A guerra sem duvida nenhuma desempenha um papel fundamental na história da humanidade e através d... more A guerra sem duvida nenhuma desempenha um papel fundamental na história da humanidade e através dela que a sociedade transformou no que é hoje a historia da humanidade e a história das guerras estão associadas sendo que ascensão e quedas de impérios, reinos e civilizações dependem da aplicação de forças militares.
A primeira das três religiões Monoteístas principais do ocidente o Judaísmo se confunde com a His... more A primeira das três religiões Monoteístas principais do ocidente o Judaísmo se confunde com a História do Povo Hebreu este povo que foi perseguido durante a história e tornou-se um dos povos mais antigos e emblemáticos da humanidade.
Com o passar dos anos a produção de artigos sobre historia econômica caíram gradativamente por ca... more Com o passar dos anos a produção de artigos sobre historia econômica caíram gradativamente por causa de uma nova vertente historiográfica que surgia no período entre guerras essa nova vertente é a escola dos Annales.
A eucaristia que faz parte da doutrina da igreja e baseada pela tradição crista da ultima ceia qu... more A eucaristia que faz parte da doutrina da igreja e baseada pela tradição crista da ultima ceia quando Jesus disse: 'Este é o meu corpo… isto é o meu sangue… fazei isto em memória de mim'. A partir daí toda a cristandade repete a forma pela qual cristo deu
O capitalismo surge na Europa no fim da idade medieval, surge através do advento da massa de trab... more O capitalismo surge na Europa no fim da idade medieval, surge através do advento da massa de trabalhadores vinda dos feudos, para os burgos nas nascentes cidades graças às especiarias que eram levadas pelas caravanas de pequenos mascates.
Com o falso mito de que brasileiro é pacifico e tem um historia sem sangue vejamos que em toda a ... more Com o falso mito de que brasileiro é pacifico e tem um historia sem sangue vejamos que em toda a história do Brasil é marcada por lutas internas em nome da independência, republica e em busca da democracia, vejamos alguns fatos que
A set-up procedure for the minimisation of signal noise of a capillary inlet mass spectrometer sy... more A set-up procedure for the minimisation of signal noise of a capillary inlet mass spectrometer system, enabling direct use of data without noise filtering or drift correction, is described. A reliable calibration method was developed, involving standard calibration mixtures determined by the extreme vertices design. This novel method was shown to be the most accurate in comparison with a number of commonly used methods. These procedures enabled reliable on-line fermenter headspace gas analysis. With a relatively inexpensive mass spectrometer, monitoring of a fermentation and accurate estimation of oxygen uptake rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, respiratory quotient and biomass concentration was possible.
By expanded bed adsorption (EBA) it was possible to simultaneously recover and purify the heterol... more By expanded bed adsorption (EBA) it was possible to simultaneously recover and purify the heterologous cutinase directly from the crude feedstock. However, it was observed that in a highly condensed and consequently economically advantageous purification process as EBA, the cultivation step highly influences the following purification step. Thus, the yeast cultivation and cutinase purification by EBA cannot be considered as independent entities, and the understanding of the interactions between them are crucial for the development of a highly cost effective overall cutinase production process.From the cultivation strategies studied, one batch, one continuous and two fed-batch cultivations, the strategy that resulted in a more economical cutinase overall production process was a fed-batch mode with a feeding in galactose. This last cultivation strategy, exhibited the highest culture cutinase activity and bioreactor productivity, being obtained 3.8-fold higher cutinase activity and 3.0-fold higher productivity that could compensate the 40% higher cultivation medium costs when compared with a fed-batch culture with a feeding on glucose and galactose. Moreover, a 3.8-fold higher effective cutinase dynamic adsorption capacity and 3.8-fold higher effective purification productivity were obtained in relation to the fed-batch culture with the feeding on glucose and galactose. The cultivation strategy with a feeding on galactose, that presented 5.6-fold higher effective purification productivity, could also compensate the 32% effective adsorption capacity obtained with a continuous cultivation broth. Furthermore, a 205-fold higher cutinase activity, 24-fold higher bioreactor productivity and 6% of the cultivation medium costs were obtained in relation to the continuous culture.
