Carrie Shaw

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Carrie A. Shaw (nee Leonard) completed her PhD at the University of Lethbridge in 2018, and then served as the Project Manager for the AGRI National Project (ANP) “Gambling and Problem Gambling in Canada: A National Study” until 2021. She is now the Senior Researcher at the Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming at the University of Gibraltar. Her research interests include cognitive and social individual differences, the role those individual difference factors play in erroneous belief formation and the role of erroneous beliefs in maladaptive behaviours such as problem gambling.

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Andrej Dujella

University of Zagreb

Hemin Koyi

Uppsala University

Jana Javornik

University of East London

Graham Martin

University of Leicester

Gwen Robbins Schug

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso

University of Salamanca

John Sutton

Macquarie University

Eros Carvalho

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Kevin Arbuckle

Swansea University

Jesper Hoffmeyer

University of Copenhagen

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Papers by Carrie Shaw

Understanding Gambling: Mechanisms and Predictors: Alberta Gambling Research Institute's 15th Annual Conference

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Characteristics That Differentiate Online From Land-based Gamblers: Results From A National Longitudinal Study of Gambling

Journal of Gambling Issues, Dec 31, 2022

Canadians With Problem Gambling: Relative Popularity and Helpfulness of Treatment Options

The Canadian Journal of Addiction, Nov 30, 2023

Predictors of problem gambling remission in adults: A Canadian longitudinal study

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

Objective: Remission from problem gambling (PG) continues to be a priority of clinicians and rese... more Objective: Remission from problem gambling (PG) continues to be a priority of clinicians and researchers. Data from cross-sectional studies indicate that some correlates are more predictive of PG, and existing longitudinal studies have exclusively examined risk factors that predict emergence of PG. This study&#39;s objective is to fill in the remaining pieces of the puzzle by identifying factors that might facilitate remission from PG. Method: A stratified sample of 10,199 Canadian adult gamblers were recruited from an online panel. Respondents who screened positively for PG at baseline and completed a follow-up assessment 1 year later (n = 468) were assessed on a series of modifiable gambling, psychosocial, mental health, and substance use variables. A forward stepwise logistic regression was conducted to identify the strongest predictors of remission from PG at follow-up. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression was also conducted to confirm the most relevant predictors. Results: Out of 75 candidate variables, 10 were retained by the regression model. Two were related to cessation of specific gambling activities, two were related to gambling motivations, two were psychosocial in nature, two were related to substance use while gambling, and one was related to remission from a mental health disorder. The final and strongest predictor was PG severity at baseline. Conclusions: Although PG remission predictors were mostly gambling-related, psychosocial aspects may also be targeted by stakeholders aiming to reduce PG. Ceasing to use tobacco while gambling and diversifying leisure activities may be promising targets. Other mental health and substance use predictors may still possibly be relevant, but only for a subset of people with PG. Public Health Significance Statement Gambling-related, psychosocial, and mental health variables predict remission from problem gambling 1 year later. Initial problem gambling severity is the strongest predictor of remission. Cessation of electronic gaming machine gambling and decreasing the frequency of tobacco use while gambling is associated with a higher likelihood of remission. Different predictors of remission may be identified when separating people who gamble into subgroups based on their biopsychosocial profiles.

Correlates of Gambling Behaviours Among Day Traders: Evidence from a National Study

Journal of gambling studies, May 14, 2024

Gambling in Canada During the Pandemic: 6 Months After the National COVID Lockdown

Canadian Journal of Addiction

Harm Minimization Training, Knowledge, and Behaviour of Canadian Casino Employees

Journal of Gambling Studies, Nov 29, 2022

Prevalence and predictors of illegal gambling in Canada

International Gambling Studies

Cognitive Factors that Predict Gambling Fallacy Endorsement

Journal of Gambling Studies

Alberta Gambling Research Institute Conference 2020: Freedom, Justice and Sovereignty in Gaming

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Predictors of gambling and problem gambling in Victoria, Australia

PLOS ONE, 2019

In 2016, the gambling habits of a sample of 3361 adults in the state of Victoria, Australia, were... more In 2016, the gambling habits of a sample of 3361 adults in the state of Victoria, Australia, were surveyed. It was found that a number of factors that were highly correlated with selfreported gambling frequency and gambling problems were not significant predictors of gambling frequency and problem gambling. The major predictors of gambling frequency were the degree to which family members and peers were perceived to gamble, self-reported approval of gambling, the frequency of discussing gambling offline, and the participant's Canadian Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) score. Age was a significant predictor of gambling frequency for certain types of gambling (e.g. buying lottery tickets). Approximately 91% of the explainable variance in the participant's PGSI score could be explained by just five predictors: Positive Urgency; Frequency of playing poker machines at pubs, hotels or sporting clubs; Participation in online discussions of betting on gaming tables at casinos; Frequency of gambling on the internet, and Overestimating the chances of winning. Based on these findings, suggestions are made as to how gambling-related harm can be reduced.

