Utilizing an intersectional approach to understand the convergence of sexual harassment (SH) and ... more Utilizing an intersectional approach to understand the convergence of sexual harassment (SH) and race in the workplace, this study will explore the following research questions: Do people of color experience greater rates of workplace SH, specifically when committed by non-minority perpetrators? Do people of color report and perceive that SH complaints are taken seriously by their organization? Based on the notion of double jeopardy, that various factors of identity have a multiplicative effect on experienced discrimination, it is expected that minority members are more likely to experience SH and less likely to report, and if they report, they will perceive that SH complaints will not be seriously addressed (Berdahl & Moore, 2006). Given that SH has been utilized as a tactic to control and dominate rather than merely motivated by sexual desire, studying it within the workplace framework will reveal underlying power structures embedded within organizations. It is hypothesized that m...
An average degree in psychology incorporates understanding of social constructs, behaviorism, ind... more An average degree in psychology incorporates understanding of social constructs, behaviorism, individual motivations, empirical research designs, levels of statistical analysis, and a deeper understanding of problem-solving. Yet, even with the various skills psychology students gain in their training, they are chronically unemployed in the workforce. One possible reason psychology graduates are continually underemployed is that they do not understand how their learned skill sets translate into the workplace. The proposed study aims to address this gap by developing a survey to assess psychology students’ understanding of the knowledge and critical skill sets they gain in their degree program and their understanding of the practical, transferable implementations of these sought-after workplace skills. The outcomes of the proposed study will deepen the understanding of what undergraduate psychology students know and understand about the application of what they have learned through th...
Psychology graduates experience high levels of underemployment (50%), despite obtaining a range o... more Psychology graduates experience high levels of underemployment (50%), despite obtaining a range of competencies during their undergraduate studies that are highly applicable to their professional development and future endeavors in the workforce (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2021; Landrum et al., 2017). Throughout psychology courses, undergraduate students gain a number of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are sought after by employers. This study seeks to determine whether these underemployment rates are, in part, due to a lack of guidance from universities on how their curriculum and KSAOs taught connect to the workforce (Halonen & Dunn, 2018). To determine which KSAOs to examine, the full list of 167 KSAOs were initially pulled from O*NET, an online database that contains hundreds of occupational definitions. This full list of KSAOs were consolidated by subject matter experts (SMEs) to those most relevant to psychology undergraduates. This ...
Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characteri... more Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characterized, but several shortcomings of current educational attainment theory preclude a real-time and wide-scope understanding of the issue. Further insight could be provided by text analytic technology. In this article, the authors review the current status of secondary educational attainment and its associated theories, and identify areas of weakness which could be reinforced by adopting text analytic research methods. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential applications of text analytic research within school systems aimed at equipping educators and counselors with additional resources to more accurately pinpoint intervention efforts.
As one of the first subjects to be studied systematically by I-O Psychologists, the topic of lead... more As one of the first subjects to be studied systematically by I-O Psychologists, the topic of leadership has garnered the attention of both scholars and practitioners for the last 100 years (Barling, Christie, & Hoption, 2011). One model that provides a comprehensive taxonomy of leadership styles is the charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic (CIP) model of leadership (Mumford, 2006). Based on the early work of Weber (1924), this model suggests that the three leader types differ in a number of ways, but are largely distinguished by how leaders make sense of their environments by providing information and rationale regarding the direction they are taking (Hunter et al., 2011). While the model suggests that the influence of these different leadership styles can best be seen during times of crisis (Mumford, 2006; Strange & Mumford, 2002), the taxonomy is a valuable tool for leaders working on emerging projects and allows for a contingency approach. Presenters are second-year graduate students leading separate burgeoning projects at Appalachian State University. Presenters will each briefly: (1) describe their emerging project; (2) discuss how they have been influenced by and are leading using one of the three leadership types; (3) utilize the CIP model to self-diagnose their personal leadership styles; and (4) offer suggestions for ways they can improve
