The pin-yin romanization system is used in transliterate the Mandarin Chinese character into Enlg... more The pin-yin romanization system is used in transliterate the Mandarin Chinese character into Enlgish. The digits 0, l, 2,3, and 4 put after the Chinese phonetic symbols stand for the neutral, first, second, third, or fourth tone of the preceding Chinese character.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (ELI) in Taiwanese EFL learners and to determine if ELI is a predictor of change in vocabulary level and American lifestyle literacy during online music study. The results of the investigation indicate that age, gender, and academic standing are all determinants of ELI in Taiwanese EFL learners. However, they also suggest that ELI alone is not a good predictor of change in vocabulary and lifestyle literacy acquisition during online music study. In addition, the investigation found that some minimal level of English competency is required to benefit from the type of online learning environment described and that the subjects who participated in the study enjoyed the approach to learning English.
Journal of language teaching, linguistics and literature, Jun 1, 2014
The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The... more The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The global village may say that in Taiwan and Mainland China, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are combined, mixed and blurred. Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢 Hóng Lóu Mèng) was written in the 18 th century against such a backdrop. Since the 1990s, English as a Foreign Language teaching and learning, especially in Taiwan, has aimed at mastering five skills-translation added to traditionally recognized skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Taiwanese students may feel translating from English to Chinese easier due to their firm grasp of the target language and culture; however, students should be aware that translating from Chinese to English aids not only in disseminating source language cultural knowledge but also is more profitable than translating from English to Chinese in terms of wages earned. When rendering Chinese literary works to English, a translator inevitably encounters the problem of cultural translation. This paper concentrates on translation of texts, including Taoism and Buddhism expressions in Hóng Lóu Mèng by Cáo Xuěqín, into English by David Hawkes and Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang. Translating Hóng Lóu Mèng in the 1970s, both renditions made use of endnotes, transliteration, as well as a number of other methods. Examples will explain how they did the tedious job. While translating Hóng Lóu Mèng to English, both made the religious background a little confusing to target language readers. Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang's version was found to be more faithful to the religion but at the cost of readability. Implications for teaching translation of texts with religious contexts are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence American music immersion (AM... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence American music immersion (AMI) in Taiwanese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners and to determine if AMI is a predictor of vocabulary acquisition and American lifestyle literacy ...
The earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 resulted in renewed searching within that country — an... more The earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 resulted in renewed searching within that country — an awakened awareness of the role of religion. The reasons the Taiwanese people have chosen to follow a particular religion are varied. Many young people in Taiwan are drawn to Christianity1 because Christian organizations offer English classes whereas many older women and men remain loyal to Taoism and Buddhism. This chapter explores some connections between gender, language and religion in Taiwan and the reasons why educational institutions have contributed to the rise of Christianity in particular.
本論文共探討三個主題：(1)21篇本土法律文學作品的分類； (2)非法律系大學生對其中2篇作品，閱讀反應的量化研究，(3)筆者對其中之一篇，《色計》，的評析。 21篇本土法律文學作品的分類，是從... more 本論文共探討三個主題：(1)21篇本土法律文學作品的分類； (2)非法律系大學生對其中2篇作品，閱讀反應的量化研究，(3)筆者對其中之一篇，《色計》，的評析。 21篇本土法律文學作品的分類，是從法律、作者性別及學經歷背景，及語言使用的觀點出發；非法律系大學生對2篇作品閱讀反應的量化研究，是以大學生性別為自變項(Independent variable)，以閱讀反應為依變項(dependent variable)做研究。《色計》的評析，是內容分析。 研究發現包括：從刑事訴訟的觀點來說，有5作品的加害人，連進警察局的機會都沒有；「符」的女主角只到了警察局，就釋放了；「青春的偷竊歲月」、「相遇」、「失衡的天平」案件只到偵查階段。「誰取消她的晚餐約會」的被冤枉的被告，進出法院10年；真凶手卻連被警察約談的機會都沒有。《傾聽顏色的聲音》、「傾斜的天秤」、「往上爬」、「圍牆內的愛光」四作品則是描寫執行階段的成人犯或少年犯。21位作家有9位有法律的教育背景，其餘12位沒有法律的教育背景；這代表任何人只要有心，都能寫好的法律文學作品。很多作家愛用英文表現，雖然台北律師公會規定寫作的語言是國語。這些本土法律文學作品，大都是以1992年以後的台灣社會的法律、法律人、加害人、被害人為寫作題材，讓國中、高中學生讀了，先瞭解法官、檢察官、律師生活，更能據以決定將來大學要不要讀法律系。This thesis concentrates on three points: (1) categorization of 21 law-related literary works in Taiwan written in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2009, (2) the non-law majoring undergraduates’ responses after reading two literary works, and (3) this researcher’s critical analysis of 《色計》(Indecent Handsome Man and Beauties). Categorization of the literary works has been based the law concepts, biography of authors an...
