Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped from a sand prairie at various distances from an ... more Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped from a sand prairie at various distances from an adjacent battery lead reclamation plant. Analysis of liver, kidney, and bone for lead concentrations showed an increase of tissue lead concentrations over controls to a distance of approximately 400 m. Soil and plant lead concentrations roughly correlated with the findings in deer mouse tissues. At higher tissue lead concentrations, acid-fast staining intranuclear inclusions within renal tubular epithelial cells were an occasional finding.
Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Jul 1, 1983
A gas-li4tiid c:hrO'fllatographic method for the determination of T-2 toxin in plasma is describe... more A gas-li4tiid c:hrO'fllatographic method for the determination of T-2 toxin in plasma is described.. The toxin is exEracted with benzene.. washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide.. and chromatographed on a small Rarisi! column; the heptafluorobutyryl derivative is prepared by reaction with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole.. The T..2 HFB derivative is chromatographed on OV-l a.t 230°C and measured with an electron capture detector.. Iso-T-~an isomer of T-2 toxin, is added to samples as an internal standard before extr;action. Recoveries averaged 98.0 ± 5.5% at levels ranging from SO to 1000 ng/mI.. The limit of detection is 2S ngJ m L
Publisher Summary Trichothecene mycotoxins are a family of tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid substances... more Publisher Summary Trichothecene mycotoxins are a family of tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid substances comprising over 200 compounds of widely varying toxicity. The epoxy group at C-12 and C-13 is considered essential for toxicity. Trichothecenes are broadly divided into two groups, the macrocyclic and nonmacrocyclic, based on the presence or absence of a macrocyclic ring linking C-4 and C-15 with diesters and triesters. Trichothecenes cause apoptosis and/or necrosis in the lymphoid, hematopoietic, and gastrointestinal systems resulting in leukopenia, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be lethal. In addition, trichothecenes are toxic to the skin and testes. Immune suppression and increased susceptibility to infection may occur, especially in the late phase of the disease. The toxic effects from trichothecenes largely resemble those following radiation exposure due to effects on rapidly dividing cells in the intestine, bone marrow, and testes. General clinical signs include emesis, food refusal and weight loss, dermal effects, and immune suppression with secondary infection. Clinical signs are dependent on the specific trichothecene involved, the dose, species, route of exposure, as well as the nature of the exposure. Spontaneous and experimental exposures may give somewhat different results, as can exposure to field contaminated materials, when compared to purified toxin. Respiratory, skin, and eye protection is required for personnel working with trichothecenes. There are no specific therapies for trichothecene toxicoses. Neither vaccines nor specific antidotes are readily available. Treatment in people and animals is symptomatic and supportive, and the only known prophylactic measure is avoidance of exposure.
The effects of anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)] from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 o... more The effects of anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)] from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 on mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, and phrenic nerve activity were evaluated in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Anatoxin-a(s) was administered by continuous intravenous infusion. The initial effect of the toxin was to slow the heart rate and reduce arterial blood pressure, followed by much more pronounced reductions in these parameters. The marked decline in heart rate and blood pressure frequently occurred before there was a large decrease in respiratory minute volume [reduced by only 15.4 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.) compared to the predose period], suggesting that antx-a(s) has an important muscarinic action on the cardiovascular system in vivo. Phrenic nerve amplitude increased, but, nevertheless, tidal and minute volumes decreased progressively, indicating that antx-a(s), unlike most low-molecular-weight organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, does not have any remarkable inhibitory action on central mediation of respiration.
