JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Linguistic Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language.
Excluding interest our income this year was $18,990.30. Our expenses for services performed by Al... more Excluding interest our income this year was $18,990.30. Our expenses for services performed by Allen Press were $27,073.53. On that account we can say that our ordinary income failed to match our expenses by $8,083.23. Our income including interest was $22,496.88. Total expenses were $28,051.95. On the basis of totals, we see that we lost $5,555.07 on operations this year. A comparison of total assets in FY 1982 vs. 1981 indicates a decrease of $6,232.94, the real extent to which we are depleting our capital. The cost of producing SCANDINAVIAN STUDIES (which includes ancillary expenses involved in processing memberships, mailing, etc.) was $27,073.53 for volume 53/1-4. The cost per copy is that sum divided by the total print run of 4,400 copies = $6. 15. The corresponding costs for immediately preceding years were $5.65 (52/1-4), $4.82 (51/2-4), and $4.28 (50/1^). The cost per the four issues received by each member thus equals ($6.15 x 4 =) $24.60, which is $4.60 more than our regular dues. There were 256 regular members at last count. The thirty-eight student members each received a subsidy of $14.60. There were twenty-five sustaining members at $25. Libraries pay a $30 subscription. It should be pointed out, however, that most library subscriptions are not paid directly but via an agency, which lowers the yield to us to about $27.50. The cost per page of SS, 53/1-4 was 516 pages multiplied by 1,100 divided into expenses of $27,073.53 = $0.048 compared with last year's figure of $0.046. Our expenses were greater in part because we printed twentyfive more pages in Volume 53 than the 491 in Volume 52.
Whereas there was an increase of $10,161.44 over expenditures during the 1973-1974 fiscal year, w... more Whereas there was an increase of $10,161.44 over expenditures during the 1973-1974 fiscal year, we have a surplus of just $6,189.25 for FY 1974-1975. When we take into consideration the fact that only three issues of SS were paid for during the past FY, then the surplus for 1974-1975 looks even less substantial. The latest number of 55, 46/4, cost $4270.34, so it can be assumed that 47/1 (which would normally have come during this FY) will take about four thousand dollars, leaving us with an effective surplus of around $2000 for 1974-1975.
This year must be characterized as a slight retreat financially from last year's position. Al... more This year must be characterized as a slight retreat financially from last year's position. Although our gross income increased from $18,992.09 to $26,246.41, a gain of $7,254.32, we suffered a net decrease in total funds of $995.75. Furthermore, two generous grants are included in our receipts for this year. We are extremely grateful to the Government of Finland for a grant of $2,803.08 given in support of the Society and of SS. The Sekretariat for nordisk samarbejde in Copenhagen contributed $3,098.45 towards the $5,185.87 expended for the production of the supplement to SS, the bibliography for 1973-1974. A better comparison with last year's income which included no grants would thus be to use the figure of $20,344.88 from "ordinary income" derived from memberships, subscriptions, advertising, and sales. The increase is a modest $1,352.79. The expenditures for publication of 55 and the supplement are summarized on an accompanying table. The cost per unit for the four annual issues of SS was $4.69, compared with $3.51 in last year's report and $2.91 for 1973-1974. In FY 1975-1976 the cost of printing was $0.0358 per page. Last year's figure was $0.0283, and for 1973-1974 it was $0.03 per page. Printing expenses have risen. For the first time, the four issues of 55 (4 X $4.69 = $18.76) cost more than the regular membership dues of $15.00. With the supplement, the cost per member was $21.70. This year the Society subsidized each student member by $14.20 and each regular member by $6.70. We gained only $3.30 per library subscription. (See last year's report in SS 47/3.) This year's major financial move was the transfer of some funds from the checking account to certificates of deposit, as approved at the business meeting in Madison last year. We now have three $5,000.00 certificates, one for one year, one for four years, and one for six years. These accounts gain more than regular savings and can be "rolled over" in sequence to provide access to at least $5,000.00 plus interest per annum. In addition we currently have $14,371.13 in regular savings which can be drawn on at any time.
... imaginings. His insistence on the importance of 'field runology&... more ... imaginings. His insistence on the importance of 'field runology', of examining and understanding relationships between artefact and text, has also significantly increased the rigour of a discipline, too easily confined to 'desk runology'. ...