In 1923, Lin Yutang used the transliterated youmo for English humor. Some Sinologists argue that ... more In 1923, Lin Yutang used the transliterated youmo for English humor. Some Sinologists argue that Chinese has an elegant word huaji coined in the Spring-Autumn Period (722403B.C.); they see no need to borrow and/or create the term youmo. Modern Chinese humorologists in both Taiwan and Mainland China, generally use the term youmo, not huaji for highclass verbal humor; Taiwan-based Chen (1985) was the only exception, putting huaji as a general term, under which was a sub-kind called youmo. The paper contains three studies. The first one investigates the modern meaning of huaji and youmo in essay questions given to 60 Ss (subjects; 55 females and 5 males). The second is an experimental study done with 131 Ss (78 females, 53 males) on five funny/humorous situations in six scenarios for judgments of laughter/smile as well as huaji/humor. The third is also an experiment with 54 Ss (27 females and 27 males) on six huaji stories recorded in Shi-ji Huaji Liezhuan. Dependent and independent St...
3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, Jun 1, 2014
The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The... more The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The global village may say that in Taiwan and Mainland China, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are combined, mixed and blurred. Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢 Hóng Lóu Mèng) was written in the 18 th century against such a backdrop. Since the 1990s, English as a Foreign Language teaching and learning, especially in Taiwan, has aimed at mastering five skills-translation added to traditionally recognized skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Taiwanese students may feel translating from English to Chinese easier due to their firm grasp of the target language and culture; however, students should be aware that translating from Chinese to English aids not only in disseminating source language cultural knowledge but also is more profitable than translating from English to Chinese in terms of wages earned. When rendering Chinese literary works to English, a translator inevitably encounters the problem of cultural translation. This paper concentrates on translation of texts, including Taoism and Buddhism expressions in Hóng Lóu Mèng by Cáo Xuěqín, into English by David Hawkes and Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang. Translating Hóng Lóu Mèng in the 1970s, both renditions made use of endnotes, transliteration, as well as a number of other methods. Examples will explain how they did the tedious job. While translating Hóng Lóu Mèng to English, both made the religious background a little confusing to target language readers. Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang's version was found to be more faithful to the religion but at the cost of readability. Implications for teaching translation of texts with religious contexts are discussed.
This study compares the response styles of 2 groups of Chinese men and women who have been descri... more This study compares the response styles of 2 groups of Chinese men and women who have been described as collectivists—Chinese in Singapore and Taiwan. Participants were presented with one of three request scenarios that controlled participant identity and manipulated the level of imposition of what was requested. Chinese in Singapore were found to prefer complying with the request of a friend compared to Chinese in Taiwan, who were more likely to refuse and who used significantly more tactics to decline a friend’s request. This suggests that although they indicated that they would be more likely to refuse the request, Taiwan Chinese compensated for this preference by embedding declinations in several tactics. There was more request compliance with low imposition and less request compliance with high imposition for all participants, regardless of national group or gender. Independent self-construal was related to direct refusal. Overall, men were more compliant than women.