● Performance appraisals (PA) critical to work environment (Bednall, Sanders, & Runhaar, 2014) ● ... more ● Performance appraisals (PA) critical to work environment (Bednall, Sanders, & Runhaar, 2014) ● Purposeful PA practices yield positive ratee satisfaction and organizational commitment (Iqbal, Akbar & Budhwar, 2015) ○ Need to identify problems with PAs to establish new techniques and more accurate, purposeful formats ● Little research on PA purposefulness relating to PA format It’s All How You Look At It: The Relationship Between Performance Appraisal Formats and Perceived Purposefulness
The use of social networking sites as a screening tool in the hiring process has grown significan... more The use of social networking sites as a screening tool in the hiring process has grown significantly in the past decade (Brown & Vaughn, 2011). Many hiring managers and recruiters have found this to be both a practical and cost-efficient way to learn more about an applicant and whether he or she might be a good fit for the organization. LinkedIn has become one of the most commonly used social networking sites in the hiring process (Sheperd, 2013). However, there has not been sufficient research surrounding its use, and many recruiters do not disclose how exactly they incorporate an applicant’s presence on LinkedIn into their hiring decision. The objective of this study is to clarify the extent to which recruiters perceive an applicant’s hireability based on the amount of information provided on an applicant’s LinkedIn profile. We have recruited approximately 175 hiring managers to serve as participants in this study. Each hiring manager will evaluate the hireability of our model job applicant based on the applicant’s resume and usage of LinkedIn. To evaluate the influence of LinkedIn, we will establish three separate conditions: 1) a high-frequency use LinkedIn profile, 2) a low-frequency use LinkedIn profile, and 3) no LinkedIn profile. Based on evaluations submitted by the hiring managers, we aim to better understand the relationship between LinkedIn and perceived hireability of applicants by employers
Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment, 2016
Big data and analytics are popular “buzzwords” gathering momentum in the academic literature and ... more Big data and analytics are popular “buzzwords” gathering momentum in the academic literature and trade journals. While the exact definition of big data and analytics remains widely debated, it cannot be argued that the predictive power and obscure trends that big data and analytics can reveal have the potential to transform the field of human resources. Organizations, looking for new ways to collect and harness big data, are scouring the Internet in search of untapped outlets of information about job applicants and automated ways to use social media for recruiting and selection, and are using analytics on their internal big data generated by internal social media and intranets to improve their performance management systems and internal processes. However, there are a number of questions surrounding the accuracy, ethics, and legality of big data and analytics in human resources. This chapter will discuss the implications of using big data and analytics in making employment decisions, the potential they have to revolutionize the industry, and the possible unforeseen consequences of their use.
This study examined relationships between exercise motives, exercise behavioral regulations, and ... more This study examined relationships between exercise motives, exercise behavioral regulations, and physical fitness in college students. It was hypothesized that more intrinsic motives and more self-determined regulations would be associated with better fitness. Exercise motives of students participating in physical activity classes ( N = 194) were assessed using the Motives for Physical Activity Measure–Revised (MPAM–R) and behavioral regulations were assessed with the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ–2). Aerobic fitness was assessed using the PACER run test, and body composition was assessed using hand-held, bio-electric impedance analyzers. MPAM–R and BREQ–2 subscales were regressed onto the two fitness measures. For the MPAM–R, stronger competence and fitness motives predicted better fitness and stronger appearance motives predicted worse fitness. For the BREQ–2, higher intrinsic motivation predicted better aerobic fitness, and stronger, introjected regulati...
Various obstacles such as a lack of analytics readiness (e.g. disparate databases, missing data, ... more Various obstacles such as a lack of analytics readiness (e.g. disparate databases, missing data, low validity) or competencies (e.g. personnel capable of cleaning data and running analyses) are causing underutilization of analytics in organizations. A safety-analytics maturity assessment such as the Data Analytics Readiness Tool (DART) can assist organizations with understanding their current capabilities. Organizations can then advance their analytics capabilities to eventually predict safety incidents and identify preventative measures for specific risk variables. The proposed safety-analytics assessment evaluates: (a) quality of the data currently available, (b) organizational norms around data collection, scaling, and nomenclature, (c) foundational infrastructure for technological capabilities and expertise in data collection, storage, and analysis of safety and health metrics, and (d) measurement culture around employee willingness to participate in reporting, audits, inspectio...
Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2019
PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of social norms of justice and relationalism in salesp... more PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of social norms of justice and relationalism in salesperson–sales manager relationships, and their role in developing salesforce commitment and turnover.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses structural equation modeling to analyze survey data from 402 business-to-business salespeople.FindingsAs discrete foundational norms, distributive, procedural and interactional (interpersonal, informational) justice develop higher-order norms of relationalism, which then reflect on increased commitment and reduced turnover intention of the salesforce. Among the justice norms, interpersonal justice has the strongest impact on relationalism.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows how each justice norm has a distinct impact in shaping relational norms, and that interpersonal justice has the highest impact. In addition, with enhanced relationalism salespeople become more committed and have lower turnover intentions. Future research could use a...
Predictive analytics is a tool to be used in a number of areas including organizational health an... more Predictive analytics is a tool to be used in a number of areas including organizational health and safety. This proposal will explain how predictive analytics will be applied to an organization\u27s health and safety data to understand the circumstances that lead to a construction injury. Specifically, this proposal examines time lags between when a hazard is reported by a front-line worker/foreman and the time it takes to mitigate the hazard and administratively “close out” the hazard report. We hypothesize that construction sites that take a longer time between opening and closing a hazard will have had more incidents of injury among its workforce. If this relationship is confirmed, the company can use this information to put more influence on addressing the hazards in a timely manner
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to survey young adults who participated in either a formal o... more BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to survey young adults who participated in either a formal or semi-formal transition program at one cystic fibrosis (CF) care center to compare their self-perceived transition related anxiety, transition readiness and satisfaction with transition teaching and timing. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 3/1/2015 to 9/30/2016. Study participants met inclusion criteria if they had a diagnosis of CF, received pediatric care from the care center, transitioned to adult care between 1/1/2009 and 3/1/2016 and had at least six months experience in adult care. Participants completed a 43 question Likert-type survey rating their pre-transfer transition related anxiety, transition readiness, and satisfaction with the transition preparation and process. FINDINGS Participation in a structured transition program was associated with decreased anxiety at transition time (p < .05), increased transition readiness (p < .01) and increased self-perceived healthcare independence (p < .01). Only 48% of participants were satisfied with their chosen transition time, with 18% wishing they had moved to adult care sooner and 34% wishing they could have delayed their transfer to adult care longer. DISCUSSION This study supports that participation in a formalized transition program was associated with significantly lower pre-transfer anxiety and higher post-transition satisfaction in individuals with CF. Age at transfer initiation was not associated with satisfaction or perceived readiness to transfer. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Disease-specific knowledge acquisition in transition curriculum does not necessarily correlate to task-completion skills. Teams should partner with young adults to choose the right transition time.
Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characteri... more Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characterized, but several shortcomings of current educational attainment theory preclude a real-time and wide-scope understanding of the issue. Further insight could be provided by text analytic technology. In this article, the authors review the current status of secondary educational attainment and its associated theories, and identify areas of weakness which could be reinforced by adopting text analytic research methods. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential applications of text analytic research within school systems aimed at equipping educators and counselors with additional resources to more accurately pinpoint intervention efforts.
Research has indicated that level of education may have a significant impact on occupational succ... more Research has indicated that level of education may have a significant impact on occupational success later in life. Consequently, those who pursue higher education may be awarded with greater occupational opportunities, and a higher quality of life later on. Several factors including socioeconomic status (SES), demographics and parental attitudes have been linked to students’ educational aspirations. Researchers will analyze data collected from 11 school districts in rural North Carolina, in order to observe how demographic factors, previous academic achievement, and perceived parental support may affect college aspirations. By assessing which factors are most predictive of college aspirations, the researchers hope to gain insight as to how early interventions can make the biggest impact and remain beneficial for previously underrepresented students. DIFFERENCES AMONG STUDENTS’ COLLEGE ASPIRATIONS 3 Given the value of obtaining a college or advanced degree, it is important to unders...
