It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) act as promoters late in the carcinogenes... more It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) act as promoters late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, there is no convincing laboratory evidence that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. Therefore the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields were investigated in a rat brain glioma model. Some of the exposures correspond to electromagnetic fields used in
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BB... more Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been studied in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. The rats were not anaesthetised during the exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion–fixation of the brains under chloralhydrate anaesthesia after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3–4 minutes, and thereafter perfusion fixed with
Abstract for SNO, San Diego, Nov 21-24, 2002 #68 Tumor Treatment by using Pulsed Electric Fields ... more Abstract for SNO, San Diego, Nov 21-24, 2002 #68 Tumor Treatment by using Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Combined with Radiation Therapy and Immunization with syngeneic Interferon-gamma (IFN-) secreting tumor cells. Bertil RR. Persson 1, Catrin Baur‚us Koch1, Gustav Grafstr”m1, Per Engstr”m1, Arne Brun2, Bengt Widegren3, and Leif G. Salford4, Medical Radiation Physics1, Neuropathology2, Tumour Immunology3, and Dept. of Neurosurgery4 The Rausing Laboratory, BMC, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden Objectives: Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) has previous been found to enhance the therapeutic effect of Radiation Therapy on glioma N32 tumors implanted subcutaneously on the thigh in male rats of the Fischer-344 strain. The present study will investigate the therapeutic effect on N29 glioma of Radiation therapy and treatment with Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) followed by injections with syngeneic IFN- secreting cells. Material and Method: In the previous study exponentially decaying pulsed elec...
one of my messages in a lecture to the European Parliament in 2000 when the number of mobile phon... more one of my messages in a lecture to the European Parliament in 2000 when the number of mobile phone users relies for the daily communication on mobile phones and base stations which send their energy into our bodies. Is this only of good? Or might it impose effects upon biology. Effects that we must anticipate and evaluate as far as possible, and if needed, reduce or avoid! Life on earth was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation, atmospheric electric fields and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity, and high frequency RF was introduced in the 1950-ies as FM and television and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Until then microwaves had principally never been experienced on Earth. Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been shown to cause sign blood albumin through the BBB of exposed rats, at energy levels of 1W/kg and below, as compared to non-exposed animals in a total series of about two thousand animals (Salford et al. 2007). It should be noted that all our work and other work, here referred to, exclusively deals with non-thermal effects for EMF. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels, with wholebody average power densities below 10mW/kg, give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels,
The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life wa... more The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones. The question is: to what extent are living organisms affected by these ubiquitous radio frequency fields? Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been revealed to cause significantly increased leakage of albumin through the BBB of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed animals-in a total series of about two thousand animals. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain. In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz at nonthermal levels, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen 28 and 50 days after the exposure. In our continued research, the non-thermal effects (histology, memory functions) of long-term exposure for 13 months are studied as well as the effects of short term GSM 1,800 MHz upon gene expression. Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the nonthermal radio frequency fields. Studies from other laboratories in some cases find effects, while in other cases effects are not seen. Our conclusion is that all researchers involved in this field have the obligation to intensify this research in order to reduce, or avoid, the possible negative effects of the man made microwaves!
✓ Boron neutron capture therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that depends on the specific u... more ✓ Boron neutron capture therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that depends on the specific uptake of boron by the tumor cells. The infiltrative growth of malignant gliomas requires that boron reach and accumulate in migrating cells outside the margin of the tumor; thus, it is important that the biodistribution of new boron compounds is also studied in the surrounding healthy brain tissue. This study is undertaken in the present work, in which the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) and boronated porphyrin (BOPP) in the RG2 rat glioma model are investigated. This model mimics the characteristics of human glioma with cells migrating into the surrounding brain. The animals were infused intravenously with either BSH (25 µg or 175 µg of boron per gram of body weight) or BOPP (12 µg of boron per gram body weight). For the low dose of BSH, the maximum tumor—boron content was 8 ppm at approximately 9 hours after the infusion with a tumor-to-blood rati...