The present study investigated the effects of assertiveness on compliance in Taiwan, Japan, and t... more The present study investigated the effects of assertiveness on compliance in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. In contrast to what was expected, U. S. Americans overall were the least assertive. The study found that females in Japan and Taiwan were more assertive than their male counterparts. In addition, Americans were significantly more compliant with the request of a work supervisor than either Japanese or Taiwan-Chinese. In general, similar compliance was found between men and women. Participants offered more opposition to high imposition requests. While the discomfort factor of assertiveness accounted for significant variance for females in the equal status condition, situational factors such as imposition and status provided a better overall explanation for variance in behavior.
Humor - International Journal of Humor Research, 2009
The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed re... more The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed reliably and validly by means of a self-report instrument in different countries of the world. All items of the GELOPH (Ruch and Titze, GELOPH〈46〉, University of Düsseldorf, 1998; Ruch and Proyer, Swiss Journal of Psychology 67:19–27, 2008b) were translated to the local language of the collaborator (42 languages in total). In total, 22,610 participants in 93 samples from 73 countries completed the GELOPH. Across all samples the reliability of the 15-item questionnaire was high (mean alpha of .85) and in all samples the scales appeared to be unidimensional. The endorsement rates for the items ranged from 1.31% through 80.00% to a single item. Variations in the mean scores of the items were more strongly related to the culture in a country and not to the language in which the data were collected. This was also supported by a multidimensional scaling analysis with standardized mean scores of ...
International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2000
This paper presents the three definitions ofTaiwanese, Dl with the broadest scope, D2 a narrower ... more This paper presents the three definitions ofTaiwanese, Dl with the broadest scope, D2 a narrower scope, and D3 the narrowest. The D3 Taiwanese, especially those from southern Taiwan, are exhibiting Taiwanese chauvinism. Mainlanders and D3 Taiwanese use codemixing of Mandarin and Taiwanese in different ways. In legal practice, judges Interpret "national language(s) " differently. The attorney in central Taiwan speaks Mandarin to thejudge in the court; however hislher counterparts code-mix Mandarin and Taiwanese in southern Taiwan. Female judges are more likely than male ones to Interpret the "national language" äs Mandarin. Actresses are less likely than actors to switch to Taiwanese in their otherwise Mandarin context. These phenomena reflect their identity with or preference for the three major political parties.
This paper examines refusal strategies employed in invitations and requests used by Saudi and Ame... more This paper examines refusal strategies employed in invitations and requests used by Saudi and American female students. As speakers' performances in refusals vary, the paper investigates the content of the semantic formulas and their frequencies in the speech acts of these females when interacting with different interlocutors of different statuses. The assumption proposed in this paper is that speech acts reflect the cultural norms and values of speakers from different cultures (e.g., Arabs' collectivist culture vs American individualistic culture). The analysis and description of refusal strategies are motivated by the need to provide new information on how native speakers really use language, rather than how we think they perform such acts. Data collected in this paper is based on speech acts of refusals employed by a sample of Saudi and American female students.
As shown in their languages, Japanese society is more hierarchical than Taiwanese society. A more... more As shown in their languages, Japanese society is more hierarchical than Taiwanese society. A more hierarchical society produces less humorous people (Lin, 1976; Abe, 1995). This study compares Taiwanese and Japanese appreciation of otherversus self-deprecating jokes according to 200 Japanese and Taiwanese university students’ evaluation on a seven-point Likert scale—1 for ‘extremely dry’ and 7 for ‘extremely interesting’—to 11 English jokes. After gathering data from more than 500 students, we discarded those who are relations of lawyers, then divided the rest into four piles—Japanese male, Japanese female, Taiwanese male and Taiwanese female—shuffled them and used the first 50 sets of responses from each pile for this study. Two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) together with post-hoc Scheffe’s test found that ethnicity plays a more significant role than gender in different appreciation of both selfand other-deprecating jokes. In three jokes, Japanese and Taiwanese appreciation leve...