The optimum conditions for the production of low methoxyl pectin using pectinmethylesterase (PME)... more The optimum conditions for the production of low methoxyl pectin using pectinmethylesterase (PME) from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), immobilized in gelatin, have been established by factorial design and response surface methodology. In the case of the free enzyme, the optimum conditions for activity, within ranges adequate for food processing, are low NaCl concentrations (0.10 M), relatively high temperatures (55 °C) and slightly basic pH values (pH=9). The temperature and pH seem to have strong influence on the observed activity. In the immobilized enzyme, optimum NaCl concentration was 0.15 M, while the optimum pH remained at 9.0.
The ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells is a rapidly developing area with a broad... more The ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells is a rapidly developing area with a broad range of biomedical applications. The mechanisms of renewal, differentiation and plasticity of stem cells are currently under intense investigation. However, the complexity of hematopoiesis, the heterogeneity of the culture population and the complex interplay between the culture parameters that significantly influence the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells have impaired the translation of small scale results to the highly demanded large-scale applications. The better understanding of these mechanisms is providing the basis for more rational approaches to the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. Efforts are now being made to establish a rational design of bioreactor systems, allowing the modeling and control of large-scale production of stem cells and the study of their proliferation and differentiation, under conditions as similar as possible to those in vivo.
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2003
Microorganisms have mechanisms that enable them to tolerate lethal concentrations of toxic compou... more Microorganisms have mechanisms that enable them to tolerate lethal concentrations of toxic compounds. This feature has been exploited in a wide range of bioprocesses that range from bioremediation applications to production of fine chemicals in two-phase reaction media. The ability to modify the physical properties of cellular membranes has long been put forward as a protection mechanism that enables microorganisms to tolerate solvents. More recently, efflux pumps have been shown to extrude deleterious compounds, such as antibiotics, drugs and solvents. An understanding of the mechanism of solvent tolerance and its relationship to cross-resistance of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics has major impact on the type and use of disinfectants and disinfecting procedures. The presence of solvents in the growth environment may lead to the emergence of solvent resistant strains and, therefore, overuse may propagate resistant microbial variants. In this paper, mechanisms that lead to solvent tolerance of microbes and accompanying specific antibiotic resistance are reviewed. #
Although the metabolism and physiology of the growth of yeast strains has been extensively studie... more Although the metabolism and physiology of the growth of yeast strains has been extensively studied, many questions remain unanswered when the induced production of a recombinant protein is concerned. This work addresses the production of a Fusarium solani pisi cutinase by a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain induced through the use of a galactose promoter. It was observed that whenever the strain needed to activate biosynthetic pathways, either for cutinase synthesis, or for the synthesis of the enzymes required for galactose intake, acetate production occurred. The on-line detection of acetate in the medium might prove useful for the control and the supervision of recombinant protein production processes using yeast. The volumes of acid and base added to control the pH throughout the time course of the cultivations were used to calculate an on-line estimator for acetate concentration.
Ultra high fructose syrup is of increasing importance, because of its sweetening properties. Fruc... more Ultra high fructose syrup is of increasing importance, because of its sweetening properties. Fructose is often obtained by glucose isomerization. However, this process has a relatively low conversion (around 45%), and it uses a complex purification scheme. An alternative process involves the hydrolysis of natural products, such as inulin, a polymer which contains between 5 and 65 molecules of fructose. The use of enzymes in such hydrolysis reactions would add the benefit of mild reaction conditions and a better product profile. In this work, the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin has been studied in a membrane reactor (EMR). A first set of experiments aimed to find the optimum operating conditions, in terms of pH (a value of 4.5 was obtained as optimum), substrate concentration (a maximum of 100 g/L is recommended, because of the ease of inulin precipitation), and substrate/enzyme ratio. All experiments were conducted at 50 °C. Then, enzymes were immobilized in order to be able to reuse them, which would result in a more economically feasible process. As immobilization supports both hollow fibre membranes and particulates have been used and compared, and methods of improving the amount and/or the stability of the immobilized enzymes have also been proposed and tested. The results show that the EMR is capable to retaining more than 50% of the initial activity that the enzyme has in solution over at least five repeated reaction cycles. This work can provide a preliminary basis for the production of fructose syrups with a commercial inulinase preparation immobilized onto a membrane.
