Deficiencies of iron and zinc are prevalent worldwide. Interactions between these micronutrients ... more Deficiencies of iron and zinc are prevalent worldwide. Interactions between these micronutrients therefore have important consequences, also for supplementation. To investigate effects on hemoglobin and zinc concentrations and interactions of iron and zinc supplementation in infants, data from 4 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam were pooled. Infants (n ¼ 2468), aged 4-6 mo, were supplemented daily with iron (10 mg) and/or zinc (10 mg) for 6 mo. At 3 sites, infants were given vitamin A capsules (VAC) at recruitment. Combined supplementation reduced prevalences of anemia by 21% (P , 0.01) and zinc deficiency by 10% (P , 0.05) but was less effective (P , 0.05) than supplementation with either iron (28% reduction in anemia) or zinc alone (18% reduction in zinc deficiency). Iron reduced the effect of zinc supplementation (interaction P , 0.01), but had no separate effect on zinc status, whereas zinc supplementation had a negative effect on hemoglobin concentrations (22.5 g/L, P , 0.001), independent of iron supplementation (P interaction ¼ 0.25). The effect of iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentrations was almost twice as large in boys than in girls (effect size 12.0 vs. 6.8 g/L, respectively). In infants not receiving iron, VAC administration tended to be associated with lower (3.2%, P ¼ 0.07) hemoglobin concentrations. Combined supplementation of iron and zinc was safe and effective in reducing the high prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies. Zinc supplementation may negatively affect iron status but iron supplementation does not seem to affect zinc status. Furthermore, VAC administration in the absence of iron supplementation may increase the incidence of anemia. J. Nutr. 137: 466-471, 2007.
BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to a higher incidence of low birthweight (L... more BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to a higher incidence of low birthweight (LBW). UNICEF/United Nations University/World Health Organization jointly proposed a formulation for a multiple micronutrient supplement for pregnant women, and several effectiveness trials were conducted to assess its impact.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving birth size, pregnancy outcome, and maternal micronutrient status in comparison with iron-folic acid supplementation.METHODS: We carried out a cluster-randomized, controlled trial in Indramayu, Indonesia, involving 843 pregnant women. Of these, 432 received multiple micronutrients and 411 received iron-folic acid. Fieldworkers visited the women daily to observe supplement consumption and record fetal loss and mortality.RESULTS: The mean number of supplements consumed during pregnancy and 30 days postpartum was high (136 in the group receiving multiple micronutrients and 140 in the iron-folic acid group). The women consumed the supplements on average 5 days per week. Although there were no significant differences between the groups in the percentage of infants with LBW there was a trend toward a lower incidence of LBW in the group receiving multiple micronutrients (6.3% vs. 7.3%), and the mean birthweight was 40 g higher in the group receiving multiple micronutrients than in the iron-folic acid group, although the difference was not significant. Among those who consumed 90 or more supplements during pregnancy, women taking multiple micronutrients had a 3.3% combined rate of miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death, as compared with 6.9% for those taking iron-folic acid only (p < .049). The anemia rates in the two groups were similar after supplementation, even though the amount of iron in the multiple micronutrient supplement was half that in the iron-folic acid supplement. Serum retinol was higher in the group receiving multiple micronutrients.CONCLUSIONS: Multivitamin supplementation use among pregnant women is as effective as iron-folic acid in improving anemia status and appears to have other benefits for maternal and child nutritional status.
Budi Utomo, in this paper explain that offshore drilling carried out to obtain crude oil through ... more Budi Utomo, in this paper explain that offshore drilling carried out to obtain crude oil through the oil wells. The means that must exist in the operation of offshore drilling is a bridge structure (plate form) as a place to put the drilling equipment. Known two kinds of platforms, that is platforms permanent (fixed) which stands on the feet of reinforced concrete, and the bridge is not fixed like swamp barges, drilling ship (floaters) and jack-up rig. Jack up rig is one of the offshore rigs that have the ability to elevation in accordance with a sea depth of drilling. Drilling equipment is a range of equipment that is prepared in such a way, so that such a drill rod, and all this equipment has a hole inside that allows for fluid or mud circulation.