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (ELI) in Taiwanese EFL learners and to determine if ELI is a predictor of change in vocabulary level and American lifestyle literacy during online music study. The results of the investigation indicate that age, gender, and academic standing are all determinants of ELI in Taiwanese
The pin-yin romanization system is used in transliterate the Mandarin Chinese character into Enlg... more The pin-yin romanization system is used in transliterate the Mandarin Chinese character into Enlgish. The digits 0, l, 2,3, and 4 put after the Chinese phonetic symbols stand for the neutral, first, second, third, or fourth tone of the preceding Chinese character.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (ELI) in Taiwanese EFL learners and to determine if ELI is a predictor of change in vocabulary level and American lifestyle literacy during online music study. The results of the investigation indicate that age, gender, and academic standing are all determinants of ELI in Taiwanese EFL learners. However, they also suggest that ELI alone is not a good predictor of change in vocabulary and lifestyle literacy acquisition during online music study. In addition, the investigation found that some minimal level of English competency is required to benefit from the type of online learning environment described and that the subjects who participated in the study enjoyed the approach to learning English.
Journal of language teaching, linguistics and literature, Jun 1, 2014
The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The... more The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The global village may say that in Taiwan and Mainland China, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are combined, mixed and blurred. Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢 Hóng Lóu Mèng) was written in the 18 th century against such a backdrop. Since the 1990s, English as a Foreign Language teaching and learning, especially in Taiwan, has aimed at mastering five skills-translation added to traditionally recognized skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Taiwanese students may feel translating from English to Chinese easier due to their firm grasp of the target language and culture; however, students should be aware that translating from Chinese to English aids not only in disseminating source language cultural knowledge but also is more profitable than translating from English to Chinese in terms of wages earned. When rendering Chinese literary works to English, a translator inevitably encounters the problem of cultural translation. This paper concentrates on translation of texts, including Taoism and Buddhism expressions in Hóng Lóu Mèng by Cáo Xuěqín, into English by David Hawkes and Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang. Translating Hóng Lóu Mèng in the 1970s, both renditions made use of endnotes, transliteration, as well as a number of other methods. Examples will explain how they did the tedious job. While translating Hóng Lóu Mèng to English, both made the religious background a little confusing to target language readers. Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang's version was found to be more faithful to the religion but at the cost of readability. Implications for teaching translation of texts with religious contexts are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence American music immersion (AM... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence American music immersion (AMI) in Taiwanese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners and to determine if AMI is a predictor of vocabulary acquisition and American lifestyle literacy ...
The earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 resulted in renewed searching within that country — an... more The earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 resulted in renewed searching within that country — an awakened awareness of the role of religion. The reasons the Taiwanese people have chosen to follow a particular religion are varied. Many young people in Taiwan are drawn to Christianity1 because Christian organizations offer English classes whereas many older women and men remain loyal to Taoism and Buddhism. This chapter explores some connections between gender, language and religion in Taiwan and the reasons why educational institutions have contributed to the rise of Christianity in particular.
本論文共探討三個主題：(1)21篇本土法律文學作品的分類； (2)非法律系大學生對其中2篇作品，閱讀反應的量化研究，(3)筆者對其中之一篇，《色計》，的評析。 21篇本土法律文學作品的分類，是從... more 本論文共探討三個主題：(1)21篇本土法律文學作品的分類； (2)非法律系大學生對其中2篇作品，閱讀反應的量化研究，(3)筆者對其中之一篇，《色計》，的評析。 21篇本土法律文學作品的分類，是從法律、作者性別及學經歷背景，及語言使用的觀點出發；非法律系大學生對2篇作品閱讀反應的量化研究，是以大學生性別為自變項(Independent variable)，以閱讀反應為依變項(dependent variable)做研究。《色計》的評析，是內容分析。 研究發現包括：從刑事訴訟的觀點來說，有5作品的加害人，連進警察局的機會都沒有；「符」的女主角只到了警察局，就釋放了；「青春的偷竊歲月」、「相遇」、「失衡的天平」案件只到偵查階段。「誰取消她的晚餐約會」的被冤枉的被告，進出法院10年；真凶手卻連被警察約談的機會都沒有。《傾聽顏色的聲音》、「傾斜的天秤」、「往上爬」、「圍牆內的愛光」四作品則是描寫執行階段的成人犯或少年犯。21位作家有9位有法律的教育背景，其餘12位沒有法律的教育背景；這代表任何人只要有心，都能寫好的法律文學作品。很多作家愛用英文表現，雖然台北律師公會規定寫作的語言是國語。這些本土法律文學作品，大都是以1992年以後的台灣社會的法律、法律人、加害人、被害人為寫作題材，讓國中、高中學生讀了，先瞭解法官、檢察官、律師生活，更能據以決定將來大學要不要讀法律系。This thesis concentrates on three points: (1) categorization of 21 law-related literary works in Taiwan written in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2009, (2) the non-law majoring undergraduates’ responses after reading two literary works, and (3) this researcher’s critical analysis of 《色計》(Indecent Handsome Man and Beauties). Categorization of the literary works has been based the law concepts, biography of authors an...