Although important insights have been gained by comparing small amounts of data from disparate so... more Although important insights have been gained by comparing small amounts of data from disparate sources, linguistic generalizations are unlikely to prove valid when based on data whose synchronic status is not well-defined. As a case in point, the recent proposal by Koutsoudas, Sanders & Noll 1974 for universal principles of grammatical rule ordering is here shown to be insufficient, from their own data and on the basis of phonological rules derived from a thorough synchronic analysis of Old Icelandic. It is maintained that a proposal can have positive empirical consequences only if it imposes no conditions to eliminate extrinsic ordering from a grammar.* Many valuable theoretical insights have been gained by comparing linguistic processes obtaining in various dialects and/or languages. Generalizations drawn from such diverse sources can be fruitful; but it must not be imagined that universals or even useful generalizations can always be derived from the comparison of isolated phenomena. Any putative generalization must be carefully checked against a deep analysis of the linguistic data. Even the very processes taken from various languages for comparative purposes cannot be established without a thorough understanding of the languages in question. It is obvious that the proper description of data will proceed as linguistic theory develops. One of the features of a developing science is that the theory must often precede total description. Theories are proposed, and predictions made, to be confirmed by later investigations. In the case of linguistic science, however, many linguists have neglected the available internal facts of a particular language, and thus many theoretical principles are based on tenuous statements from individual languages. We maintain that some recent attempts at establishing universals are flawed by just this internal weakness. We demonstrate this point by showing the consequences of the recent proposal by Koutsoudas, Sanders & Noll 1974 to amend linguistic theory by a set of principles which, they claim, have universal validity. We contend that KSN's principles are intractable when applied to a complex and cohesive body of data. Their putative universals are derived from the comparison of small portions of various languages: phenomena from the Schaffhausen and Kesswil dialects of Swiss German, Southern Paiute, English, French, Low German, Finnish, Uruguayan Spanish, and others. Such selective and shallow gleanings do not necessarily contribute to the proof of universality. In ?1, below, we investigate KSN's claim that their proposal on ordering renders all extrinsic ordering statements unnecessary. In ?2, we evaluate the arguments presented in their article, and conclude that KSN offer insufficient evidence for the inclusion of their principles in linguistic theory. In ?3, we demonstrate the degree * We would like to thank Jay Keyser, Robin Cooper, and Emmon Bach for helpful comments arising from discussion concerning aspects of this paper. We alone, however, are responsible for any errors in fact or analysis. 611
The book is divided into three major sections with some excursuses. The first section is on runic... more The book is divided into three major sections with some excursuses. The first section is on runic inscriptions as a source for early Norse, the second is on syllable division and i-umlaut in Germanic, and the third is on the earliest distinctions among Germanic languages. In his ...
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Linguistic Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language.
Excluding interest our income this year was $18,990.30. Our expenses for services performed by Al... more Excluding interest our income this year was $18,990.30. Our expenses for services performed by Allen Press were $27,073.53. On that account we can say that our ordinary income failed to match our expenses by $8,083.23. Our income including interest was $22,496.88. Total expenses were $28,051.95. On the basis of totals, we see that we lost $5,555.07 on operations this year. A comparison of total assets in FY 1982 vs. 1981 indicates a decrease of $6,232.94, the real extent to which we are depleting our capital. The cost of producing SCANDINAVIAN STUDIES (which includes ancillary expenses involved in processing memberships, mailing, etc.) was $27,073.53 for volume 53/1-4. The cost per copy is that sum divided by the total print run of 4,400 copies = $6. 15. The corresponding costs for immediately preceding years were $5.65 (52/1-4), $4.82 (51/2-4), and $4.28 (50/1^). The cost per the four issues received by each member thus equals ($6.15 x 4 =) $24.60, which is $4.60 more than our regular dues. There were 256 regular members at last count. The thirty-eight student members each received a subsidy of $14.60. There were twenty-five sustaining members at $25. Libraries pay a $30 subscription. It should be pointed out, however, that most library subscriptions are not paid directly but via an agency, which lowers the yield to us to about $27.50. The cost per page of SS, 53/1-4 was 516 pages multiplied by 1,100 divided into expenses of $27,073.53 = $0.048 compared with last year's figure of $0.046. Our expenses were greater in part because we printed twentyfive more pages in Volume 53 than the 491 in Volume 52.
Whereas there was an increase of $10,161.44 over expenditures during the 1973-1974 fiscal year, w... more Whereas there was an increase of $10,161.44 over expenditures during the 1973-1974 fiscal year, we have a surplus of just $6,189.25 for FY 1974-1975. When we take into consideration the fact that only three issues of SS were paid for during the past FY, then the surplus for 1974-1975 looks even less substantial. The latest number of 55, 46/4, cost $4270.34, so it can be assumed that 47/1 (which would normally have come during this FY) will take about four thousand dollars, leaving us with an effective surplus of around $2000 for 1974-1975.