Implementation of well completions enabling multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs to be produced by a s... more Implementation of well completions enabling multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs to be produced by a single well can save production cost and enhance recovery. Aiming at the characteristics of the three types of oil and gas reservoirs in the Jabung block in Indonesia, namely, gas cap oil-rim reservoirs, multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs, and heterogeneous multiple-sand reservoirs, this article puts forward optimized completion methods by using conventional technology and down-hole equipment. The new methods are able to develop multireservoir sands at the same time or successively without additional completion jobs. In addition, the novel completion enables water injection wells to selectively control injection and improve the recovery of hydrocarbons. The above strategies have been applied to different types of reservoirs, providing an effective mean for maximizing hydrocarbon recovery, controlling operating expenditures, and improving the overall benefit of development wells.
Budi Utomo, in paper sea chest: its role as suction hole sea water supply at boat exploitation ex... more Budi Utomo, in paper sea chest: its role as suction hole sea water supply at boat exploitation explain that on the steel ships or wooden ships that have inboard engine installation, use sea chest must needed. Sea chest has function as hole suction sea water to fullfill the need of the ship on its exploitation. Usually sea chest put surrounding engine room with seawater system that need, such cooling water system, cooling lubricating system in main engine and auxiliary engine, ballast system of the ship, fire extinguisher system etc. Installing sea chest put on two place that have differrent height, because variation of the deep waters that trought and must considered that sea chest still have function as hole suction sea water well, although situation of the ship asland until 22,5 degrees from vertical situation sea chest still work well and not absorb the air.
PIP: Data from the 1982 Jakarta Modular Survey were used to study the factors affecting the use a... more PIP: Data from the 1982 Jakarta Modular Survey were used to study the factors affecting the use and nonuse of contraception. Specific study objectives were: to present some characteristics of contraceptors and noncontraceptors; to identify the major factors affecting contraceptive ...
The effects of the damage of preserve forest will cause flooding in the rainy season, droughts du... more The effects of the damage of preserve forest will cause flooding in the rainy season, droughts during the dry season and disturbing watersheds within and outside the forest area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity of tree species, regeneration of stands and calculate the potential of forest stands in traditional mining, and preserve areas without mining. The method in this research is line, plot with 100 m length and a width of 20 m. Data analyzed by the Shannon-Winner's diversity index. The results showed that we obtained 18 plant species of traditional mining and had middle tree diversity. In contrest, preserve forest with out mining, we found 29 plant species with high tree diversity ((H '=3.02). The potential stands of the tree level in the former traditional mining preserve forest was 76.28 m 3 /ha, and in the preserve forest without mining was 925.53 m 3 /ha. Traditional mining in the preserve forest significantly influenced the density of vegetation according to the result of the Wilcoxon rank test.
Go to AGRIS search. Asian Population Studies Series (1986). Mortality and health issues. Mortalit... more Go to AGRIS search. Asian Population Studies Series (1986). Mortality and health issues. Mortality transition in Indonesia 1950-1980. ...
Poor feeding practices result in inadequate nutrient intakes in young children in developing coun... more Poor feeding practices result in inadequate nutrient intakes in young children in developing countries. To improve practices, local food-based complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) are needed. This cross-sectional survey aimed to describe current food consumption patterns of 12-23-month-old Myanmar children (n 106) from Ayeyarwady region in order to identify nutrient requirements that are difficult to achieve using local foods and to formulate affordable and realistic CFR to improve dietary adequacy. Weekly food consumption patterns were assessed using a 12-h weighed dietary record, single 24-h recall and a 5-d food record. Food costs were estimated by market surveys. CFR were formulated by linear programming analysis using WHO Optifood software and evaluated among mothers (n 20) using trial of improved practices (TIP). Findings showed that Ca, Zn, niacin, folate and Fe were &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;problem nutrients&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;: nutrients that did not achieve 100 % recommended nutrient intake even when the diet was optimised. Chicken liver, anchovy and roselle leaves were locally available nutrient-dense foods that would fill these nutrient gaps. The final set of six CFR would ensure dietary adequacy for five of twelve nutrients at a minimal cost of 271 kyats/d (based on the exchange rate of 900 kyats/USD at the time of data collection: 3rd quarter of 2012), but inadequacies remained for niacin, folate, thiamin, Fe, Zn, Ca and vitamin B6. TIP showed that mothers believed liver and vegetables would cause worms and diarrhoea, but these beliefs could be overcome to successfully promote liver consumption. Therefore, an acceptable set of CFR were developed to improve the dietary practices of 12-23-month-old Myanmar children using locally available foods. Alternative interventions such as fortification, however, are still needed to ensure dietary adequacy of all nutrients.