In 1923, Lin Yutang used the transliterated youmo for English humor. Some Sinologists argue that ... more In 1923, Lin Yutang used the transliterated youmo for English humor. Some Sinologists argue that Chinese has an elegant word huaji coined in the Spring-Autumn Period (722403B.C.); they see no need to borrow and/or create the term youmo. Modern Chinese humorologists in both Taiwan and Mainland China, generally use the term youmo, not huaji for highclass verbal humor; Taiwan-based Chen (1985) was the only exception, putting huaji as a general term, under which was a sub-kind called youmo. The paper contains three studies. The first one investigates the modern meaning of huaji and youmo in essay questions given to 60 Ss (subjects; 55 females and 5 males). The second is an experimental study done with 131 Ss (78 females, 53 males) on five funny/humorous situations in six scenarios for judgments of laughter/smile as well as huaji/humor. The third is also an experiment with 54 Ss (27 females and 27 males) on six huaji stories recorded in Shi-ji Huaji Liezhuan. Dependent and independent St...
3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, Jun 1, 2014
The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The... more The world seems aware that China is among the countries with the largest Buddhist population. The global village may say that in Taiwan and Mainland China, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are combined, mixed and blurred. Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢 Hóng Lóu Mèng) was written in the 18 th century against such a backdrop. Since the 1990s, English as a Foreign Language teaching and learning, especially in Taiwan, has aimed at mastering five skills-translation added to traditionally recognized skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Taiwanese students may feel translating from English to Chinese easier due to their firm grasp of the target language and culture; however, students should be aware that translating from Chinese to English aids not only in disseminating source language cultural knowledge but also is more profitable than translating from English to Chinese in terms of wages earned. When rendering Chinese literary works to English, a translator inevitably encounters the problem of cultural translation. This paper concentrates on translation of texts, including Taoism and Buddhism expressions in Hóng Lóu Mèng by Cáo Xuěqín, into English by David Hawkes and Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang. Translating Hóng Lóu Mèng in the 1970s, both renditions made use of endnotes, transliteration, as well as a number of other methods. Examples will explain how they did the tedious job. While translating Hóng Lóu Mèng to English, both made the religious background a little confusing to target language readers. Xianyi Yang & Gladys Yang's version was found to be more faithful to the religion but at the cost of readability. Implications for teaching translation of texts with religious contexts are discussed.
This study compares the response styles of 2 groups of Chinese men and women who have been descri... more This study compares the response styles of 2 groups of Chinese men and women who have been described as collectivists—Chinese in Singapore and Taiwan. Participants were presented with one of three request scenarios that controlled participant identity and manipulated the level of imposition of what was requested. Chinese in Singapore were found to prefer complying with the request of a friend compared to Chinese in Taiwan, who were more likely to refuse and who used significantly more tactics to decline a friend’s request. This suggests that although they indicated that they would be more likely to refuse the request, Taiwan Chinese compensated for this preference by embedding declinations in several tactics. There was more request compliance with low imposition and less request compliance with high imposition for all participants, regardless of national group or gender. Independent self-construal was related to direct refusal. Overall, men were more compliant than women.
