FIGURE 2. BEAST chronogram of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex. Black dots represent nodes su... more FIGURE 2. BEAST chronogram of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex. Black dots represent nodes supported by PP of 0.95 and UFboot of 95 and above. Gray dots are nodes having only UFboot of 95 and above. Red branches framed by dates in mya delimit the time frames within which transformations from granite forest ancestors gave rise to karst ecosystem ancestors. Red circles delimit the most inclusive descendent lineages of those transformations.
Los listados de especies, claves de identificación y descripción de especies no conocidas para la... more Los listados de especies, claves de identificación y descripción de especies no conocidas para la ciencia son elementos básicos para la investigación y conservación de la fauna de una región. Sorprendentemente, la herpetofauna aun no está muy bien investigada en el departamento de Lima a pesar que concentra el mayor número de centros de investigación en biología y es donde se ha experimentado la mayor expansión urbana con modificación y destrucción de sus hábitats naturales. En particular, los estudios taxonómicos y nuevos registros de distribución para los anfibios y reptiles del departamento de Lima han recibido relativamente poca atención en los últimos años.
Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius son los dos únicos géneros reconocidos de Telmatobiinae presentes e... more Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius son los dos únicos géneros reconocidos de Telmatobiinae presentes en los Andes centrales. Las especies de ambos géneros presentan adaptaciones para la vida en la altitud de los Andes siendo de hábitos acuáticos o semiacuáticos en bofedales, riachuelos, lagunas o lagos altoandinos. Este estudio presenta las relaciones filogenéticas entre Batrachophrynus y 13 especies de Telmatobius utilizando caracteres morfológicos larvales y adultos, incluyendo caracteres diagnósticos para Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius, y las sinapomorfías sugeridas para Telmatobius. El análisis filogenético dio como resultado 20 árboles igualmente parsimoniosos con una longitud de 56 pasos. Batrachophrynus forma un grupo monofilético anidado dentro del clado de Telmatobius. En este estudio, la mayoría de sinapomorfías que sustentan a Telmatobius (incluyendo a Batrachophrynus) provienen de la morfología larval y estas sinapomorfías probablemente soporten a todo el género
Research and conservation of biodiversity in Peru: importance of using modern techniques and effi... more Research and conservation of biodiversity in Peru: importance of using modern techniques and efficient administrative processes
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Anfibios... more Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Anfibios andinos del Perú fuera de Áreas Naturales Protegidas
Morphological variation of Telmatobius atahualpai (Anura: Telmatobiidae) with comments on its phy... more Morphological variation of Telmatobius atahualpai (Anura: Telmatobiidae) with comments on its phylogenetic relationships and synapomorphies for the genus. Telmatobius atahualpai was described on the basis of a subadult female and three juveniles. A new diagnosis and a description of the adult skeleton of specimens from two localities are provided. We also comment on synapomorphies of the genus and on possible phylogenetic relationships of T. atahualpai with other members of the genus.
FIGURE 6. Distribution map for Phymaturus loboi sp. nov. and all species and candidate species of... more FIGURE 6. Distribution map for Phymaturus loboi sp. nov. and all species and candidate species of the vociferator clade. Red star: P. loboi (formerly known as P. sp. 2), Maule Lagoon, type locality. Light orange star: P. loboi (formerly known as P. sp. 6), Near Domuyo Volcano. Green square: P. damasense (Termas del Flaco and Planchón). Black square: P. maulense (Lircay). White diamond: P. vociferator (Los Barros). Green diamond: P. dorsimaculatus (Copahue). Black diamond: P. sp. 3 (Near Loncopue). Blue diamond: P. sp. 4 (Near El Cholar). Black pentagon: P. sp. 5 (Near Epulafquen).
FIGURE 3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results. On the left, ellipses representing the 95% ... more FIGURE 3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results. On the left, ellipses representing the 95% confidence interval around the centroid for each species. On the right, contribution of each variable to PCs.
FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference of all genes consensus tree (cyt-b, 12S, CMOS and PNN), showing phyl... more FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference of all genes consensus tree (cyt-b, 12S, CMOS and PNN), showing phylogenetic relationships of Phymaturus palluma group and P. payuniae clade. Left values on nodes indicate the posterior probabilities (in percentage). Bootstrap values of the congruent clades found in the ML (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) are also shown on nodes. A = P. vociferator clade, B = P. roigorum-verdugo clade and C = P. mallimaccii clade. Outgroup (Liolaemus monticola) not shown.
FIGURE 1. Bayesian mitochondrial consensus tree (cyt-b and 12S), showing phylogenetic relationshi... more FIGURE 1. Bayesian mitochondrial consensus tree (cyt-b and 12S), showing phylogenetic relationships of Phymaturus palluma group and P. payuniae clade. Left values on nodes indicate the posterior probabilities (in percentage). Bootstrap values of the congruent clades found in the ML (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) are also shown on nodes. A = P. vociferator clade, B = P. roigorum-verdugo clade and C = P. mallimaccii clade. Outgroup (Liolaemus monticola) not shown.
Subsequent to the Miocene (approximately 35 Mya), Borneo has served as an insular refuge and a so... more Subsequent to the Miocene (approximately 35 Mya), Borneo has served as an insular refuge and a source of colonization for a broad range of species emigrating to others parts of Sundaland. A phylogeny-based historical biogeographical hypothesis for the Stream Toad genus Ansonia supports multiple instances of an out-of-Borneo scenario. An ancestral range estimation indicates that in situ speciation of Ansonia on the island of Borneo during the Late Miocene and Pliocene (approximately 2-13 Mya) eventually resulted in an invasion of the Philippines, Sumatra, and two independent invasions of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. When collecting material for the biogeographical analysis, a new species of Ansonia, Ansonia khaochangensis sp. nov. was discovered in a limestone cave from the Khao Chang karst tower in Phangnga Province, in southern Thailand. Ansonia khaochangensis sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other species of Ansonia by having a unique combination of morphological and colour pattern characteristics. Phylogenetic evidence based on the mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S indicates that it is nested within a clade of other species distributed north of the Isthmus of Kra. The cave lifestyle of this new species is a unique and a significant departure from lotic environments common to most other species of Ansonia. The reproductive biology of this species is unknown.
A new medium-sized species of leptodactylid frog, genus Phrynopus is described from the eastern A... more A new medium-sized species of leptodactylid frog, genus Phrynopus is described from the eastern Andean slopes of central Peru (Departamento de Huanuco, Cordillera de Carpish, 2960m above sea level). The new species differs from all described species of the genus by having long and slim extremities, dorsum and ventrum dark grey, throat with a large yellowish mustard blotch, each side
Phrynopus kauneorum was described as a medium-sized species with snout-vent length up to 32.3mm i... more Phrynopus kauneorum was described as a medium-sized species with snout-vent length up to 32.3mm in females. Further adult female specimens of P. kauneorum, collected near the type locality (palma Pampa, Provincia Pachitea, Departamento Huanuco, Peru) show that it is a large species with a snout-vent length up to 56.4mm and the largest known species of the genus. P. kauneorum has
A new species of Gastrotheca from the southern end of the Cordillera Azul in Peru seems to be mos... more A new species of Gastrotheca from the southern end of the Cordillera Azul in Peru seems to be most closely related to G. lateollota known only from the Cordillera Huancabamba in northern Peru. Both of these species and G. marsupiata, monticola and perumw produce tadpoles, whereas the other species of Gastrotheea in Peruvian Andes have direct development.