O presente trabalho demonstra o período conhecido como a Era Napoleônica que perdurou por 15 (qui... more O presente trabalho demonstra o período conhecido como a Era Napoleônica que perdurou por 15 (quinze) anos, durante o qual a França formou um grande império sob o comando de Napoleão, figura central da política francesa. Estabeleceu-se como objetivo dessa pesquisa: o enfoque a genialidade militar de Napoleão Bonaparte, a estratégia adotada, como planejou e arquitetou um dos maiores exércitos existentes, que dominou a Europa no período conhecido como Era Napoleônica. Para dar respostas a tais objetivos, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico referente ao tema, seguido de leitura, fichamento e resumo que nos permitiu concluir que Bonaparte foi uma pessoa muito inteligente que soube aproveitar muito bem do momento político da França, ao destacar-se como um general capaz de organizar exércitos com estratégias de guerras que imprimiram sua marca naquele período. Para isso, o grande imperador, fez uso de estratégias, organizações em batalha, e também de espiões, montando um grande aparato militar, ao ponto de formar o poderoso exército continental da época, apoiado pelos ideais da Revolução Francesa, que lhe proporcionou a espetacular conquista territorial da Europa do século XIX. Napoleão teve como propósito derrubar seus inimigos e impor seu poder absoluto por toda a Europa. Ao terminar a presente pesquisa chegou-se a conclusão de que Bonaparte queria o controle total da Europa e tornarse um grande déspota esclarecido com inovações militares no campo da estratégia e política, ao impor um forte autoritarismo por todo continente europeu.
A guerra sem duvida nenhuma desempenha um papel fundamental na história da humanidade e através d... more A guerra sem duvida nenhuma desempenha um papel fundamental na história da humanidade e através dela que a sociedade transformou no que é hoje a historia da humanidade e a história das guerras estão associadas sendo que ascensão e quedas de impérios, reinos e civilizações dependem da aplicação de forças militares.
A primeira das três religiões Monoteístas principais do ocidente o Judaísmo se confunde com a His... more A primeira das três religiões Monoteístas principais do ocidente o Judaísmo se confunde com a História do Povo Hebreu este povo que foi perseguido durante a história e tornou-se um dos povos mais antigos e emblemáticos da humanidade.
Com o passar dos anos a produção de artigos sobre historia econômica caíram gradativamente por ca... more Com o passar dos anos a produção de artigos sobre historia econômica caíram gradativamente por causa de uma nova vertente historiográfica que surgia no período entre guerras essa nova vertente é a escola dos Annales.
A eucaristia que faz parte da doutrina da igreja e baseada pela tradição crista da ultima ceia qu... more A eucaristia que faz parte da doutrina da igreja e baseada pela tradição crista da ultima ceia quando Jesus disse: 'Este é o meu corpo… isto é o meu sangue… fazei isto em memória de mim'. A partir daí toda a cristandade repete a forma pela qual cristo deu
O capitalismo surge na Europa no fim da idade medieval, surge através do advento da massa de trab... more O capitalismo surge na Europa no fim da idade medieval, surge através do advento da massa de trabalhadores vinda dos feudos, para os burgos nas nascentes cidades graças às especiarias que eram levadas pelas caravanas de pequenos mascates.