We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on... more We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and signs of neuronal damage in rats using a real GSM programmable mobile phone in the 900 MHz band. Ninety-six non-anaesthetized rats were either exposed to microwaves or sham exposed in TEM-cells for 2 h at specific absorption rates of average whole-body Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. The rats were sacrificed after a recovery time of either 14 or 28 d, following exposure and the extravazation of albumin, its uptake into neurons, and occurrence of damaged neurons was assessed. Albumin extravazation and also its uptake into neurons was seen to be enhanced after 14 d (Kruskal Wallis test: p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not after a 28 d recovery period. The occurrence of dark neurons in the rat brains, on the other hand, was enhanced later, after 28 d (p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the 28-d brain samples, neuronal albumin uptake was significantly correlated to occurrence of damaged neurons (Spearman r = 0.41; p < 0.01).
During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the... more During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the microwaves of the modern communication society have spread a totally new entity-the radiofrequency fields-around the world. How does this affect biology on Earth? The mammalian brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain tissue. There is evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields at non thermal levels disrupts this barrier. In this review, the scientific findings in this field are presented. The result is a complex picture, where some studies show effects on the blood-brain barrier, whereas others do not. Possible mechanisms for the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the living organisms are discussed. Demonstrated effects on the blood-brain barrier, as well as a series of other effects upon biology, have caused societal anxiety. Continued research is needed to come to an understanding of how these possible effects can be neutralized, or at least reduced. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that proven effects on biology also should have positive potentials, e.g., for medical use.
Brain research bulletin .This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publish... more Brain research bulletin .This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.
Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implication... more Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implications on cognitive functions. In this study we investigated in a rat model the long-term effects of protracted exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication-900 MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed for 2 h each week for 55 weeks to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation at different SAR levels (0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period) emitted by a (GSM-900) test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After this protracted exposure, GSM-900 exposed rats were compared to sham exposed controls. Effects on exploratory behaviour were evaluated in the open-field test, in which no difference was seen. Effects on cognitive functions were evaluated in the episodic-like memory test. In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P ¼ 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure. Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (
ABSTRACT It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the c... more ABSTRACT It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, noconvincing laboratory evidence has been obtained indicating that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. The effects of EMF exposure in a rat brain glioma model were investigated. The exposure consisted of 915 MHz microwaves, both as continuous waves (1 W), and modulated with 4, 8, 16 and 200 Hz in 0.5 ms pulses and 50 Hz in 6 ms pulses (2 W per pulse). Fischer 344 rats of both sexes, weighing 150–250 g, were used in the experiments. 5000 RG2 cells in 5 μ1 nutrient solution were injected by the stereotaxic technique into the head of the right caudate nucleus in 37 experimental rats and 37 matched controls. The exposed animals were kept unanaesthetized in well ventilated transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells producing 915 MHz continuous or modulated microwaves. Exposure was started on day five after inoculation. The animals were exposed for 7 hd d−1 for 5 d per week during two to three weeks. The controls were kept in an identical TEM cell without EMF exposure. All brains were examined histopathologically and the tumour size was determined. Our study does not show a significant difference in tumour size between animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, and those not exposed. Our preliminary results do not support that even an extensive daily exposure to EMF promotes tumour growth when given from the fifth day after the start of tumour growth in the rat brain until the death of the animal which by then has a large brain tumour. Further studies with higher specific absorption rate levels are in progress.