A New species of marsupial frog, Gastrotheca, with prominent cranial crests is described from hum... more A New species of marsupial frog, Gastrotheca, with prominent cranial crests is described from humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Departmento de Pasco, Peru. The frog ahs an exceedingly robust cranium that most closely resembles that of G. cornuta; however, the cranial crests of G. cornuta are less well developed, and less obvious externally, than
Integrative taxonomy (IT) is becoming a preferred approach to delimiting species boundaries by in... more Integrative taxonomy (IT) is becoming a preferred approach to delimiting species boundaries by including different empirical criteria. IT methods can be divided into two types of procedures both of which use multiple kinds of evidence: step-by-step approaches test hypotheses by sequential evaluation in a hypothetic-deductive framework, while model-based procedures delimit groups based on statistical information criteria. In this study we used a step-by-step approach and a Gaussian clustering (GC) method to test species boundaries in the northernmost species of the Liolaemus montanus group. We used different methods based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, morphological measures and niche envelope variables. In contrast with GC, our step-by-step approach shows that one Andean population (Abra Apacheta) previously considered part of L. melanogaster, is actually nested within another clade; another Andean species, L. thomasi, is equivocally shown to be either a distinct species or conspecific with L. ortizi; and an additional Andean population (Abra Toccto) is delimited by concordance among most lines of evidence and different methods as a distinct lineage. However, one of the oldest and low-elevation populations (Nazca) is strongly delimited by all data sets and IT procedures as a new lineage distinct from any currently recognized species.
Species delimitation in Phymaturus has been a difficult task due to the highly conserved morpholo... more Species delimitation in Phymaturus has been a difficult task due to the highly conserved morphological and ecological features present in this genus. Almost all species of Phymaturus have been described without DNA data or lacking statistical analyses which makes even more difficult to compare species. Although two molecular phylogenetic studies have been recently published, here we provide the first multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction including all Chilean species, with samples from all type localities and some previously unsampled populations. We also estimate pairwise distances among the Chilean species of Phymaturus (P. vociferator and P. mallimaccii clades) and compare our results with the P. payuniae clade, where previous studies have used multiple lines of evidence. Additionally, we performed univariate and multivariate morphological analyses and skeletal comparisons (clavicle) for the species of the P. vociferator clade. As a result of this integrative approach, we descri...
FIGURE 2. BEAST chronogram of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex. Black dots represent nodes su... more FIGURE 2. BEAST chronogram of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex. Black dots represent nodes supported by PP of 0.95 and UFboot of 95 and above. Gray dots are nodes having only UFboot of 95 and above. Red branches framed by dates in mya delimit the time frames within which transformations from granite forest ancestors gave rise to karst ecosystem ancestors. Red circles delimit the most inclusive descendent lineages of those transformations.
Los listados de especies, claves de identificación y descripción de especies no conocidas para la... more Los listados de especies, claves de identificación y descripción de especies no conocidas para la ciencia son elementos básicos para la investigación y conservación de la fauna de una región. Sorprendentemente, la herpetofauna aun no está muy bien investigada en el departamento de Lima a pesar que concentra el mayor número de centros de investigación en biología y es donde se ha experimentado la mayor expansión urbana con modificación y destrucción de sus hábitats naturales. En particular, los estudios taxonómicos y nuevos registros de distribución para los anfibios y reptiles del departamento de Lima han recibido relativamente poca atención en los últimos años.
Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius son los dos únicos géneros reconocidos de Telmatobiinae presentes e... more Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius son los dos únicos géneros reconocidos de Telmatobiinae presentes en los Andes centrales. Las especies de ambos géneros presentan adaptaciones para la vida en la altitud de los Andes siendo de hábitos acuáticos o semiacuáticos en bofedales, riachuelos, lagunas o lagos altoandinos. Este estudio presenta las relaciones filogenéticas entre Batrachophrynus y 13 especies de Telmatobius utilizando caracteres morfológicos larvales y adultos, incluyendo caracteres diagnósticos para Batrachophrynus y Telmatobius, y las sinapomorfías sugeridas para Telmatobius. El análisis filogenético dio como resultado 20 árboles igualmente parsimoniosos con una longitud de 56 pasos. Batrachophrynus forma un grupo monofilético anidado dentro del clado de Telmatobius. En este estudio, la mayoría de sinapomorfías que sustentan a Telmatobius (incluyendo a Batrachophrynus) provienen de la morfología larval y estas sinapomorfías probablemente soporten a todo el género
Research and conservation of biodiversity in Peru: importance of using modern techniques and effi... more Research and conservation of biodiversity in Peru: importance of using modern techniques and efficient administrative processes
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Anfibios... more Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Anfibios andinos del Perú fuera de Áreas Naturales Protegidas
Morphological variation of Telmatobius atahualpai (Anura: Telmatobiidae) with comments on its phy... more Morphological variation of Telmatobius atahualpai (Anura: Telmatobiidae) with comments on its phylogenetic relationships and synapomorphies for the genus. Telmatobius atahualpai was described on the basis of a subadult female and three juveniles. A new diagnosis and a description of the adult skeleton of specimens from two localities are provided. We also comment on synapomorphies of the genus and on possible phylogenetic relationships of T. atahualpai with other members of the genus.
FIGURE 6. Distribution map for Phymaturus loboi sp. nov. and all species and candidate species of... more FIGURE 6. Distribution map for Phymaturus loboi sp. nov. and all species and candidate species of the vociferator clade. Red star: P. loboi (formerly known as P. sp. 2), Maule Lagoon, type locality. Light orange star: P. loboi (formerly known as P. sp. 6), Near Domuyo Volcano. Green square: P. damasense (Termas del Flaco and Planchón). Black square: P. maulense (Lircay). White diamond: P. vociferator (Los Barros). Green diamond: P. dorsimaculatus (Copahue). Black diamond: P. sp. 3 (Near Loncopue). Blue diamond: P. sp. 4 (Near El Cholar). Black pentagon: P. sp. 5 (Near Epulafquen).
FIGURE 3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results. On the left, ellipses representing the 95% ... more FIGURE 3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results. On the left, ellipses representing the 95% confidence interval around the centroid for each species. On the right, contribution of each variable to PCs.
FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference of all genes consensus tree (cyt-b, 12S, CMOS and PNN), showing phyl... more FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference of all genes consensus tree (cyt-b, 12S, CMOS and PNN), showing phylogenetic relationships of Phymaturus palluma group and P. payuniae clade. Left values on nodes indicate the posterior probabilities (in percentage). Bootstrap values of the congruent clades found in the ML (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) are also shown on nodes. A = P. vociferator clade, B = P. roigorum-verdugo clade and C = P. mallimaccii clade. Outgroup (Liolaemus monticola) not shown.
FIGURE 1. Bayesian mitochondrial consensus tree (cyt-b and 12S), showing phylogenetic relationshi... more FIGURE 1. Bayesian mitochondrial consensus tree (cyt-b and 12S), showing phylogenetic relationships of Phymaturus palluma group and P. payuniae clade. Left values on nodes indicate the posterior probabilities (in percentage). Bootstrap values of the congruent clades found in the ML (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) are also shown on nodes. A = P. vociferator clade, B = P. roigorum-verdugo clade and C = P. mallimaccii clade. Outgroup (Liolaemus monticola) not shown.
Subsequent to the Miocene (approximately 35 Mya), Borneo has served as an insular refuge and a so... more Subsequent to the Miocene (approximately 35 Mya), Borneo has served as an insular refuge and a source of colonization for a broad range of species emigrating to others parts of Sundaland. A phylogeny-based historical biogeographical hypothesis for the Stream Toad genus Ansonia supports multiple instances of an out-of-Borneo scenario. An ancestral range estimation indicates that in situ speciation of Ansonia on the island of Borneo during the Late Miocene and Pliocene (approximately 2-13 Mya) eventually resulted in an invasion of the Philippines, Sumatra, and two independent invasions of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. When collecting material for the biogeographical analysis, a new species of Ansonia, Ansonia khaochangensis sp. nov. was discovered in a limestone cave from the Khao Chang karst tower in Phangnga Province, in southern Thailand. Ansonia khaochangensis sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other species of Ansonia by having a unique combination of morphological and colour pattern characteristics. Phylogenetic evidence based on the mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S indicates that it is nested within a clade of other species distributed north of the Isthmus of Kra. The cave lifestyle of this new species is a unique and a significant departure from lotic environments common to most other species of Ansonia. The reproductive biology of this species is unknown.