Breast muscle samples, with or without overlying adipose tissue and skin, were obtained from Cana... more Breast muscle samples, with or without overlying adipose tissue and skin, were obtained from Canada geese collected in northeastern illinois while undergoing feather molt. Specimens were evaluated for contaminant concentrations to determine if they would be acceptable as human food provided through government-subsidized programs. Samples were baked, allowing fat to drip free, and assayed for persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Residues of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDE and PCBs (as Arochlor 1248) were detected. The specimens contained relatively low concentrations of contaminants, such that US Department of Agriculture residue limits for meat were exceeded in only 1 sample. Baking of breast muscle without the overlying skin and adipose tissue resulted in reductions in concentrations of detectable compounds. Fewer samples baked with the skin attached had detectable concentrations of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and PCB then samples cooked without skin; however, the converse was true for DDE. Periodic monitoring for environmental contaminants such as PCBs, exclusion of geese from localities where samples have contaminants such as PCBs, exclusion of geese from localities where samples have contaminants at concentrations that exceed recommended dietary limits, the use of processing and/or cooking methods which remove large amounts of lipid, and advisories that provide information on known health risks are recommended if wild resident Canada geese from the Chicago area are provided as food for underprivileged humans.
Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch... more Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum)) collected in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior, USA. This particular population of parasites has spores that are identical in shape (narrow pyriform) to those described for M. procerus except that they are significantly smaller (13-14.5 microm long versus 15-17 microm long). In contrast to what was originally described for M. procerus, the plasmodia develop primarily within red and white striated muscle fibres and only rarely among the subdermal connective tissue. Most plasmodia were at or near the same stage of development. Typical development involves growth within the fibre. The parasite eventually replaces the entire content of the host cell and appears to halt development before rupturing the outer cell membrane. The only obvious host response was an occasional cyst being invaded by a localized cellular infiltrate. Infected fish appeared of normal health and no grossly evident myoliquefaction was seen. The infections involved several hundred plasmodia per fish and the question of why such unusually high levels of infection would develop in hosts inhabiting a polluted habitat is raised. It is suggested that proliferation of a pollution tolerant oligochaete (the suspected alternate host) in the harbour and/or a compromised host immune system may have increased the probability of successful transmission and development in trout-perch living in the harbour.
The ability of a supralethal dose of chlorpyrifos to produce delayed neuropathy was examined usin... more The ability of a supralethal dose of chlorpyrifos to produce delayed neuropathy was examined using assessments of clinical signs, electromyography (EMG), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase activity (LNTE), and histologic changes in nervous system tissues. Cats were exposed to a single, im injection of corn oil (vehicle control), DFP (positive control) at 5.0 mg/kg, or chlorpyrifos at 300 mg/kg and observed for 60 days. Atropine and 2-PAM were administered to chlorpyrifos exposed cats one to two times a day for 14 to 24 days in response to the appearance of cholinergic signs. Anorectic cats during the acute toxicosis were force fed by hand and hydration was maintained by administering fluids sc. Onset of ataxia (mean +/- SD) for the positive control and chlorpyrifos exposed cats were 16.2 +/- 1.8 days (range of 14-19 days) and 19.0 +/- 1.4 days (range of 17-21 days), respectively. Functional deficits for both groups were confined to the hindlimbs and characterized by a crouched-waddling gait, hypermetria, and proprioceptive deficits. Maximal inhibition of LNTE activity was 96% at 24 hr postdosing in the positive control group and 46% at 7 days postdosing in the chlorpyrifos group. No EMG or MNCV abnormalities were detected in any of the treatment groups. Axonal degeneration was similar for the positive control and chlorpyrifos exposed cats. Ascending tracts of the cervical spinal cord and descending tracts of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord were most severely affected and peripheral nerves were only mildly affected. The clinical and histologic effects produced indicate that chlorpyrifos can cause delayed neuropathy in the domestic cat. The moderate but prolonged inhibition of LNTE produced by chlorpyrifos is atypical of classic organophosphorus delayed neurotoxicants.