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studie... more Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after exposure to the various EMF-components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans Blue labeled proteins normally not passing the BBB of rats [Salford et al. (1992), in: Resonance Phenomena in Biology, Oxford University Press, pp. 87-91]. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with repetition rates of 8, 16, 50, and 200 s-1. The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg. The rats were not anesthetized during the 2-hour exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloral hydrate anesthesia about 1 hour after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3-4 minutes, and thereafter fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 microns. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 of 62 of the controls and in 56 of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. Continuous wave resulted in 14 positive findings of 35, which differ significantly from the controls (P = 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) act as promoters late in the carcinogenes... more It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) act as promoters late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, there is no convincing laboratory evidence that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. Therefore the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields were investigated in a rat brain glioma model. Some of the exposures correspond to electromagnetic fields used in
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BB... more Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been studied in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. The rats were not anaesthetised during the exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion–fixation of the brains under chloralhydrate anaesthesia after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3–4 minutes, and thereafter perfusion fixed with
Abstract for SNO, San Diego, Nov 21-24, 2002 #68 Tumor Treatment by using Pulsed Electric Fields ... more Abstract for SNO, San Diego, Nov 21-24, 2002 #68 Tumor Treatment by using Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Combined with Radiation Therapy and Immunization with syngeneic Interferon-gamma (IFN-) secreting tumor cells. Bertil RR. Persson 1, Catrin Baur‚us Koch1, Gustav Grafstr”m1, Per Engstr”m1, Arne Brun2, Bengt Widegren3, and Leif G. Salford4, Medical Radiation Physics1, Neuropathology2, Tumour Immunology3, and Dept. of Neurosurgery4 The Rausing Laboratory, BMC, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden Objectives: Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) has previous been found to enhance the therapeutic effect of Radiation Therapy on glioma N32 tumors implanted subcutaneously on the thigh in male rats of the Fischer-344 strain. The present study will investigate the therapeutic effect on N29 glioma of Radiation therapy and treatment with Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) followed by injections with syngeneic IFN- secreting cells. Material and Method: In the previous study exponentially decaying pulsed elec...
one of my messages in a lecture to the European Parliament in 2000 when the number of mobile phon... more one of my messages in a lecture to the European Parliament in 2000 when the number of mobile phone users relies for the daily communication on mobile phones and base stations which send their energy into our bodies. Is this only of good? Or might it impose effects upon biology. Effects that we must anticipate and evaluate as far as possible, and if needed, reduce or avoid! Life on earth was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation, atmospheric electric fields and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity, and high frequency RF was introduced in the 1950-ies as FM and television and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Until then microwaves had principally never been experienced on Earth. Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been shown to cause sign blood albumin through the BBB of exposed rats, at energy levels of 1W/kg and below, as compared to non-exposed animals in a total series of about two thousand animals (Salford et al. 2007). It should be noted that all our work and other work, here referred to, exclusively deals with non-thermal effects for EMF. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels, with wholebody average power densities below 10mW/kg, give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels,
The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life wa... more The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones. The question is: to what extent are living organisms affected by these ubiquitous radio frequency fields? Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been revealed to cause significantly increased leakage of albumin through the BBB of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed animals-in a total series of about two thousand animals. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain. In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz at nonthermal levels, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen 28 and 50 days after the exposure. In our continued research, the non-thermal effects (histology, memory functions) of long-term exposure for 13 months are studied as well as the effects of short term GSM 1,800 MHz upon gene expression. Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the nonthermal radio frequency fields. Studies from other laboratories in some cases find effects, while in other cases effects are not seen. Our conclusion is that all researchers involved in this field have the obligation to intensify this research in order to reduce, or avoid, the possible negative effects of the man made microwaves!
✓ Boron neutron capture therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that depends on the specific u... more ✓ Boron neutron capture therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that depends on the specific uptake of boron by the tumor cells. The infiltrative growth of malignant gliomas requires that boron reach and accumulate in migrating cells outside the margin of the tumor; thus, it is important that the biodistribution of new boron compounds is also studied in the surrounding healthy brain tissue. This study is undertaken in the present work, in which the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) and boronated porphyrin (BOPP) in the RG2 rat glioma model are investigated. This model mimics the characteristics of human glioma with cells migrating into the surrounding brain. The animals were infused intravenously with either BSH (25 µg or 175 µg of boron per gram of body weight) or BOPP (12 µg of boron per gram body weight). For the low dose of BSH, the maximum tumor—boron content was 8 ppm at approximately 9 hours after the infusion with a tumor-to-blood rati...