Utilizing an intersectional approach to understand the convergence of sexual harassment (SH) and ... more Utilizing an intersectional approach to understand the convergence of sexual harassment (SH) and race in the workplace, this study will explore the following research questions: Do people of color experience greater rates of workplace SH, specifically when committed by non-minority perpetrators? Do people of color report and perceive that SH complaints are taken seriously by their organization? Based on the notion of double jeopardy, that various factors of identity have a multiplicative effect on experienced discrimination, it is expected that minority members are more likely to experience SH and less likely to report, and if they report, they will perceive that SH complaints will not be seriously addressed (Berdahl & Moore, 2006). Given that SH has been utilized as a tactic to control and dominate rather than merely motivated by sexual desire, studying it within the workplace framework will reveal underlying power structures embedded within organizations. It is hypothesized that m...
An average degree in psychology incorporates understanding of social constructs, behaviorism, ind... more An average degree in psychology incorporates understanding of social constructs, behaviorism, individual motivations, empirical research designs, levels of statistical analysis, and a deeper understanding of problem-solving. Yet, even with the various skills psychology students gain in their training, they are chronically unemployed in the workforce. One possible reason psychology graduates are continually underemployed is that they do not understand how their learned skill sets translate into the workplace. The proposed study aims to address this gap by developing a survey to assess psychology students’ understanding of the knowledge and critical skill sets they gain in their degree program and their understanding of the practical, transferable implementations of these sought-after workplace skills. The outcomes of the proposed study will deepen the understanding of what undergraduate psychology students know and understand about the application of what they have learned through th...
Psychology graduates experience high levels of underemployment (50%), despite obtaining a range o... more Psychology graduates experience high levels of underemployment (50%), despite obtaining a range of competencies during their undergraduate studies that are highly applicable to their professional development and future endeavors in the workforce (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2021; Landrum et al., 2017). Throughout psychology courses, undergraduate students gain a number of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are sought after by employers. This study seeks to determine whether these underemployment rates are, in part, due to a lack of guidance from universities on how their curriculum and KSAOs taught connect to the workforce (Halonen & Dunn, 2018). To determine which KSAOs to examine, the full list of 167 KSAOs were initially pulled from O*NET, an online database that contains hundreds of occupational definitions. This full list of KSAOs were consolidated by subject matter experts (SMEs) to those most relevant to psychology undergraduates. This ...
Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characteri... more Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characterized, but several shortcomings of current educational attainment theory preclude a real-time and wide-scope understanding of the issue. Further insight could be provided by text analytic technology. In this article, the authors review the current status of secondary educational attainment and its associated theories, and identify areas of weakness which could be reinforced by adopting text analytic research methods. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential applications of text analytic research within school systems aimed at equipping educators and counselors with additional resources to more accurately pinpoint intervention efforts.
As one of the first subjects to be studied systematically by I-O Psychologists, the topic of lead... more As one of the first subjects to be studied systematically by I-O Psychologists, the topic of leadership has garnered the attention of both scholars and practitioners for the last 100 years (Barling, Christie, & Hoption, 2011). One model that provides a comprehensive taxonomy of leadership styles is the charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic (CIP) model of leadership (Mumford, 2006). Based on the early work of Weber (1924), this model suggests that the three leader types differ in a number of ways, but are largely distinguished by how leaders make sense of their environments by providing information and rationale regarding the direction they are taking (Hunter et al., 2011). While the model suggests that the influence of these different leadership styles can best be seen during times of crisis (Mumford, 2006; Strange & Mumford, 2002), the taxonomy is a valuable tool for leaders working on emerging projects and allows for a contingency approach. Presenters are second-year graduate students leading separate burgeoning projects at Appalachian State University. Presenters will each briefly: (1) describe their emerging project; (2) discuss how they have been influenced by and are leading using one of the three leadership types; (3) utilize the CIP model to self-diagnose their personal leadership styles; and (4) offer suggestions for ways they can improve
● Performance appraisals (PA) critical to work environment (Bednall, Sanders, & Runhaar, 2014) ● ... more ● Performance appraisals (PA) critical to work environment (Bednall, Sanders, & Runhaar, 2014) ● Purposeful PA practices yield positive ratee satisfaction and organizational commitment (Iqbal, Akbar & Budhwar, 2015) ○ Need to identify problems with PAs to establish new techniques and more accurate, purposeful formats ● Little research on PA purposefulness relating to PA format It’s All How You Look At It: The Relationship Between Performance Appraisal Formats and Perceived Purposefulness
The use of social networking sites as a screening tool in the hiring process has grown significan... more The use of social networking sites as a screening tool in the hiring process has grown significantly in the past decade (Brown & Vaughn, 2011). Many hiring managers and recruiters have found this to be both a practical and cost-efficient way to learn more about an applicant and whether he or she might be a good fit for the organization. LinkedIn has become one of the most commonly used social networking sites in the hiring process (Sheperd, 2013). However, there has not been sufficient research surrounding its use, and many recruiters do not disclose how exactly they incorporate an applicant’s presence on LinkedIn into their hiring decision. The objective of this study is to clarify the extent to which recruiters perceive an applicant’s hireability based on the amount of information provided on an applicant’s LinkedIn profile. We have recruited approximately 175 hiring managers to serve as participants in this study. Each hiring manager will evaluate the hireability of our model job applicant based on the applicant’s resume and usage of LinkedIn. To evaluate the influence of LinkedIn, we will establish three separate conditions: 1) a high-frequency use LinkedIn profile, 2) a low-frequency use LinkedIn profile, and 3) no LinkedIn profile. Based on evaluations submitted by the hiring managers, we aim to better understand the relationship between LinkedIn and perceived hireability of applicants by employers
Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment, 2016
Big data and analytics are popular “buzzwords” gathering momentum in the academic literature and ... more Big data and analytics are popular “buzzwords” gathering momentum in the academic literature and trade journals. While the exact definition of big data and analytics remains widely debated, it cannot be argued that the predictive power and obscure trends that big data and analytics can reveal have the potential to transform the field of human resources. Organizations, looking for new ways to collect and harness big data, are scouring the Internet in search of untapped outlets of information about job applicants and automated ways to use social media for recruiting and selection, and are using analytics on their internal big data generated by internal social media and intranets to improve their performance management systems and internal processes. However, there are a number of questions surrounding the accuracy, ethics, and legality of big data and analytics in human resources. This chapter will discuss the implications of using big data and analytics in making employment decisions, the potential they have to revolutionize the industry, and the possible unforeseen consequences of their use.
This study examined relationships between exercise motives, exercise behavioral regulations, and ... more This study examined relationships between exercise motives, exercise behavioral regulations, and physical fitness in college students. It was hypothesized that more intrinsic motives and more self-determined regulations would be associated with better fitness. Exercise motives of students participating in physical activity classes ( N = 194) were assessed using the Motives for Physical Activity Measure–Revised (MPAM–R) and behavioral regulations were assessed with the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ–2). Aerobic fitness was assessed using the PACER run test, and body composition was assessed using hand-held, bio-electric impedance analyzers. MPAM–R and BREQ–2 subscales were regressed onto the two fitness measures. For the MPAM–R, stronger competence and fitness motives predicted better fitness and stronger appearance motives predicted worse fitness. For the BREQ–2, higher intrinsic motivation predicted better aerobic fitness, and stronger, introjected regulati...
Various obstacles such as a lack of analytics readiness (e.g. disparate databases, missing data, ... more Various obstacles such as a lack of analytics readiness (e.g. disparate databases, missing data, low validity) or competencies (e.g. personnel capable of cleaning data and running analyses) are causing underutilization of analytics in organizations. A safety-analytics maturity assessment such as the Data Analytics Readiness Tool (DART) can assist organizations with understanding their current capabilities. Organizations can then advance their analytics capabilities to eventually predict safety incidents and identify preventative measures for specific risk variables. The proposed safety-analytics assessment evaluates: (a) quality of the data currently available, (b) organizational norms around data collection, scaling, and nomenclature, (c) foundational infrastructure for technological capabilities and expertise in data collection, storage, and analysis of safety and health metrics, and (d) measurement culture around employee willingness to participate in reporting, audits, inspectio...
Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2019
PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of social norms of justice and relationalism in salesp... more PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of social norms of justice and relationalism in salesperson–sales manager relationships, and their role in developing salesforce commitment and turnover.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses structural equation modeling to analyze survey data from 402 business-to-business salespeople.FindingsAs discrete foundational norms, distributive, procedural and interactional (interpersonal, informational) justice develop higher-order norms of relationalism, which then reflect on increased commitment and reduced turnover intention of the salesforce. Among the justice norms, interpersonal justice has the strongest impact on relationalism.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows how each justice norm has a distinct impact in shaping relational norms, and that interpersonal justice has the highest impact. In addition, with enhanced relationalism salespeople become more committed and have lower turnover intentions. Future research could use a...
Predictive analytics is a tool to be used in a number of areas including organizational health an... more Predictive analytics is a tool to be used in a number of areas including organizational health and safety. This proposal will explain how predictive analytics will be applied to an organization\u27s health and safety data to understand the circumstances that lead to a construction injury. Specifically, this proposal examines time lags between when a hazard is reported by a front-line worker/foreman and the time it takes to mitigate the hazard and administratively “close out” the hazard report. We hypothesize that construction sites that take a longer time between opening and closing a hazard will have had more incidents of injury among its workforce. If this relationship is confirmed, the company can use this information to put more influence on addressing the hazards in a timely manner
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to survey young adults who participated in either a formal o... more BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to survey young adults who participated in either a formal or semi-formal transition program at one cystic fibrosis (CF) care center to compare their self-perceived transition related anxiety, transition readiness and satisfaction with transition teaching and timing. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 3/1/2015 to 9/30/2016. Study participants met inclusion criteria if they had a diagnosis of CF, received pediatric care from the care center, transitioned to adult care between 1/1/2009 and 3/1/2016 and had at least six months experience in adult care. Participants completed a 43 question Likert-type survey rating their pre-transfer transition related anxiety, transition readiness, and satisfaction with the transition preparation and process. FINDINGS Participation in a structured transition program was associated with decreased anxiety at transition time (p < .05), increased transition readiness (p < .01) and increased self-perceived healthcare independence (p < .01). Only 48% of participants were satisfied with their chosen transition time, with 18% wishing they had moved to adult care sooner and 34% wishing they could have delayed their transfer to adult care longer. DISCUSSION This study supports that participation in a formalized transition program was associated with significantly lower pre-transfer anxiety and higher post-transition satisfaction in individuals with CF. Age at transfer initiation was not associated with satisfaction or perceived readiness to transfer. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Disease-specific knowledge acquisition in transition curriculum does not necessarily correlate to task-completion skills. Teams should partner with young adults to choose the right transition time.
Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characteri... more Factors influencing secondary educational attainment (staying in high school) are well characterized, but several shortcomings of current educational attainment theory preclude a real-time and wide-scope understanding of the issue. Further insight could be provided by text analytic technology. In this article, the authors review the current status of secondary educational attainment and its associated theories, and identify areas of weakness which could be reinforced by adopting text analytic research methods. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential applications of text analytic research within school systems aimed at equipping educators and counselors with additional resources to more accurately pinpoint intervention efforts.
Research has indicated that level of education may have a significant impact on occupational succ... more Research has indicated that level of education may have a significant impact on occupational success later in life. Consequently, those who pursue higher education may be awarded with greater occupational opportunities, and a higher quality of life later on. Several factors including socioeconomic status (SES), demographics and parental attitudes have been linked to students’ educational aspirations. Researchers will analyze data collected from 11 school districts in rural North Carolina, in order to observe how demographic factors, previous academic achievement, and perceived parental support may affect college aspirations. By assessing which factors are most predictive of college aspirations, the researchers hope to gain insight as to how early interventions can make the biggest impact and remain beneficial for previously underrepresented students. DIFFERENCES AMONG STUDENTS’ COLLEGE ASPIRATIONS 3 Given the value of obtaining a college or advanced degree, it is important to unders...
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Papers by Shawn Bergman