Com o falso mito de que brasileiro é pacifico e tem um historia sem sangue vejamos que em toda a ... more Com o falso mito de que brasileiro é pacifico e tem um historia sem sangue vejamos que em toda a história do Brasil é marcada por lutas internas em nome da independência, republica e em busca da democracia, vejamos alguns fatos que
A set-up procedure for the minimisation of signal noise of a capillary inlet mass spectrometer sy... more A set-up procedure for the minimisation of signal noise of a capillary inlet mass spectrometer system, enabling direct use of data without noise filtering or drift correction, is described. A reliable calibration method was developed, involving standard calibration mixtures determined by the extreme vertices design. This novel method was shown to be the most accurate in comparison with a number of commonly used methods. These procedures enabled reliable on-line fermenter headspace gas analysis. With a relatively inexpensive mass spectrometer, monitoring of a fermentation and accurate estimation of oxygen uptake rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, respiratory quotient and biomass concentration was possible.
By expanded bed adsorption (EBA) it was possible to simultaneously recover and purify the heterol... more By expanded bed adsorption (EBA) it was possible to simultaneously recover and purify the heterologous cutinase directly from the crude feedstock. However, it was observed that in a highly condensed and consequently economically advantageous purification process as EBA, the cultivation step highly influences the following purification step. Thus, the yeast cultivation and cutinase purification by EBA cannot be considered as independent entities, and the understanding of the interactions between them are crucial for the development of a highly cost effective overall cutinase production process.From the cultivation strategies studied, one batch, one continuous and two fed-batch cultivations, the strategy that resulted in a more economical cutinase overall production process was a fed-batch mode with a feeding in galactose. This last cultivation strategy, exhibited the highest culture cutinase activity and bioreactor productivity, being obtained 3.8-fold higher cutinase activity and 3.0-fold higher productivity that could compensate the 40% higher cultivation medium costs when compared with a fed-batch culture with a feeding on glucose and galactose. Moreover, a 3.8-fold higher effective cutinase dynamic adsorption capacity and 3.8-fold higher effective purification productivity were obtained in relation to the fed-batch culture with the feeding on glucose and galactose. The cultivation strategy with a feeding on galactose, that presented 5.6-fold higher effective purification productivity, could also compensate the 32% effective adsorption capacity obtained with a continuous cultivation broth. Furthermore, a 205-fold higher cutinase activity, 24-fold higher bioreactor productivity and 6% of the cultivation medium costs were obtained in relation to the continuous culture.
The optimum conditions for the production of low methoxyl pectin using pectinmethylesterase (PME)... more The optimum conditions for the production of low methoxyl pectin using pectinmethylesterase (PME) from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), immobilized in gelatin, have been established by factorial design and response surface methodology. In the case of the free enzyme, the optimum conditions for activity, within ranges adequate for food processing, are low NaCl concentrations (0.10 M), relatively high temperatures (55 °C) and slightly basic pH values (pH=9). The temperature and pH seem to have strong influence on the observed activity. In the immobilized enzyme, optimum NaCl concentration was 0.15 M, while the optimum pH remained at 9.0.
The ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells is a rapidly developing area with a broad... more The ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells is a rapidly developing area with a broad range of biomedical applications. The mechanisms of renewal, differentiation and plasticity of stem cells are currently under intense investigation. However, the complexity of hematopoiesis, the heterogeneity of the culture population and the complex interplay between the culture parameters that significantly influence the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells have impaired the translation of small scale results to the highly demanded large-scale applications. The better understanding of these mechanisms is providing the basis for more rational approaches to the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. Efforts are now being made to establish a rational design of bioreactor systems, allowing the modeling and control of large-scale production of stem cells and the study of their proliferation and differentiation, under conditions as similar as possible to those in vivo.