This year must be characterized as a slight retreat financially from last year's position. Al... more This year must be characterized as a slight retreat financially from last year's position. Although our gross income increased from $18,992.09 to $26,246.41, a gain of $7,254.32, we suffered a net decrease in total funds of $995.75. Furthermore, two generous grants are included in our receipts for this year. We are extremely grateful to the Government of Finland for a grant of $2,803.08 given in support of the Society and of SS. The Sekretariat for nordisk samarbejde in Copenhagen contributed $3,098.45 towards the $5,185.87 expended for the production of the supplement to SS, the bibliography for 1973-1974. A better comparison with last year's income which included no grants would thus be to use the figure of $20,344.88 from "ordinary income" derived from memberships, subscriptions, advertising, and sales. The increase is a modest $1,352.79. The expenditures for publication of 55 and the supplement are summarized on an accompanying table. The cost per unit for the four annual issues of SS was $4.69, compared with $3.51 in last year's report and $2.91 for 1973-1974. In FY 1975-1976 the cost of printing was $0.0358 per page. Last year's figure was $0.0283, and for 1973-1974 it was $0.03 per page. Printing expenses have risen. For the first time, the four issues of 55 (4 X $4.69 = $18.76) cost more than the regular membership dues of $15.00. With the supplement, the cost per member was $21.70. This year the Society subsidized each student member by $14.20 and each regular member by $6.70. We gained only $3.30 per library subscription. (See last year's report in SS 47/3.) This year's major financial move was the transfer of some funds from the checking account to certificates of deposit, as approved at the business meeting in Madison last year. We now have three $5,000.00 certificates, one for one year, one for four years, and one for six years. These accounts gain more than regular savings and can be "rolled over" in sequence to provide access to at least $5,000.00 plus interest per annum. In addition we currently have $14,371.13 in regular savings which can be drawn on at any time.
... imaginings. His insistence on the importance of 'field runology&... more ... imaginings. His insistence on the importance of 'field runology', of examining and understanding relationships between artefact and text, has also significantly increased the rigour of a discipline, too easily confined to 'desk runology'. ...
Although important insights have been gained by comparing small amounts of data from disparate so... more Although important insights have been gained by comparing small amounts of data from disparate sources, linguistic generalizations are unlikely to prove valid when based on data whose synchronic status is not well-defined. As a case in point, the recent proposal by Koutsoudas, Sanders & Noll 1974 for universal principles of grammatical rule ordering is here shown to be insufficient, from their own data and on the basis of phonological rules derived from a thorough synchronic analysis of Old Icelandic. It is maintained that a proposal can have positive empirical consequences only if it imposes no conditions to eliminate extrinsic ordering from a grammar.* Many valuable theoretical insights have been gained by comparing linguistic processes obtaining in various dialects and/or languages. Generalizations drawn from such diverse sources can be fruitful; but it must not be imagined that universals or even useful generalizations can always be derived from the comparison of isolated phenomena. Any putative generalization must be carefully checked against a deep analysis of the linguistic data. Even the very processes taken from various languages for comparative purposes cannot be established without a thorough understanding of the languages in question. It is obvious that the proper description of data will proceed as linguistic theory develops. One of the features of a developing science is that the theory must often precede total description. Theories are proposed, and predictions made, to be confirmed by later investigations. In the case of linguistic science, however, many linguists have neglected the available internal facts of a particular language, and thus many theoretical principles are based on tenuous statements from individual languages. We maintain that some recent attempts at establishing universals are flawed by just this internal weakness. We demonstrate this point by showing the consequences of the recent proposal by Koutsoudas, Sanders & Noll 1974 to amend linguistic theory by a set of principles which, they claim, have universal validity. We contend that KSN's principles are intractable when applied to a complex and cohesive body of data. Their putative universals are derived from the comparison of small portions of various languages: phenomena from the Schaffhausen and Kesswil dialects of Swiss German, Southern Paiute, English, French, Low German, Finnish, Uruguayan Spanish, and others. Such selective and shallow gleanings do not necessarily contribute to the proof of universality. In ?1, below, we investigate KSN's claim that their proposal on ordering renders all extrinsic ordering statements unnecessary. In ?2, we evaluate the arguments presented in their article, and conclude that KSN offer insufficient evidence for the inclusion of their principles in linguistic theory. In ?3, we demonstrate the degree * We would like to thank Jay Keyser, Robin Cooper, and Emmon Bach for helpful comments arising from discussion concerning aspects of this paper. We alone, however, are responsible for any errors in fact or analysis. 611
The book is divided into three major sections with some excursuses. The first section is on runic... more The book is divided into three major sections with some excursuses. The first section is on runic inscriptions as a source for early Norse, the second is on syllable division and i-umlaut in Germanic, and the third is on the earliest distinctions among Germanic languages. In his ...
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