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Problem gambling severity, gambling behavior, substance use, and mental health in gamblers who do and do not use cannabis: Evidence from a Canadian national sample

Addictive Behaviors

Introduction: Cannabis use frequently co-occurs with gambling, and evidence indicates that both a... more Introduction: Cannabis use frequently co-occurs with gambling, and evidence indicates that both acute and chronic cannabis use may influence gambling behavior. The primary aim of the present study was to further contribute to the literature on this relationship by examining data collected from a Canadian national study of gambling. Methods: Respondents consisted of 10,054 Canadian gamblers recruited from Leger Opinion&#39;s (LEO) online panel. In this study, gamblers who used cannabis were compared with non-users across a number of gambling as well as demographic and mental health variables. Results: Of the total sample, 25.4 % reported past 12-month cannabis use. Among the 2,553 cannabis-users, 21.3 % reported daily use, and 69.9 % reported using once a month or more. A total of 56.2 % indicated they had used cannabis while gambling in the past 12 months. Bivariate analysis found significant differences between cannabis use and non-use on numerous demographic, mental health, and gambling-related variables. Individuals with greater problem gambling severity scores, more hours gambling, and a larger range of gambling activities were more likely to endorse using cannabis. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed that tobacco use, and having experienced significant child abuse were predictors of cannabis use. Non-use of cannabis was associated with older age, less engagement in online gambling, and being less likely to consume alcohol. Conclusion: The present findings both corroborate previous studies and expand upon the relationship between cannabis and gambling.

Etiology of problem gambling in Canada

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

The psychological consequences of the ecological crisis: Three new questionnaires to assess eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, and ecological grief

Climate Risk Management

Making Change: Attempts to Reduce or Stop Gambling in a General Population Sample of People Who Gamble

Frontiers in Psychiatry

ObjectiveThis study examined past year attempts to reduce or quit gambling among people who gambl... more ObjectiveThis study examined past year attempts to reduce or quit gambling among people who gamble generally and those with gambling problems specifically.MethodsRegular gamblers recruited from an online panel (N = 10,054) completed a survey of gambling, mental health and substance use comorbidity and attempts to reduce or quit gambling. The sample was weighted to match the gambling and demographic profile for the same subsample (i.e., past month gamblers) in a recent Canadian national survey.Results5.7% reported that they tried to cutback or stop gambling in the past year. As predicted, individuals making a change attempt had greater levels of problem gambling severity and were more likely to have a gambling problem. Of individuals with problem gambling, 59.8% made a change attempt. Of those, 90.2% indicated that they did this primarily on their own, and 7.7% accessed formal or informal treatment. Most people attempting self- change indicated that this was a personal preference (55...

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Gambling and Problem Gambling in Canada in 2018: Prevalence and Changes Since 2002

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide an updated profile of gambling and problem ga... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide an updated profile of gambling and problem gambling in Canada and to examine how the rates and pattern of participation compare to 2002. Method: An assessment of gambling and problem gambling was included in the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey and administered to 24,982 individuals aged 15 and older. The present analyses selected for adults (18+). Results: A total of 66.2% of people reported engaging in some type of gambling in 2018, primarily lottery and/or raffle tickets, the only type in which the majority of Canadians participate. There are some significant interprovincial differences, with perhaps the most important one being the higher rate of electronic gambling machine (EGM) participation in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The overall pattern of gambling in 2018 is very similar to 2002, although participation is generally much lower in 2018, particularly for EGMs and bingo. Only 0.6% of the population were identified as pr...