Factors affecting the survival rate of children in rural Java, Indonesia, are analyzed. Variables... more Factors affecting the survival rate of children in rural Java, Indonesia, are analyzed. Variables examined include mother&#39;s education, age at first marriage, household facilities, and duration of breast-feeding. The data are from the 1973 Indonesian Fertility and Mortality Survey. Mother&#39;s education and age at first marriage are shown to influence infant survival the most, whereas household facilities have no significant impact. &quot;It is also concluded that mothers with length of breastfeeding interval between 24 and 35 months have [a] child survival rate greater than those with length of breastfeeding other than 24-35 months. Besides, [the] child survival rate is lower for mothers working in non agricultural activities relative to those working in agricultural activities or those who are not working.&quot; (summary in ENG)
Comparison of breastfeeding practices from two similar surveys conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia sh... more Comparison of breastfeeding practices from two similar surveys conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia shows an increase in breastfeeding duration from 14.4 months in 1976 to 19.8 months in 1983. This increase was predominantly among noneducated women (20.3 months among noneducated women versus 0.9 months among women with greater than elementary education). Among working women breastfeeding duration declined slightly (1.1 months). Unlike
Deficiencies of iron and zinc are prevalent worldwide. Interactions between these micronutrients ... more Deficiencies of iron and zinc are prevalent worldwide. Interactions between these micronutrients therefore have important consequences, also for supplementation. To investigate effects on hemoglobin and zinc concentrations and interactions of iron and zinc supplementation in infants, data from 4 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam were pooled. Infants (n ¼ 2468), aged 4-6 mo, were supplemented daily with iron (10 mg) and/or zinc (10 mg) for 6 mo. At 3 sites, infants were given vitamin A capsules (VAC) at recruitment. Combined supplementation reduced prevalences of anemia by 21% (P , 0.01) and zinc deficiency by 10% (P , 0.05) but was less effective (P , 0.05) than supplementation with either iron (28% reduction in anemia) or zinc alone (18% reduction in zinc deficiency). Iron reduced the effect of zinc supplementation (interaction P , 0.01), but had no separate effect on zinc status, whereas zinc supplementation had a negative effect on hemoglobin concentrations (22.5 g/L, P , 0.001), independent of iron supplementation (P interaction ¼ 0.25). The effect of iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentrations was almost twice as large in boys than in girls (effect size 12.0 vs. 6.8 g/L, respectively). In infants not receiving iron, VAC administration tended to be associated with lower (3.2%, P ¼ 0.07) hemoglobin concentrations. Combined supplementation of iron and zinc was safe and effective in reducing the high prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies. Zinc supplementation may negatively affect iron status but iron supplementation does not seem to affect zinc status. Furthermore, VAC administration in the absence of iron supplementation may increase the incidence of anemia. J. Nutr. 137: 466-471, 2007.
BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to a higher incidence of low birthweight (L... more BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to a higher incidence of low birthweight (LBW). UNICEF/United Nations University/World Health Organization jointly proposed a formulation for a multiple micronutrient supplement for pregnant women, and several effectiveness trials were conducted to assess its impact.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving birth size, pregnancy outcome, and maternal micronutrient status in comparison with iron-folic acid supplementation.METHODS: We carried out a cluster-randomized, controlled trial in Indramayu, Indonesia, involving 843 pregnant women. Of these, 432 received multiple micronutrients and 411 received iron-folic acid. Fieldworkers visited the women daily to observe supplement consumption and record fetal loss and mortality.RESULTS: The mean number of supplements consumed during pregnancy and 30 days postpartum was high (136 in the group receiving multiple micronutrients and 140 in the iron-folic acid group). The women consumed the supplements on average 5 days per week. Although there were no significant differences between the groups in the percentage of infants with LBW there was a trend toward a lower incidence of LBW in the group receiving multiple micronutrients (6.3% vs. 7.3%), and the mean birthweight was 40 g higher in the group receiving multiple micronutrients than in the iron-folic acid group, although the difference was not significant. Among those who consumed 90 or more supplements during pregnancy, women taking multiple micronutrients had a 3.3% combined rate of miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death, as compared with 6.9% for those taking iron-folic acid only (p < .049). The anemia rates in the two groups were similar after supplementation, even though the amount of iron in the multiple micronutrient supplement was half that in the iron-folic acid supplement. Serum retinol was higher in the group receiving multiple micronutrients.CONCLUSIONS: Multivitamin supplementation use among pregnant women is as effective as iron-folic acid in improving anemia status and appears to have other benefits for maternal and child nutritional status.
Budi Utomo, in this paper explain that offshore drilling carried out to obtain crude oil through ... more Budi Utomo, in this paper explain that offshore drilling carried out to obtain crude oil through the oil wells. The means that must exist in the operation of offshore drilling is a bridge structure (plate form) as a place to put the drilling equipment. Known two kinds of platforms, that is platforms permanent (fixed) which stands on the feet of reinforced concrete, and the bridge is not fixed like swamp barges, drilling ship (floaters) and jack-up rig. Jack up rig is one of the offshore rigs that have the ability to elevation in accordance with a sea depth of drilling. Drilling equipment is a range of equipment that is prepared in such a way, so that such a drill rod, and all this equipment has a hole inside that allows for fluid or mud circulation.
Implementation of well completions enabling multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs to be produced by a s... more Implementation of well completions enabling multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs to be produced by a single well can save production cost and enhance recovery. Aiming at the characteristics of the three types of oil and gas reservoirs in the Jabung block in Indonesia, namely, gas cap oil-rim reservoirs, multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs, and heterogeneous multiple-sand reservoirs, this article puts forward optimized completion methods by using conventional technology and down-hole equipment. The new methods are able to develop multireservoir sands at the same time or successively without additional completion jobs. In addition, the novel completion enables water injection wells to selectively control injection and improve the recovery of hydrocarbons. The above strategies have been applied to different types of reservoirs, providing an effective mean for maximizing hydrocarbon recovery, controlling operating expenditures, and improving the overall benefit of development wells.
Budi Utomo, in paper sea chest: its role as suction hole sea water supply at boat exploitation ex... more Budi Utomo, in paper sea chest: its role as suction hole sea water supply at boat exploitation explain that on the steel ships or wooden ships that have inboard engine installation, use sea chest must needed. Sea chest has function as hole suction sea water to fullfill the need of the ship on its exploitation. Usually sea chest put surrounding engine room with seawater system that need, such cooling water system, cooling lubricating system in main engine and auxiliary engine, ballast system of the ship, fire extinguisher system etc. Installing sea chest put on two place that have differrent height, because variation of the deep waters that trought and must considered that sea chest still have function as hole suction sea water well, although situation of the ship asland until 22,5 degrees from vertical situation sea chest still work well and not absorb the air.
PIP: Data from the 1982 Jakarta Modular Survey were used to study the factors affecting the use a... more PIP: Data from the 1982 Jakarta Modular Survey were used to study the factors affecting the use and nonuse of contraception. Specific study objectives were: to present some characteristics of contraceptors and noncontraceptors; to identify the major factors affecting contraceptive ...
