Board wish to acknowledge with sincere appreciation the assistance of the following reviewers who... more Board wish to acknowledge with sincere appreciation the assistance of the following reviewers who, along with the Editorial Board, have generously contributed their time and efforts during the past year 1 in the appraisals of manuscripts submitted to Cancer Research. These reviewers not only have been of inestimable help in assessing the merit of original articles but also, by their careful analysis and critique and their general and specific constructive recommendations, have often greatly enhanced the value of these manuscripts. The quality of the journal can be attributed in large measure to the quality of their effort. We are sincerely grateful.
A large body of epidemiologic research has concentrated on the 1918 influenza pandemic, but more ... more A large body of epidemiologic research has concentrated on the 1918 influenza pandemic, but more work is needed to understand spatial variation in pandemic mortality and its effects on natality. We collected and analyzed 35,151 death records from Arizona for 1915-1921 and 21,334 birth records from Maricopa county for 1915-1925. We estimated the number of excess deaths and births before, during, and after the pandemic period, and we found a significant decline in the number of births occurring 9-11 months after peak pandemic mortality. Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. The relationship between birth patterns and pandemic mortality risk should be further studied at different spatial scales and in different ethnic groups.
The need to develop successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in sustainable res... more The need to develop successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in sustainable resource management. Our goal is to evaluate the relationship between information networks and conflict in the context of collaborative groundwater management in the rapidly growing central highland region of Arizona. In this region, water-management conflicts have emerged because of stakeholders' differing geographic perspectives and competing scientific claims. Using social network analyses, we explored the extent to which the Verde River Basin Partnership (VRBP), which was charged with developing and sharing scientific information, has contributed to collaboration in the region. To accomplish this, we examined the role that this stakeholder partnership plays in reinforcing or overcoming the geographic, ideological, expert, and power conflicts among its members. Focusing on information sharing, we tested the extent to which several theoretically important elements of successful collaboration were evidenced by data from the VRBP. The structure of information sharing provides insight into ways in which barriers between diverse perspectives might be retained and elucidates weaknesses in the partnership. To characterize information sharing, we examined interaction ties among individuals with different geographic concerns, hierarchical scales of interest, belief systems (about science, the environment, and the role of the partnership), and selfidentified expertise types. Results showed that the partnership's information-sharing network spans most of these boundaries. Based on current theories of collaboration, we would expect the partnership network to be conducive to collaboration. We found that information exchanges are limited by differences in connection patterns across actor expertise and environmental-belief systems. Actors who view scientists as advocates are significantly more likely to occupy boundary-spanning positions, that appear to impede the success of the partnership. This analysis challenges widely held assumptions about the properties that separate successful collaborations from those that are less successful. It has implications for our understanding of the factors that constrain information processing, knowledge production, and collectiveaction capability in institutions.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016
Nuclear hazards, linked to both U.S. weapons programs and civilian nuclear power, pose substantia... more Nuclear hazards, linked to both U.S. weapons programs and civilian nuclear power, pose substantial environment justice issues. Nuclear power plant (NPP) reactors produce low-level ionizing radiation, high level nuclear waste, and are subject to catastrophic contamination events. Justice concerns include plant locations and the large potentially exposed populations, as well as issues in siting, nuclear safety, and barriers to public participation. Other justice issues relate to extensive contamination in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, and the mining and processing industries that have supported it. To approach the topic, first we discuss distributional justice issues of NPP sites in the U.S. and related procedural injustices in siting, operation, and emergency preparedness. Then we discuss justice concerns involving the U.S. nuclear weapons complex and the ways that uranium mining, processing, and weapons development have affected those living downwind, including a substantial American Indian population. Next we examine the problem of high-level nuclear waste and the risk implications of the lack of secure long-term storage. The handling and deposition of toxic nuclear wastes pose new transgenerational justice issues of unprecedented duration, in comparison to any other industry. Finally, we discuss the persistent risks of nuclear technologies and renewable energy alternatives.
From a theoretical approach based on political ecology and environmental justice, we assess how f... more From a theoretical approach based on political ecology and environmental justice, we assess how forestry development has generated socio-spatial dynamics of environmental degradation and water scarcity in southern Chile. Through historical-geographical and ethnographic methods, we discuss how and why the spread of forestry plantations has significantly influenced social and environmental degradation of the Mapuche's modes of living. In response, during recent decades a political articulation of a Mapuche social movement is observed. Their demands include land, autonomy, rights and opportunities to frame their own development strategies. Within the internal diversity of this movement, a key principle is reversing the spread of environmental degradation by recovering the native forest and its natural water cycles, which have been disrupted significantly by the increasing of forestry plantations. We explore these dynamics of the Mapuche movement from an environmental justice approach.
