating ten artists within a copyist tradition. Brief statements by artists. Biographical notes. 3 bibl. ref.
By the nature of the work, TV newsworkers face a time famine: Too much to do in too little time. ... more By the nature of the work, TV newsworkers face a time famine: Too much to do in too little time. The famine has been compounded in recent years as local newsrooms produce content for two-and three-screen audiences. Chaos Theory says that even during chaotic times there are constants, such as deadlines and breaking news obligations. This study of 877 broadcast journalists examines their perceptions of work quality in light of organizational support, job satisfaction, work overload and autonomy. Results indicate that organizational support, job satisfaction and autonomy are significant, positive predictors of work quality. Additionally, 81% of newsworkers said they work differently than a few years ago, with social media/online obligations and doing-more-with-less consuming much of their time. In the meantime, diminished quality is a rising concern.
Working Paper 2014-22 Post-Conflict Reconciliation and Development in Nicaragua The Role of Cooperatives and Collective Action
his paper examines how cooperatives affected and were affected by the profound political, economi... more his paper examines how cooperatives affected and were affected by the profound political, economic and social transitions that have occurred in Nicaragua in recent decades. It pays particular attention to the shift from the post-revolutionary Sandinista regime of the 1980s to the “neoliberal” regime of the 1990s and early 2000s. In the early 1990s, a peace accord ended years of civil war and the Sandinista government was voted out of office by a coalition of Centrist and Right-wing parties. This meant that policies supporting state and cooperative forms of production were replaced by those favouring privatization, the rolling back of the state and the freeing up of market forces. Cooperatives and the agrarian reform process initiated by the Sandinista government were heavily impacted by this process, often in contradictory ways. Land redistribution to landless peasant farmers and cooperative organizations continued as part of the process of peace-building prior to the elections. Dem...
Small Cell Tumors, Lymphomas, and Sertoli Cell and Leydig Cell Tumors of the Bladder, Prostate, and Testis
Urological Cancers
Page 1. Lymphomas of the Testis, Bladder, and Prostate Approximately one third of lymphomas arise... more Page 1. Lymphomas of the Testis, Bladder, and Prostate Approximately one third of lymphomas arise at an extranodal site (primary extranodal lym-phomas), and both primary nodal lymphomas and leukemias not infrequently ...
This paper links changing global coffee markets to opportunities and vulnerabilities for sustaini... more This paper links changing global coffee markets to opportunities and vulnerabilities for sustaining small-scale farmer livelihoods in northern Nicaragua. Changing governance structures, corporate concentration, oversupply, interchangeable commodity grade beans, and low farm gate prices characterize the crisis in conventional coffee markets. In contrast, certified Fair Trade and organic are two alternative forms of specialty coffee trade and production that may offer opportunities for small-scale producers. A research team surveyed 228 farmers to measure the impact of sales on organic and Fair Trade markets. The results suggest that participation in organic and Fair Trade networks reduces farmers' livelihood vulnerability.
The interaction between bedding and sleeping position in sudden infant death syndrome: a populati... more The interaction between bedding and sleeping position in sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study.
Objective-To investigate the role of sleeping arrangements as risk factors for the sudden infant ... more Objective-To investigate the role of sleeping arrangements as risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome after a national risk reduction campaign. Design-Two year population based case- control study. Parental interviews were conducted for each infant who died and for four controls matched for age and date of interview. Setting-Three regions in England with a total population of 17 million people. Subjects-195 babies who died and 780 matched controls. Results-Prone and side sleeping positions both carried increased risks of death compared with supine when adjusted for maternal age, parity, gestation, birth weight, exposure to smoke, and other relevant factors in the sleeping environment (multivariate odds ratio = 9.00 (95% confidence interval 2.84 to 28.47) and 1.84 (1.02 to 3.31), respectively). The higher incidence of side rather than prone sleeping led to a higher population at- tributable risk (side 18.4%, prone 14.2%). More of the infants who died were found with bed covers over their heads (21.58; 6.21 to 74.99). The use of a dummy had an apparent protective effect (0.38; 0.21 to 0.70). Bed sharing for the whole night was a significant risk factor for infants whose mothers smoked (9.25; 2.31 to 34.02). No protective effect of breast feeding could be identified on multivariate analysis. Conclusions-This study confirms the im- portance of certain risk factors for the sudden in- fant death syndrome and identifies others-for example, covers over the head, side sleeping position-which may be amenable to change by educating and informing parents and health care professionals. Key messages * Despite the success of the "Back to Sleep" cam- paign, the sudden infant death syndrome remains a major cause of death in infancy * This large case-control study is the first after the national campaign to reduce the risk of the syndrome * The risk of sudden infant death is increased by prone or side sleeping position; loose bedding (particularly duvets), which can slip over the baby's head; and bed sharing by mothers who smoke * The risk may be reduced by supine sleeping position; placing the baby with feet at the foot of the cot ("feet to foot"); ensuring that bedding is securely tucked in; and avoiding the use of duvets
The three year study of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), recently completed as part of ... more The three year study of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), recently completed as part of the programme of the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI), includes the largest and most comprehensive study of cot death yet conducted in the UK. Over 450 sudden deaths, of which 80% were classified as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were investigated in five (former) NHS regions between 1993 and 1996, both by confidential inquiry and by case-control technique. Outline results for the first two years were given in the third report of the National Advisory Body for CESDI 1 while more detailed reports on various aspects of the case-control study are being published in professional journals. 2 3 The national intervention on sleeping position in 1991 was followed by a marked and most welcome fall in the incidence of cot death, the national rate declining from 1.61/1000 live births in 1990 to 0.6 in 1993. However SIDS is still the largest category of deaths in the postperinatal period, and the SUDI study has shown that several major problems remain to be addressed. Some of these I should like to discuss.
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