The present study investigated the effects of assertiveness on compliance in Taiwan, Japan, and t... more The present study investigated the effects of assertiveness on compliance in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. In contrast to what was expected, U. S. Americans overall were the least assertive. The study found that females in Japan and Taiwan were more assertive than their male counterparts. In addition, Americans were significantly more compliant with the request of a work supervisor than either Japanese or Taiwan-Chinese. In general, similar compliance was found between men and women. Participants offered more opposition to high imposition requests. While the discomfort factor of assertiveness accounted for significant variance for females in the equal status condition, situational factors such as imposition and status provided a better overall explanation for variance in behavior.
Humor - International Journal of Humor Research, 2009
The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed re... more The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed reliably and validly by means of a self-report instrument in different countries of the world. All items of the GELOPH (Ruch and Titze, GELOPH〈46〉, University of Düsseldorf, 1998; Ruch and Proyer, Swiss Journal of Psychology 67:19–27, 2008b) were translated to the local language of the collaborator (42 languages in total). In total, 22,610 participants in 93 samples from 73 countries completed the GELOPH. Across all samples the reliability of the 15-item questionnaire was high (mean alpha of .85) and in all samples the scales appeared to be unidimensional. The endorsement rates for the items ranged from 1.31% through 80.00% to a single item. Variations in the mean scores of the items were more strongly related to the culture in a country and not to the language in which the data were collected. This was also supported by a multidimensional scaling analysis with standardized mean scores of ...
International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2000
This paper presents the three definitions ofTaiwanese, Dl with the broadest scope, D2 a narrower ... more This paper presents the three definitions ofTaiwanese, Dl with the broadest scope, D2 a narrower scope, and D3 the narrowest. The D3 Taiwanese, especially those from southern Taiwan, are exhibiting Taiwanese chauvinism. Mainlanders and D3 Taiwanese use codemixing of Mandarin and Taiwanese in different ways. In legal practice, judges Interpret "national language(s) " differently. The attorney in central Taiwan speaks Mandarin to thejudge in the court; however hislher counterparts code-mix Mandarin and Taiwanese in southern Taiwan. Female judges are more likely than male ones to Interpret the "national language" äs Mandarin. Actresses are less likely than actors to switch to Taiwanese in their otherwise Mandarin context. These phenomena reflect their identity with or preference for the three major political parties.
This paper examines refusal strategies employed in invitations and requests used by Saudi and Ame... more This paper examines refusal strategies employed in invitations and requests used by Saudi and American female students. As speakers' performances in refusals vary, the paper investigates the content of the semantic formulas and their frequencies in the speech acts of these females when interacting with different interlocutors of different statuses. The assumption proposed in this paper is that speech acts reflect the cultural norms and values of speakers from different cultures (e.g., Arabs' collectivist culture vs American individualistic culture). The analysis and description of refusal strategies are motivated by the need to provide new information on how native speakers really use language, rather than how we think they perform such acts. Data collected in this paper is based on speech acts of refusals employed by a sample of Saudi and American female students.
As shown in their languages, Japanese society is more hierarchical than Taiwanese society. A more... more As shown in their languages, Japanese society is more hierarchical than Taiwanese society. A more hierarchical society produces less humorous people (Lin, 1976; Abe, 1995). This study compares Taiwanese and Japanese appreciation of otherversus self-deprecating jokes according to 200 Japanese and Taiwanese university students’ evaluation on a seven-point Likert scale—1 for ‘extremely dry’ and 7 for ‘extremely interesting’—to 11 English jokes. After gathering data from more than 500 students, we discarded those who are relations of lawyers, then divided the rest into four piles—Japanese male, Japanese female, Taiwanese male and Taiwanese female—shuffled them and used the first 50 sets of responses from each pile for this study. Two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) together with post-hoc Scheffe’s test found that ethnicity plays a more significant role than gender in different appreciation of both selfand other-deprecating jokes. In three jokes, Japanese and Taiwanese appreciation leve...
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (... more The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determine English language immersion (ELI) in Taiwanese EFL learners and to determine if ELI is a predictor of change in vocabulary level and American lifestyle literacy during online music study. The results of the investigation indicate that age, gender, and academic standing are all determinants of ELI in Taiwanese
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Papers by Chao-chih Liao