This chapter examines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami’s impacts on coastal regions of Thailand with... more This chapter examines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami’s impacts on coastal regions of Thailand with a focus recovery dynamics and the role of community-based organizations. With more than 8,000 killed and thousands homeless in Thailand, coupled with heavy impacts to fishing villages and large-scale loss of livelihoods, recovery challenges have been extensive. Patterns of uneven geographic development among a culturally and socially diverse population produced different recovery dynamics by location across the impact zone. Based on extensive fieldwork in the region by the lead author, we examine recovery dynamics in a representative coastal village. We begin by reviewing the historical geography of the area and how development patterns shaped local vulnerabilities prior to the tsunami. This provides context for analyzing impacts and response and recovery dynamics at the research site, with a focus on the diverse ways local leaders, displaced residents, government agencies, and NGOs promoted a variety of recovery strategies. We consider how relief organizations dealt with a culturally diverse population with substantial pre-disaster vulnerabilities, including the limitations of state-centered “top-down” approaches to recovery. Alternative approaches based on local leadership and collaborative networks across geographic scales proved more successful at coupling vulnerability reduction with local programs of recovery. We conclude with a discussion of the role of participatory approaches and local institution building in vulnerability reduction and capacity building in the region.
Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2006
The voting by the membership for Union and Section officers for the 2006-2008 term was completed ... more The voting by the membership for Union and Section officers for the 2006-2008 term was completed on 10 January Voting was conducted electronically through the Inter net using commercial surveying software. Paper ballots were available upon request. The tallying and recording of the elections was managed by AGU staff using the Web-Surveyor software. The results of the voting are listed below.
A need for successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in natural resource managem... more A need for successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in natural resource management. Several qualities of "successful" partnerships have been identified but few empirical studies have tested these claims against the information sharing structure of "unsuccessful" partnerships. This paper examines the ego networks of members in a partnership that has not successfully reached its goals as an illustration of the ways in which external ties relate to attitudes and relationships within a partnership. By focusing on information sharing frequencies, member ideologies, and power structure among organizations involved in a groundwater controversy, we test the extent to which the process and outcomes of participation align with conditions often used to indicate "success". Results show that individuals who think that science is objective maintain information sharing ego networks that include a larger proportion of ties outside of the partnership than those who consider science to be less certain. Individuals who consider themselves a member of the partnership are more central to the network of organizations invited to join the partnership and maintain a greater proportions of unique ties relative to ties common across multiple actors. This case study challenges widely held assumptions about the properties of successful collaborations and supports claims that scientific discourse can be used to obscure debates over values.
Abstract The Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area's relentless pursuit of urb... more Abstract The Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area's relentless pursuit of urban growth for more than a century has produced a durable racialized landscape, with minorities concentrated in an environmentally degraded urban core and a largely white and relatively privileged population in the expanding zone of peripheral suburbs. As suburbanization has marched outward, new and different forms of environmental insecurity are appearing. While vulnerable people in the central city are exposed to a concentration of industrial hazards ...
... ministerial segment. The IPCC reports (1) were used by the delegates during theirpreparations... more ... ministerial segment. The IPCC reports (1) were used by the delegates during theirpreparations for the Kyoto conference as the most authoritative analysis of climatechange. Instead, political and technical issues were in focus. ...