Prospective Memory, Personality, and Individual Differences

Frontiers in Psychology, 2013

A number of studies investigating the relationship between personality and prospective memory (Pr... more A number of studies investigating the relationship between personality and prospective memory (ProM) have appeared during the last decade. However, a review of these studies reveals little consistency in their findings and conclusions. To clarify the relationship between ProM and personality, we conducted two studies: a meta-analysis of prior research investigating the relationships between ProM and personality, and a study with 378 participants examining the relationships between ProM, personality, verbal intelligence, and retrospective memory. Our review of prior research revealed great variability in the measures used to assess ProM, and in the methodological quality of prior research; these two factors may partially explain inconsistent findings in the literature. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed very weak correlations (r s ranging from 0.09 to 0.10) between ProM and three of the Big Five factors: Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. Our experimental study showed that ProM performance was related to individual differences such as verbal intelligence as well as to personality factors and that the relationship between ProM and personality factors depends on the ProM subdomain. In combination, the two studies suggest that ProM performance is relatively weakly related to personality factors and more strongly related to individual differences in cognitive factors.

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Characteristics of Good Poker Players

Journal of Gambling Issues, 2015

Poker is characterized as a “mixed” game: a game that includes both skill and chance components. ... more Poker is characterized as a “mixed” game: a game that includes both skill and chance components. But what individual differences are characteristic of skilled poker players? No previous study has sought to evaluate the full scope of characteristics contributing to playing skill. The purpose of this study was to fill this void by attempting to comprehensively examining the individual characteristics associated with good poker players. Results from a sample of undergraduate students and community members (n = 100) showed that good players are more likely to be male, to have lower susceptibility to gambling fallacies, a greater tolerance for financial risk, superior social information processing skills, and less openness to aesthetic and imaginative experience. Evidence from this study also indicates that having sufficient levels of most of these attributes is more important for poker success than having exceptional strength in just one or two of these areas.

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Gambling fallacies: Predicting problem gambling in a national sample

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2021

Objective: The relationship between the level of gambling fallacy endorsement and type of gambler... more Objective: The relationship between the level of gambling fallacy endorsement and type of gambler (nongambler, recreational gambler, at-risk gambler, and problem/pathological gambler) was assessed both concurrently and prospectively in a large national cohort of Canadian adults. Method: This cohort (n = 10,199 at baseline; 18-24 years, n = 481, 43% female; 25-34 years, n = 1,335, 62% female; 35-44 years, n = 1,543, 55% female, 45-54 years, n = 1,985, 58% female; 55-64 years, n = 2,459, 55% female; 65-74 years, n = 1,865, 44% female, 75+ years, n = 531, 43% female) was recruited from LEO, Leger Opinion's registered online panelists. The follow-up survey was completed by 55.9% of the cohort, 1 year after baseline. The full survey can be viewed at https://www.ucalgary.ca/research/national-gambling-study/. For the current study, scores on the Gambling Fallacies Measure, the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure, Gambling Participation Instrument, and Impulsivity were analyzed. Results: There were three main findings. The first is that gambling fallacies are common in all categories of gamblers but somewhat more prevalent in problem and pathological gamblers. Second, the multivariate analysis determined that gambling fallacies are significant concurrent and prospective predictors of the problem/pathological gambling category, but not strong predictors relative to other variables. Third, problem gambling and heavier gambling involvement are also predictors of a future higher level of gambling fallacies. Conclusions: Collectively, these results show that gambling fallacies have some etiological relationship to problem gambling but are not the main cause of problem gambling and should not be the exclusive focus of problem gambling treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Fallacious beliefs: Gambling specific and belief in the paranormal

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 2018

Marcel, Rokelle, and Jaden -I dedicate this work to you. Marcel, this path started with your enco... more Marcel, Rokelle, and Jaden -I dedicate this work to you. Marcel, this path started with your encouragement ("If that's what you want to do, what are you waiting for?"), and your continued support has helped make the realization of my goals possible. Marcel, you continue to be my pillar and my partner, and I am so grateful to you. Rokelle, my ultimate cheerleader, you exemplify the quote: "It is not how many times you get knocked down that counts, it is how many times you get back up". Your unwavering optimism as you continue to 'get back up' is an inspiration to me. Jaden, too many times to count you've said: "I got this mom", you do "have it" and I couldn't be more proud of you. You are calm in all types of storms and take on adventures that I would never have dreamed of. Both of these attributes I admire, and aspire to. All of these things and more, I thank each of you for.

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Understanding Gambling: Mechanisms and Predictors: Alberta Gambling Research Institute's 15th Annual Conference

Download

Characteristics That Differentiate Online From Land-based Gamblers: Results From A National Longitudinal Study of Gambling

Journal of Gambling Issues, Dec 31, 2022

Canadians With Problem Gambling: Relative Popularity and Helpfulness of Treatment Options

The Canadian Journal of Addiction, Nov 30, 2023

Predictors of problem gambling remission in adults: A Canadian longitudinal study

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors