The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is... more The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is a major worldwide issue. Hematoxylin dye has a wide range of uses in textile industries and laboratories. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of hematoxylin's sublethal effect in vitro in Cirrhinus mrigala. The fish was exposed to different grading concentrations of dye in the aquarium. Fish were sacrificed and dissected to remove the kidney after exposure to hematoxylin dye for specific time intervals. Nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by this dye were detected through histopathology by using the paraffin wax method. Immediate mortality of fish was noticed against the exposure to 0.08 g/L (LC 50) concentration of dye, but at 0.008 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, it showed tremendous tissue damage in the kidneys, significant reduction in fish growth. This dye induced many alterations in the kidney such as tubular degeneration, vacuolation, shrinkage of a glomerulus, reduced lumen, congestion in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, absence of Bowmen space, necrosis of the hematopoietic interstitial tissues, clogging of tubules, necrosis in the glomerulus and increased space between glomerulus and bowmen's capsule. Although this dye has a wide range of biological and industrial applications, a minute amount of hematoxylin released in effluents is quite toxic to aquatic fauna.
The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic charact... more The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r≥0.70; p<0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r≤0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexu...
Abstract High reactivity, reliable properties and positive environmental impacts of sepiolite cla... more Abstract High reactivity, reliable properties and positive environmental impacts of sepiolite clay in environment make it an important adsorbent for soil and water applications. Present review critically evaluates the applications of sepiolite in contaminated soils to adsorb toxic metals with an emphasis on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Research data has been compiled from about 140 publications reporting lab simulation studies, greenhouse experiments, and field trials. First section of this review describes the properties of sepiolite due to their role in dictating the efficiency of this mineral. In the next sections, we evaluate research advancements on the use of sepiolite for soil decontamination with a brief description about the underlying mechanisms. The properties and remediation efficiency of sepiolite can be tuned by its modification by physical or chemical strategies. In addition to its prominent metal adsorption capacity, sepiolite has the potential to increase soil pH which reduces the metal availability in soils and uptake by plants. The impacts of sepiolite on soil properties and plant growth are illustrated in soil–plant system. This extensive review highlights the strong remediation potential of sepiolite in metal-contaminated soils and positive impacts on soil–plant systems. Future studies need to focus on finding suitable methods to modify sepiolite and to explore its use in composite amendments for an improved efficiency under field conditions.
The present study evaluated the efficiency of pre-selected composite amendments (CA-1: biochar-li... more The present study evaluated the efficiency of pre-selected composite amendments (CA-1: biochar-lime-sepiolite-zeolite and CA-2: manure-lime-sepiolite) for immobilization and sorption of Cd and Pb in field and batch sorption experiments. The field experiment was performed in a co-contaminated clay purple soil (stagnic anthrosols). Along with a control experiment (T1), CA-1 and CA-2 were tested at different rates including 750, 1500, 3000 and 6000 kg ha-1 by growing wheat as the test crop. The obtained results revealed that the highest dose of both composites (T5: 6000 kg ha-1 and T9: 6000 kg ha-1) increased the soil pH to 6.85 and 6.81, respectively as compared to the control (5.63). DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb contents decreased with composite treatments (T7 and T4) at harvest stage samples. Metal fractionation depicted that application of amendments decreased the exchangeable fraction at harvesting stage. Application of CA-2 and CA-1 (3000 kg ha-1) significantly increased the plant biomass (by 28% and 24%, respectively) and grain yield (by 26% and 22%, respectively) of wheat. Furthermore, batch sorption experiment results revealed that Langmuir adsorption model better fitted the sorption results with R2 values ranging between 0.99 and 0.91 for Cd and Pb, respectively. CA-1 and CA-2 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity for Cd with no significant difference among treatments but Pb adsorption capacity was highest in CA-1 followed by CA-2 and control. The results of our experiments revealed that the application of organics combined with inorganic materials enhanced Cd and Pb immobilization and sorption, consequently reducing metals availability in laboratory and field conditions. Moreover, for field trials, application of the composite amendments at 3000 kg ha-1 emerged as the suitable treatment for tested wheat-grown area.
This manuscript explores Cd phytoavailability and its immobilizing agents. • Inorganic, organic a... more This manuscript explores Cd phytoavailability and its immobilizing agents. • Inorganic, organic and mineral amendments can immobilize Cd in polluted sites. • A number of publications have confirmed Cd toxicity and stabilization. • Variation in moisture regime influences Cd phytoavailability and immobilization.
This study investigates the potential of the comet and micronucleus assays of fish DNA as a means... more This study investigates the potential of the comet and micronucleus assays of fish DNA as a means of screening the toxicity of aquatic environments. Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from the River Chenab in Pakistan were used as a case study for the application of comet and micronucleus techniques. Comet and micronucleus assays were used to compare DNA damage in C. catla and C. mrigala collected from polluted areas of the River Chenab and farmed fish. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed an acute level of toxicity from Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn, and Hg in river water. Comet assay showed significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage in C. catla representing 17.33 ± 2.42, 11.53 ± 2.14, and 14.17% DNA in the comet tail, averaged from three sites of the polluted area of the river. Tail moment was observed as 10.06 ± 2.71, 3.11 ± 0.74, and 14.70 ± 1.89, while olive moment was 8.85 ± 1.84, 3.83 ± 0.76, and 7.11 ± 0.73, respectively. Highly significant (p < 0.01) damage was rep...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of anthropogenic pollution on DNA damage ... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of anthropogenic pollution on DNA damage and the fatty acid profi le of the bottom dweller fi sh (Cirrhinus mrigala), collected from the River Chenab, in order to assess the eff ect of the toxicants on the quality of the fi sh meat. The levels of Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Sn and of phenols from this river were signifi cantly higher than the permissible limits set by the USEPA. Comet assays showed DNA damage in Cirrhinus mrigala collected from three diff erent sampling sites in the polluted area of the river. Signifi cant diff erences were observed for DNA damage through comet assay in fi sh collected from polluted compared to control sites. No signifi cant diff erences were observed for DNA damage between farmed and fi sh collected from upstream. The micronucleus assay showed similar trends. Fish from the highly polluted sites showed less number of fatty acids and more saturated fatty acids in their meat compared to fi sh from less polluted areas. Several fatty acids were missing in fi sh with higher levels of DNA in comet tail and micronucleus induction. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) was found missing in the fi sh from polluted environment while it was found in considerable amount in farmed fi sh 7.8±0.4%. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) also showed signifi cant diff erences as 0.1±0.0 and 7.0±0.1% respectively, in wild polluted and farmed fi shes.
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2012
This paper discusses the improvements in small signal performance of a multi machine power system... more This paper discusses the improvements in small signal performance of a multi machine power system under the impact of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Static Compensator (STATCOM) devices. Parameters of both devices are optimized independently using MATLAB control system tools. PSS lead-lag network is designed using bode plot technique by analyzing Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) based Heffron-Phillips model of network generators. STATCOM voltage regulator is optimized using a reduced STATCOM-Infinite bus model. The proposed designs are tested on a modified IEEE 14 bus system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulations reveal that the system gains an appreciable damping ability against local modes of oscillation with PSS employed while STATCOMs increase this strength further. Results have validated the effectiveness of these SMIB based approximate modeling techniques in a multi machine environment where comprehensive system modeling is complex and often require information about whole power system which is sometimes hard to achieve.
Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de salvado de arroz mediante differentes ens... more Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de salvado de arroz mediante differentes ensayos Se evalúa la actividad antioxidante diferentes extractos (100% metanol, 80% metanol, 100% acetona and 80% acetona) de salvado de arroz-var. Super Kernel-mediante diferentes ensayos y utilizando aceite de girasol como substrato. Los ensayos utilizados fueron la estimación del % de inhibición de la peroxidación en sistemas con ácido linoleico, el contenido total en compuestos fenólicos y la pérdida de β-caroteno en sistemas con ácido linoleico. Adicionalmente, los concentrados de extractos de salvado de arroz se añadieron a aceite de girasol y las muestras se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente. La extensión de la oxidación se evaluó mediante el índice de peróxidos, el índice de p-anisidina, así como la formación de dienos y trienos conjugados. El orden de la eficacia antioxidante de los extractos de salvado de arroz fue el siguiente: 80 % metanol> 100 % metanol > 80 % acetona > 100% acetona. Los resultados demostraron que los extractos del salvado de arroz de la variedad Super Kernel del arroz indígena de Paquistán son una fuente viable de antioxidantes naturales y podrían ser explotados como alimentos funcionales.