We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on... more We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and signs of neuronal damage in rats using a real GSM programmable mobile phone in the 900 MHz band. Ninety-six non-anaesthetized rats were either exposed to microwaves or sham exposed in TEM-cells for 2 h at specific absorption rates of average whole-body Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. The rats were sacrificed after a recovery time of either 14 or 28 d, following exposure and the extravazation of albumin, its uptake into neurons, and occurrence of damaged neurons was assessed. Albumin extravazation and also its uptake into neurons was seen to be enhanced after 14 d (Kruskal Wallis test: p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not after a 28 d recovery period. The occurrence of dark neurons in the rat brains, on the other hand, was enhanced later, after 28 d (p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the 28-d brain samples, neuronal albumin uptake was significantly correlated to occurrence of damaged neurons (Spearman r = 0.41; p < 0.01).
During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the... more During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the microwaves of the modern communication society have spread a totally new entity-the radiofrequency fields-around the world. How does this affect biology on Earth? The mammalian brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain tissue. There is evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields at non thermal levels disrupts this barrier. In this review, the scientific findings in this field are presented. The result is a complex picture, where some studies show effects on the blood-brain barrier, whereas others do not. Possible mechanisms for the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the living organisms are discussed. Demonstrated effects on the blood-brain barrier, as well as a series of other effects upon biology, have caused societal anxiety. Continued research is needed to come to an understanding of how these possible effects can be neutralized, or at least reduced. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that proven effects on biology also should have positive potentials, e.g., for medical use.
Brain research bulletin .This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publish... more Brain research bulletin .This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.
Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implication... more Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implications on cognitive functions. In this study we investigated in a rat model the long-term effects of protracted exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication-900 MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed for 2 h each week for 55 weeks to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation at different SAR levels (0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period) emitted by a (GSM-900) test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After this protracted exposure, GSM-900 exposed rats were compared to sham exposed controls. Effects on exploratory behaviour were evaluated in the open-field test, in which no difference was seen. Effects on cognitive functions were evaluated in the episodic-like memory test. In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P ¼ 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure. Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (
ABSTRACT It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the c... more ABSTRACT It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, noconvincing laboratory evidence has been obtained indicating that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. The effects of EMF exposure in a rat brain glioma model were investigated. The exposure consisted of 915 MHz microwaves, both as continuous waves (1 W), and modulated with 4, 8, 16 and 200 Hz in 0.5 ms pulses and 50 Hz in 6 ms pulses (2 W per pulse). Fischer 344 rats of both sexes, weighing 150–250 g, were used in the experiments. 5000 RG2 cells in 5 μ1 nutrient solution were injected by the stereotaxic technique into the head of the right caudate nucleus in 37 experimental rats and 37 matched controls. The exposed animals were kept unanaesthetized in well ventilated transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells producing 915 MHz continuous or modulated microwaves. Exposure was started on day five after inoculation. The animals were exposed for 7 hd d−1 for 5 d per week during two to three weeks. The controls were kept in an identical TEM cell without EMF exposure. All brains were examined histopathologically and the tumour size was determined. Our study does not show a significant difference in tumour size between animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, and those not exposed. Our preliminary results do not support that even an extensive daily exposure to EMF promotes tumour growth when given from the fifth day after the start of tumour growth in the rat brain until the death of the animal which by then has a large brain tumour. Further studies with higher specific absorption rate levels are in progress.
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studie... more Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after exposure to the various EMF-components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans Blue labeled proteins normally not passing the BBB of rats [Salford et al. (1992), in: Resonance Phenomena in Biology, Oxford University Press, pp. 87-91]. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with repetition rates of 8, 16, 50, and 200 s-1. The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg. The rats were not anesthetized during the 2-hour exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloral hydrate anesthesia about 1 hour after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3-4 minutes, and thereafter fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 microns. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 of 62 of the controls and in 56 of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. Continuous wave resulted in 14 positive findings of 35, which differ significantly from the controls (P = 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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