This paper examines the security of water resources in Phoenix, AZ, under different scenarios of ... more This paper examines the security of water resources in Phoenix, AZ, under different scenarios of climate change, consumption patterns, and reductions of available surface water. Phoenix constitutes a key site for examining the projected effects of climate change on water resources in the US West. Water providers in Phoenix rely on a mix of water sources to deliver to their
Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns... more Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns, the creation of disamenity zones of environmental injustice, and the promotion of space-consuming suburban development. This study uses historic Sanborn Fire Insurance maps and spatial analytic techniques to expose zoning's tendency to spread disamenities and disperse incompatible land uses in early Phoenix. While on paper Euclidean zoning's stratification of land uses in Phoenix promotes progressive ideals for reduction of blight and improvement of city health, analysis at a finer scale using Sanborn maps reveals that zoning decisions in Phoenix tended to promote the expansion of fragmented land uses, especially disamenity zones that targeted poor minority neighborhoods. Zoning encouraged the expansion of industry while attracting residents to newly developed suburbs with guaranteed protection from blight. Booming cities founded largely on speculation, boosterism, and a zeal for growth emerged in the U.S. West during the late nineteenth century. Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns, the creation of disamenity zones of environmental injustice, and the promotion of space-consuming suburban development. Phoenix, Arizona, a prominent southwestern boom city, adopted Euclidian zoning as a means of beautification, protection of property values, removal of nuisance land uses, and encouragement of more efficient industry (Arizona Republican, 1922a, b; Larsen & Alameddin, 2007). In this study, we explore the differential impacts of early twentieth century zoning on a booming U.S. city. Using extant literature that highlights zoning regulations impacts on development, we focus on a historic case and the issues surrounding environmental inequalities and land use patterns. Though the pattern zoning rules established affected many dimensions of urban life-access, connection, proximity, and so on-these effects were gradually lost sight of. Regulations were applied as if floating in space somewhere, with little thought about their overall arrangement or pattern, how one zone fits with another, how they collectively create patterns, and how, in aggregate, they can produce congested cores or peripheral wastelands. (Talen, 2011, pp. 57-58) Drawing from Talen's argument, we investigate the impact of zoning in Phoenix at its most seemingly organized, hierarchical state: from the city's adoption of its first zoning ordinance in 1930 to the early stages of the post-World War II era. Rather than assess the spatial organization of zones themselves, we empirically analyze changes in land use heterogeneity and incompatibility at the sub-parcel scale. Using Sanborn Fire Insurance maps to examine land use coverage of early Phoenix pre-zoning (1915) and post-zoning (1949), we determine which zones were prone to land
This study investigates the relationship between social connections and collective civic action. ... more This study investigates the relationship between social connections and collective civic action. Measuring social capital in eight Phoenix, Arizona, neighborhoods allowed the authors to determine that individuals with strong social bonding (i.e., association and trust among neighbors) are more likely to take civic action. However, while social capital lessens the relationship between an individual’s social status and the likelihood of taking action, it does not eliminate the positive relationship. The analysis also suggests that bonding and bridging are distinct forms of social capital that have some different antecedents
A significant number of Americans now live in housing that is marked by walls and in many instanc... more A significant number of Americans now live in housing that is marked by walls and in many instances by gates. While an increasing amount is written on these enclaves, relatively little research has been done on the developments themselves, the Home Owner Associations (HOAs) that run them, or their residents. This paper draws on the American Housing Survey and the Phoenix Area Social Survey to present demographic information on the housing and to indicate some of the attitudes of these homeowners. The data are used to question ...
Board wish to acknowledge with sincere appreciation the assistance of the following reviewers who... more Board wish to acknowledge with sincere appreciation the assistance of the following reviewers who, along with the Editorial Board, have generously contributed their time and efforts during the past year 1 in the appraisals of manuscripts submitted to Cancer Research. These reviewers not only have been of inestimable help in assessing the merit of original articles but also, by their careful analysis and critique and their general and specific constructive recommendations, have often greatly enhanced the value of these manuscripts. The quality of the journal can be attributed in large measure to the quality of their effort. We are sincerely grateful.
A large body of epidemiologic research has concentrated on the 1918 influenza pandemic, but more ... more A large body of epidemiologic research has concentrated on the 1918 influenza pandemic, but more work is needed to understand spatial variation in pandemic mortality and its effects on natality. We collected and analyzed 35,151 death records from Arizona for 1915-1921 and 21,334 birth records from Maricopa county for 1915-1925. We estimated the number of excess deaths and births before, during, and after the pandemic period, and we found a significant decline in the number of births occurring 9-11 months after peak pandemic mortality. Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. The relationship between birth patterns and pandemic mortality risk should be further studied at different spatial scales and in different ethnic groups.