The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is... more The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is a major worldwide issue. Hematoxylin dye has a wide range of uses in textile industries and laboratories. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of hematoxylin's sublethal effect in vitro in Cirrhinus mrigala. The fish was exposed to different grading concentrations of dye in the aquarium. Fish were sacrificed and dissected to remove the kidney after exposure to hematoxylin dye for specific time intervals. Nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by this dye were detected through histopathology by using the paraffin wax method. Immediate mortality of fish was noticed against the exposure to 0.08 g/L (LC 50) concentration of dye, but at 0.008 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, it showed tremendous tissue damage in the kidneys, significant reduction in fish growth. This dye induced many alterations in the kidney such as tubular degeneration, vacuolation, shrinkage of a glomerulus, reduced lumen, congestion in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, absence of Bowmen space, necrosis of the hematopoietic interstitial tissues, clogging of tubules, necrosis in the glomerulus and increased space between glomerulus and bowmen's capsule. Although this dye has a wide range of biological and industrial applications, a minute amount of hematoxylin released in effluents is quite toxic to aquatic fauna.
The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic charact... more The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r≥0.70; p<0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r≤0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexu...
Abstract High reactivity, reliable properties and positive environmental impacts of sepiolite cla... more Abstract High reactivity, reliable properties and positive environmental impacts of sepiolite clay in environment make it an important adsorbent for soil and water applications. Present review critically evaluates the applications of sepiolite in contaminated soils to adsorb toxic metals with an emphasis on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Research data has been compiled from about 140 publications reporting lab simulation studies, greenhouse experiments, and field trials. First section of this review describes the properties of sepiolite due to their role in dictating the efficiency of this mineral. In the next sections, we evaluate research advancements on the use of sepiolite for soil decontamination with a brief description about the underlying mechanisms. The properties and remediation efficiency of sepiolite can be tuned by its modification by physical or chemical strategies. In addition to its prominent metal adsorption capacity, sepiolite has the potential to increase soil pH which reduces the metal availability in soils and uptake by plants. The impacts of sepiolite on soil properties and plant growth are illustrated in soil–plant system. This extensive review highlights the strong remediation potential of sepiolite in metal-contaminated soils and positive impacts on soil–plant systems. Future studies need to focus on finding suitable methods to modify sepiolite and to explore its use in composite amendments for an improved efficiency under field conditions.
The present study evaluated the efficiency of pre-selected composite amendments (CA-1: biochar-li... more The present study evaluated the efficiency of pre-selected composite amendments (CA-1: biochar-lime-sepiolite-zeolite and CA-2: manure-lime-sepiolite) for immobilization and sorption of Cd and Pb in field and batch sorption experiments. The field experiment was performed in a co-contaminated clay purple soil (stagnic anthrosols). Along with a control experiment (T1), CA-1 and CA-2 were tested at different rates including 750, 1500, 3000 and 6000 kg ha-1 by growing wheat as the test crop. The obtained results revealed that the highest dose of both composites (T5: 6000 kg ha-1 and T9: 6000 kg ha-1) increased the soil pH to 6.85 and 6.81, respectively as compared to the control (5.63). DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb contents decreased with composite treatments (T7 and T4) at harvest stage samples. Metal fractionation depicted that application of amendments decreased the exchangeable fraction at harvesting stage. Application of CA-2 and CA-1 (3000 kg ha-1) significantly increased the plant biomass (by 28% and 24%, respectively) and grain yield (by 26% and 22%, respectively) of wheat. Furthermore, batch sorption experiment results revealed that Langmuir adsorption model better fitted the sorption results with R2 values ranging between 0.99 and 0.91 for Cd and Pb, respectively. CA-1 and CA-2 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity for Cd with no significant difference among treatments but Pb adsorption capacity was highest in CA-1 followed by CA-2 and control. The results of our experiments revealed that the application of organics combined with inorganic materials enhanced Cd and Pb immobilization and sorption, consequently reducing metals availability in laboratory and field conditions. Moreover, for field trials, application of the composite amendments at 3000 kg ha-1 emerged as the suitable treatment for tested wheat-grown area.
This manuscript explores Cd phytoavailability and its immobilizing agents. • Inorganic, organic a... more This manuscript explores Cd phytoavailability and its immobilizing agents. • Inorganic, organic and mineral amendments can immobilize Cd in polluted sites. • A number of publications have confirmed Cd toxicity and stabilization. • Variation in moisture regime influences Cd phytoavailability and immobilization.