The effects of the damage of preserve forest will cause flooding in the rainy season, droughts du... more The effects of the damage of preserve forest will cause flooding in the rainy season, droughts during the dry season and disturbing watersheds within and outside the forest area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity of tree species, regeneration of stands and calculate the potential of forest stands in traditional mining, and preserve areas without mining. The method in this research is line, plot with 100 m length and a width of 20 m. Data analyzed by the Shannon-Winner's diversity index. The results showed that we obtained 18 plant species of traditional mining and had middle tree diversity. In contrest, preserve forest with out mining, we found 29 plant species with high tree diversity ((H '=3.02). The potential stands of the tree level in the former traditional mining preserve forest was 76.28 m 3 /ha, and in the preserve forest without mining was 925.53 m 3 /ha. Traditional mining in the preserve forest significantly influenced the density of vegetation according to the result of the Wilcoxon rank test.
Go to AGRIS search. Asian Population Studies Series (1986). Mortality and health issues. Mortalit... more Go to AGRIS search. Asian Population Studies Series (1986). Mortality and health issues. Mortality transition in Indonesia 1950-1980. ...
Poor feeding practices result in inadequate nutrient intakes in young children in developing coun... more Poor feeding practices result in inadequate nutrient intakes in young children in developing countries. To improve practices, local food-based complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) are needed. This cross-sectional survey aimed to describe current food consumption patterns of 12-23-month-old Myanmar children (n 106) from Ayeyarwady region in order to identify nutrient requirements that are difficult to achieve using local foods and to formulate affordable and realistic CFR to improve dietary adequacy. Weekly food consumption patterns were assessed using a 12-h weighed dietary record, single 24-h recall and a 5-d food record. Food costs were estimated by market surveys. CFR were formulated by linear programming analysis using WHO Optifood software and evaluated among mothers (n 20) using trial of improved practices (TIP). Findings showed that Ca, Zn, niacin, folate and Fe were &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;problem nutrients&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;: nutrients that did not achieve 100 % recommended nutrient intake even when the diet was optimised. Chicken liver, anchovy and roselle leaves were locally available nutrient-dense foods that would fill these nutrient gaps. The final set of six CFR would ensure dietary adequacy for five of twelve nutrients at a minimal cost of 271 kyats/d (based on the exchange rate of 900 kyats/USD at the time of data collection: 3rd quarter of 2012), but inadequacies remained for niacin, folate, thiamin, Fe, Zn, Ca and vitamin B6. TIP showed that mothers believed liver and vegetables would cause worms and diarrhoea, but these beliefs could be overcome to successfully promote liver consumption. Therefore, an acceptable set of CFR were developed to improve the dietary practices of 12-23-month-old Myanmar children using locally available foods. Alternative interventions such as fortification, however, are still needed to ensure dietary adequacy of all nutrients.
Factors affecting the survival rate of children in rural Java, Indonesia, are analyzed. Variables... more Factors affecting the survival rate of children in rural Java, Indonesia, are analyzed. Variables examined include mother&#39;s education, age at first marriage, household facilities, and duration of breast-feeding. The data are from the 1973 Indonesian Fertility and Mortality Survey. Mother&#39;s education and age at first marriage are shown to influence infant survival the most, whereas household facilities have no significant impact. &quot;It is also concluded that mothers with length of breastfeeding interval between 24 and 35 months have [a] child survival rate greater than those with length of breastfeeding other than 24-35 months. Besides, [the] child survival rate is lower for mothers working in non agricultural activities relative to those working in agricultural activities or those who are not working.&quot; (summary in ENG)
Comparison of breastfeeding practices from two similar surveys conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia sh... more Comparison of breastfeeding practices from two similar surveys conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia shows an increase in breastfeeding duration from 14.4 months in 1976 to 19.8 months in 1983. This increase was predominantly among noneducated women (20.3 months among noneducated women versus 0.9 months among women with greater than elementary education). Among working women breastfeeding duration declined slightly (1.1 months). Unlike
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