The need to develop successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in sustainable res... more The need to develop successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in sustainable resource management. Our goal is to evaluate the relationship between information networks and conflict in the context of collaborative groundwater management in the rapidly growing central highland region of Arizona. In this region, water-management conflicts have emerged because of stakeholders' differing geographic perspectives and competing scientific claims. Using social network analyses, we explored the extent to which the Verde River Basin Partnership (VRBP), which was charged with developing and sharing scientific information, has contributed to collaboration in the region. To accomplish this, we examined the role that this stakeholder partnership plays in reinforcing or overcoming the geographic, ideological, expert, and power conflicts among its members. Focusing on information sharing, we tested the extent to which several theoretically important elements of successful collaboration were evidenced by data from the VRBP. The structure of information sharing provides insight into ways in which barriers between diverse perspectives might be retained and elucidates weaknesses in the partnership. To characterize information sharing, we examined interaction ties among individuals with different geographic concerns, hierarchical scales of interest, belief systems (about science, the environment, and the role of the partnership), and selfidentified expertise types. Results showed that the partnership's information-sharing network spans most of these boundaries. Based on current theories of collaboration, we would expect the partnership network to be conducive to collaboration. We found that information exchanges are limited by differences in connection patterns across actor expertise and environmental-belief systems. Actors who view scientists as advocates are significantly more likely to occupy boundary-spanning positions, that appear to impede the success of the partnership. This analysis challenges widely held assumptions about the properties that separate successful collaborations from those that are less successful. It has implications for our understanding of the factors that constrain information processing, knowledge production, and collectiveaction capability in institutions.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016
Nuclear hazards, linked to both U.S. weapons programs and civilian nuclear power, pose substantia... more Nuclear hazards, linked to both U.S. weapons programs and civilian nuclear power, pose substantial environment justice issues. Nuclear power plant (NPP) reactors produce low-level ionizing radiation, high level nuclear waste, and are subject to catastrophic contamination events. Justice concerns include plant locations and the large potentially exposed populations, as well as issues in siting, nuclear safety, and barriers to public participation. Other justice issues relate to extensive contamination in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, and the mining and processing industries that have supported it. To approach the topic, first we discuss distributional justice issues of NPP sites in the U.S. and related procedural injustices in siting, operation, and emergency preparedness. Then we discuss justice concerns involving the U.S. nuclear weapons complex and the ways that uranium mining, processing, and weapons development have affected those living downwind, including a substantial American Indian population. Next we examine the problem of high-level nuclear waste and the risk implications of the lack of secure long-term storage. The handling and deposition of toxic nuclear wastes pose new transgenerational justice issues of unprecedented duration, in comparison to any other industry. Finally, we discuss the persistent risks of nuclear technologies and renewable energy alternatives.
From a theoretical approach based on political ecology and environmental justice, we assess how f... more From a theoretical approach based on political ecology and environmental justice, we assess how forestry development has generated socio-spatial dynamics of environmental degradation and water scarcity in southern Chile. Through historical-geographical and ethnographic methods, we discuss how and why the spread of forestry plantations has significantly influenced social and environmental degradation of the Mapuche's modes of living. In response, during recent decades a political articulation of a Mapuche social movement is observed. Their demands include land, autonomy, rights and opportunities to frame their own development strategies. Within the internal diversity of this movement, a key principle is reversing the spread of environmental degradation by recovering the native forest and its natural water cycles, which have been disrupted significantly by the increasing of forestry plantations. We explore these dynamics of the Mapuche movement from an environmental justice approach.
This chapter examines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami’s impacts on coastal regions of Thailand with... more This chapter examines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami’s impacts on coastal regions of Thailand with a focus recovery dynamics and the role of community-based organizations. With more than 8,000 killed and thousands homeless in Thailand, coupled with heavy impacts to fishing villages and large-scale loss of livelihoods, recovery challenges have been extensive. Patterns of uneven geographic development among a culturally and socially diverse population produced different recovery dynamics by location across the impact zone. Based on extensive fieldwork in the region by the lead author, we examine recovery dynamics in a representative coastal village. We begin by reviewing the historical geography of the area and how development patterns shaped local vulnerabilities prior to the tsunami. This provides context for analyzing impacts and response and recovery dynamics at the research site, with a focus on the diverse ways local leaders, displaced residents, government agencies, and NGOs promoted a variety of recovery strategies. We consider how relief organizations dealt with a culturally diverse population with substantial pre-disaster vulnerabilities, including the limitations of state-centered “top-down” approaches to recovery. Alternative approaches based on local leadership and collaborative networks across geographic scales proved more successful at coupling vulnerability reduction with local programs of recovery. We conclude with a discussion of the role of participatory approaches and local institution building in vulnerability reduction and capacity building in the region.
Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2006
The voting by the membership for Union and Section officers for the 2006-2008 term was completed ... more The voting by the membership for Union and Section officers for the 2006-2008 term was completed on 10 January Voting was conducted electronically through the Inter net using commercial surveying software. Paper ballots were available upon request. The tallying and recording of the elections was managed by AGU staff using the Web-Surveyor software. The results of the voting are listed below.
A need for successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in natural resource managem... more A need for successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in natural resource management. Several qualities of "successful" partnerships have been identified but few empirical studies have tested these claims against the information sharing structure of "unsuccessful" partnerships. This paper examines the ego networks of members in a partnership that has not successfully reached its goals as an illustration of the ways in which external ties relate to attitudes and relationships within a partnership. By focusing on information sharing frequencies, member ideologies, and power structure among organizations involved in a groundwater controversy, we test the extent to which the process and outcomes of participation align with conditions often used to indicate "success". Results show that individuals who think that science is objective maintain information sharing ego networks that include a larger proportion of ties outside of the partnership than those who consider science to be less certain. Individuals who consider themselves a member of the partnership are more central to the network of organizations invited to join the partnership and maintain a greater proportions of unique ties relative to ties common across multiple actors. This case study challenges widely held assumptions about the properties of successful collaborations and supports claims that scientific discourse can be used to obscure debates over values.