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2003
Microorganisms have mechanisms that enable them to tolerate lethal concentrations of toxic compou... more Microorganisms have mechanisms that enable them to tolerate lethal concentrations of toxic compounds. This feature has been exploited in a wide range of bioprocesses that range from bioremediation applications to production of fine chemicals in two-phase reaction media. The ability to modify the physical properties of cellular membranes has long been put forward as a protection mechanism that enables microorganisms to tolerate solvents. More recently, efflux pumps have been shown to extrude deleterious compounds, such as antibiotics, drugs and solvents. An understanding of the mechanism of solvent tolerance and its relationship to cross-resistance of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics has major impact on the type and use of disinfectants and disinfecting procedures. The presence of solvents in the growth environment may lead to the emergence of solvent resistant strains and, therefore, overuse may propagate resistant microbial variants. In this paper, mechanisms that lead to solvent tolerance of microbes and accompanying specific antibiotic resistance are reviewed. #
Although the metabolism and physiology of the growth of yeast strains has been extensively studie... more Although the metabolism and physiology of the growth of yeast strains has been extensively studied, many questions remain unanswered when the induced production of a recombinant protein is concerned. This work addresses the production of a Fusarium solani pisi cutinase by a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain induced through the use of a galactose promoter. It was observed that whenever the strain needed to activate biosynthetic pathways, either for cutinase synthesis, or for the synthesis of the enzymes required for galactose intake, acetate production occurred. The on-line detection of acetate in the medium might prove useful for the control and the supervision of recombinant protein production processes using yeast. The volumes of acid and base added to control the pH throughout the time course of the cultivations were used to calculate an on-line estimator for acetate concentration.
Ultra high fructose syrup is of increasing importance, because of its sweetening properties. Fruc... more Ultra high fructose syrup is of increasing importance, because of its sweetening properties. Fructose is often obtained by glucose isomerization. However, this process has a relatively low conversion (around 45%), and it uses a complex purification scheme. An alternative process involves the hydrolysis of natural products, such as inulin, a polymer which contains between 5 and 65 molecules of fructose. The use of enzymes in such hydrolysis reactions would add the benefit of mild reaction conditions and a better product profile. In this work, the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin has been studied in a membrane reactor (EMR). A first set of experiments aimed to find the optimum operating conditions, in terms of pH (a value of 4.5 was obtained as optimum), substrate concentration (a maximum of 100 g/L is recommended, because of the ease of inulin precipitation), and substrate/enzyme ratio. All experiments were conducted at 50 °C. Then, enzymes were immobilized in order to be able to reuse them, which would result in a more economically feasible process. As immobilization supports both hollow fibre membranes and particulates have been used and compared, and methods of improving the amount and/or the stability of the immobilized enzymes have also been proposed and tested. The results show that the EMR is capable to retaining more than 50% of the initial activity that the enzyme has in solution over at least five repeated reaction cycles. This work can provide a preliminary basis for the production of fructose syrups with a commercial inulinase preparation immobilized onto a membrane.
O presente trabalho demonstra o período conhecido como a Era Napoleônica que perdurou por 15 (qui... more O presente trabalho demonstra o período conhecido como a Era Napoleônica que perdurou por 15 (quinze) anos, durante o qual a França formou um grande império sob o comando de Napoleão, figura central da política francesa. Estabeleceu-se como objetivo dessa pesquisa: o enfoque a genialidade militar de Napoleão Bonaparte, a estratégia adotada, como planejou e arquitetou um dos maiores exércitos existentes, que dominou a Europa no período conhecido como Era Napoleônica. Para dar respostas a tais objetivos, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico referente ao tema, seguido de leitura, fichamento e resumo que nos permitiu concluir que Bonaparte foi uma pessoa muito inteligente que soube aproveitar muito bem do momento político da França, ao destacar-se como um general capaz de organizar exércitos com estratégias de guerras que imprimiram sua marca naquele período. Para isso, o grande imperador, fez uso de estratégias, organizações em batalha, e também de espiões, montando um grande aparato militar, ao ponto de formar o poderoso exército continental da época, apoiado pelos ideais da Revolução Francesa, que lhe proporcionou a espetacular conquista territorial da Europa do século XIX. Napoleão teve como propósito derrubar seus inimigos e impor seu poder absoluto por toda a Europa. Ao terminar a presente pesquisa chegou-se a conclusão de que Bonaparte queria o controle total da Europa e tornarse um grande déspota esclarecido com inovações militares no campo da estratégia e política, ao impor um forte autoritarismo por todo continente europeu.
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