A new medium-sized species of leptodactylid frog, genus Phrynopus is described from the eastern A... more A new medium-sized species of leptodactylid frog, genus Phrynopus is described from the eastern Andean slopes of central Peru (Departamento de Huanuco, Cordillera de Carpish, 2960m above sea level). The new species differs from all described species of the genus by having long and slim extremities, dorsum and ventrum dark grey, throat with a large yellowish mustard blotch, each side
Phrynopus kauneorum was described as a medium-sized species with snout-vent length up to 32.3mm i... more Phrynopus kauneorum was described as a medium-sized species with snout-vent length up to 32.3mm in females. Further adult female specimens of P. kauneorum, collected near the type locality (palma Pampa, Provincia Pachitea, Departamento Huanuco, Peru) show that it is a large species with a snout-vent length up to 56.4mm and the largest known species of the genus. P. kauneorum has
A new species of Gastrotheca from the southern end of the Cordillera Azul in Peru seems to be mos... more A new species of Gastrotheca from the southern end of the Cordillera Azul in Peru seems to be most closely related to G. lateollota known only from the Cordillera Huancabamba in northern Peru. Both of these species and G. marsupiata, monticola and perumw produce tadpoles, whereas the other species of Gastrotheea in Peruvian Andes have direct development.
A New species of marsupial frog, Gastrotheca, with prominent cranial crests is described from hum... more A New species of marsupial frog, Gastrotheca, with prominent cranial crests is described from humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Departmento de Pasco, Peru. The frog ahs an exceedingly robust cranium that most closely resembles that of G. cornuta; however, the cranial crests of G. cornuta are less well developed, and less obvious externally, than
Integrative taxonomy (IT) is becoming a preferred approach to delimiting species boundaries by in... more Integrative taxonomy (IT) is becoming a preferred approach to delimiting species boundaries by including different empirical criteria. IT methods can be divided into two types of procedures both of which use multiple kinds of evidence: step-by-step approaches test hypotheses by sequential evaluation in a hypothetic-deductive framework, while model-based procedures delimit groups based on statistical information criteria. In this study we used a step-by-step approach and a Gaussian clustering (GC) method to test species boundaries in the northernmost species of the Liolaemus montanus group. We used different methods based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, morphological measures and niche envelope variables. In contrast with GC, our step-by-step approach shows that one Andean population (Abra Apacheta) previously considered part of L. melanogaster, is actually nested within another clade; another Andean species, L. thomasi, is equivocally shown to be either a distinct species or conspecific with L. ortizi; and an additional Andean population (Abra Toccto) is delimited by concordance among most lines of evidence and different methods as a distinct lineage. However, one of the oldest and low-elevation populations (Nazca) is strongly delimited by all data sets and IT procedures as a new lineage distinct from any currently recognized species.
Species delimitation in Phymaturus has been a difficult task due to the highly conserved morpholo... more Species delimitation in Phymaturus has been a difficult task due to the highly conserved morphological and ecological features present in this genus. Almost all species of Phymaturus have been described without DNA data or lacking statistical analyses which makes even more difficult to compare species. Although two molecular phylogenetic studies have been recently published, here we provide the first multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction including all Chilean species, with samples from all type localities and some previously unsampled populations. We also estimate pairwise distances among the Chilean species of Phymaturus (P. vociferator and P. mallimaccii clades) and compare our results with the P. payuniae clade, where previous studies have used multiple lines of evidence. Additionally, we performed univariate and multivariate morphological analyses and skeletal comparisons (clavicle) for the species of the P. vociferator clade. As a result of this integrative approach, we descri...
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