Abstract The Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area's relentless pursuit of urb... more Abstract The Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area's relentless pursuit of urban growth for more than a century has produced a durable racialized landscape, with minorities concentrated in an environmentally degraded urban core and a largely white and relatively privileged population in the expanding zone of peripheral suburbs. As suburbanization has marched outward, new and different forms of environmental insecurity are appearing. While vulnerable people in the central city are exposed to a concentration of industrial hazards ...
... ministerial segment. The IPCC reports (1) were used by the delegates during theirpreparations... more ... ministerial segment. The IPCC reports (1) were used by the delegates during theirpreparations for the Kyoto conference as the most authoritative analysis of climatechange. Instead, political and technical issues were in focus. ...
This paper examines the security of water resources in Phoenix, AZ, under different scenarios of ... more This paper examines the security of water resources in Phoenix, AZ, under different scenarios of climate change, consumption patterns, and reductions of available surface water. Phoenix constitutes a key site for examining the projected effects of climate change on water resources in the US West. Water providers in Phoenix rely on a mix of water sources to deliver to their
Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns... more Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns, the creation of disamenity zones of environmental injustice, and the promotion of space-consuming suburban development. This study uses historic Sanborn Fire Insurance maps and spatial analytic techniques to expose zoning's tendency to spread disamenities and disperse incompatible land uses in early Phoenix. While on paper Euclidean zoning's stratification of land uses in Phoenix promotes progressive ideals for reduction of blight and improvement of city health, analysis at a finer scale using Sanborn maps reveals that zoning decisions in Phoenix tended to promote the expansion of fragmented land uses, especially disamenity zones that targeted poor minority neighborhoods. Zoning encouraged the expansion of industry while attracting residents to newly developed suburbs with guaranteed protection from blight. Booming cities founded largely on speculation, boosterism, and a zeal for growth emerged in the U.S. West during the late nineteenth century. Little attention has been paid to the role of early land use institutions in development patterns, the creation of disamenity zones of environmental injustice, and the promotion of space-consuming suburban development. Phoenix, Arizona, a prominent southwestern boom city, adopted Euclidian zoning as a means of beautification, protection of property values, removal of nuisance land uses, and encouragement of more efficient industry (Arizona Republican, 1922a, b; Larsen & Alameddin, 2007). In this study, we explore the differential impacts of early twentieth century zoning on a booming U.S. city. Using extant literature that highlights zoning regulations impacts on development, we focus on a historic case and the issues surrounding environmental inequalities and land use patterns. Though the pattern zoning rules established affected many dimensions of urban life-access, connection, proximity, and so on-these effects were gradually lost sight of. Regulations were applied as if floating in space somewhere, with little thought about their overall arrangement or pattern, how one zone fits with another, how they collectively create patterns, and how, in aggregate, they can produce congested cores or peripheral wastelands. (Talen, 2011, pp. 57-58) Drawing from Talen's argument, we investigate the impact of zoning in Phoenix at its most seemingly organized, hierarchical state: from the city's adoption of its first zoning ordinance in 1930 to the early stages of the post-World War II era. Rather than assess the spatial organization of zones themselves, we empirically analyze changes in land use heterogeneity and incompatibility at the sub-parcel scale. Using Sanborn Fire Insurance maps to examine land use coverage of early Phoenix pre-zoning (1915) and post-zoning (1949), we determine which zones were prone to land
This study investigates the relationship between social connections and collective civic action. ... more This study investigates the relationship between social connections and collective civic action. Measuring social capital in eight Phoenix, Arizona, neighborhoods allowed the authors to determine that individuals with strong social bonding (i.e., association and trust among neighbors) are more likely to take civic action. However, while social capital lessens the relationship between an individual’s social status and the likelihood of taking action, it does not eliminate the positive relationship. The analysis also suggests that bonding and bridging are distinct forms of social capital that have some different antecedents
A significant number of Americans now live in housing that is marked by walls and in many instanc... more A significant number of Americans now live in housing that is marked by walls and in many instances by gates. While an increasing amount is written on these enclaves, relatively little research has been done on the developments themselves, the Home Owner Associations (HOAs) that run them, or their residents. This paper draws on the American Housing Survey and the Phoenix Area Social Survey to present demographic information on the housing and to indicate some of the attitudes of these homeowners. The data are used to question ...
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Papers by Bob Bolin