This study investigates the potential of the comet and micronucleus assays of fish DNA as a means... more This study investigates the potential of the comet and micronucleus assays of fish DNA as a means of screening the toxicity of aquatic environments. Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from the River Chenab in Pakistan were used as a case study for the application of comet and micronucleus techniques. Comet and micronucleus assays were used to compare DNA damage in C. catla and C. mrigala collected from polluted areas of the River Chenab and farmed fish. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed an acute level of toxicity from Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn, and Hg in river water. Comet assay showed significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage in C. catla representing 17.33 ± 2.42, 11.53 ± 2.14, and 14.17% DNA in the comet tail, averaged from three sites of the polluted area of the river. Tail moment was observed as 10.06 ± 2.71, 3.11 ± 0.74, and 14.70 ± 1.89, while olive moment was 8.85 ± 1.84, 3.83 ± 0.76, and 7.11 ± 0.73, respectively. Highly significant (p < 0.01) damage was rep...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of anthropogenic pollution on DNA damage ... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of anthropogenic pollution on DNA damage and the fatty acid profi le of the bottom dweller fi sh (Cirrhinus mrigala), collected from the River Chenab, in order to assess the eff ect of the toxicants on the quality of the fi sh meat. The levels of Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Sn and of phenols from this river were signifi cantly higher than the permissible limits set by the USEPA. Comet assays showed DNA damage in Cirrhinus mrigala collected from three diff erent sampling sites in the polluted area of the river. Signifi cant diff erences were observed for DNA damage through comet assay in fi sh collected from polluted compared to control sites. No signifi cant diff erences were observed for DNA damage between farmed and fi sh collected from upstream. The micronucleus assay showed similar trends. Fish from the highly polluted sites showed less number of fatty acids and more saturated fatty acids in their meat compared to fi sh from less polluted areas. Several fatty acids were missing in fi sh with higher levels of DNA in comet tail and micronucleus induction. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) was found missing in the fi sh from polluted environment while it was found in considerable amount in farmed fi sh 7.8±0.4%. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) also showed signifi cant diff erences as 0.1±0.0 and 7.0±0.1% respectively, in wild polluted and farmed fi shes.
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2012
This paper discusses the improvements in small signal performance of a multi machine power system... more This paper discusses the improvements in small signal performance of a multi machine power system under the impact of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Static Compensator (STATCOM) devices. Parameters of both devices are optimized independently using MATLAB control system tools. PSS lead-lag network is designed using bode plot technique by analyzing Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) based Heffron-Phillips model of network generators. STATCOM voltage regulator is optimized using a reduced STATCOM-Infinite bus model. The proposed designs are tested on a modified IEEE 14 bus system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulations reveal that the system gains an appreciable damping ability against local modes of oscillation with PSS employed while STATCOMs increase this strength further. Results have validated the effectiveness of these SMIB based approximate modeling techniques in a multi machine environment where comprehensive system modeling is complex and often require information about whole power system which is sometimes hard to achieve.
Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de salvado de arroz mediante differentes ens... more Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de salvado de arroz mediante differentes ensayos Se evalúa la actividad antioxidante diferentes extractos (100% metanol, 80% metanol, 100% acetona and 80% acetona) de salvado de arroz-var. Super Kernel-mediante diferentes ensayos y utilizando aceite de girasol como substrato. Los ensayos utilizados fueron la estimación del % de inhibición de la peroxidación en sistemas con ácido linoleico, el contenido total en compuestos fenólicos y la pérdida de β-caroteno en sistemas con ácido linoleico. Adicionalmente, los concentrados de extractos de salvado de arroz se añadieron a aceite de girasol y las muestras se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente. La extensión de la oxidación se evaluó mediante el índice de peróxidos, el índice de p-anisidina, así como la formación de dienos y trienos conjugados. El orden de la eficacia antioxidante de los extractos de salvado de arroz fue el siguiente: 80 % metanol> 100 % metanol > 80 % acetona > 100% acetona. Los resultados demostraron que los extractos del salvado de arroz de la variedad Super Kernel del arroz indígena de Paquistán son una fuente viable de antioxidantes naturales y podrían ser explotados como alimentos funcionales.
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