English pointer dogs dosed po with encapsulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 1.3, 8.... more English pointer dogs dosed po with encapsulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 1.3, 8.8, 43.7, 175 or 220 mg/kg body weight failed to exhibit abnormalities in hematologic, serum biochemical, urinalysis, or electrocardiographic parameters. At the 3 lowest doses, no changes were noted in electro-encephalograms (EEGs). In the dog given 175 mg/kg, at 24 h postdosing mild sedation was accompanied by excessive slowing in the EEG with loss of low voltage fast activity. In the dog given 220 mg/kg, nonspecific alterations in the EEG suggestive of irritation and mild seizure activity was detected 7 h, but the EEG returned to normal by 24 h. A maximum 2,4-D concentration in serum of 1075 ppm was detected 5 h after a po dose of 220 mg/kg. A maximum 2,4-D, concentration in urine of 1792 ppm was detected 2 h after a po dose of 175 mg/kg, while 25 h after that dose kidney issue contained 271 ppm.
A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial in... more A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial insecticidal dip containing 78.2% d-limonene in cats. At the manufacturer's recommended concentration of 1.5 oz/gal of water, no clinical signs or lesions of toxicosis were seen. At 5 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs were mild and consisted of hypersalivation of short duration, ataxia, and muscle tremors resembling shivering. At 15 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs included hypersalivation lasting 15 to 30 minutes, moderate-to-severe ataxia lasting 1 to 5 hours, muscle tremors resembling shivering lasting 1 to 4 hours, and severe hypothermia beginning soon after treatment and lasting 5 hours. Gross lesions were confined to excoriation of the scrotal and perineal areas of the treated male cats at the 15 X concentration. No deaths or other lasting effects were seen at any dosage.
T-2 toxin at 0 (6 pigs) or 15 mg/kg (8 pigs) in 0.75 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was topically appli... more T-2 toxin at 0 (6 pigs) or 15 mg/kg (8 pigs) in 0.75 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was topically applied to 9- to 10-week-old, male castrated, specific-pathogen-free derived pigs which were immunized subcutaneously with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on Days 0 and 21. Whole blood and serum samples were taken periodically for clinical pathologic and immunologic evaluations. The pigs were observed daily and weighed weekly; their rectal temperatures were measured periodically. The T-2-treated pigs displayed anorexia, lethargy, posterior weakness and paresis, persistent high fever, and reduced body weight gain. Prominent neutrophilia, decreased serum glucose, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased serum globulin were seen in the T-2-treated group. The responses of enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen of the T-2-treated group were significantly lower than those of the control group both at early (3 to 5 days) and late (20 to 28 days) postdosing intervals. No significant effects were noted in the hemagglutination titer to SRBC. Thus, in addition to the severe local dermal injury reported previously, topical exposure of swine to a sublethal dose of T-2 toxin, 15 mg/kg, can cause significant systemic effects on parameters such as body weight gain, rectal temperature, hematology, serum biochemistry, and cellular immune response.
When ingested at 10 ppm by human beings, denatonium benzoate has an extremely bitter, unpleasant ... more When ingested at 10 ppm by human beings, denatonium benzoate has an extremely bitter, unpleasant taste. The addition of denatonium benzoate to liquid dish detergents and orange juice reduces the amount ingested by children. The toxicity of denatonium benzoate is low with acute po LD50's in rats of 485-740 mg/kg. The use of bittering agents, such as denatonium benzoate, could reduce the ingestion of toxic substances by dogs, cats, other animals and children and warrants further investigation.
The chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAHs) appear to have similar pharmacokinetics. They are... more The chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAHs) appear to have similar pharmacokinetics. They are rapidly and almost completely absorbed from an oral dose. They distribute to other tissues and are highly protein-bound in the plasma. The CPAHs are rapidly eliminated unchanged in the urine by an active process in the kidneys. Increasing doses apparently influence absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination of the CPAHs so that biological effects are increased. Combinations of CPAHs are likely to result in additive or potentiated biological effects. Data suggest that CPAH toxicosis may be alleviated by treatment with fluids and bicarbonate to increase urinary pH and volume, thereby increasing excretion.
Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped from a sand prairie at various distances from an ... more Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped from a sand prairie at various distances from an adjacent battery lead reclamation plant. Analysis of liver, kidney, and bone for lead concentrations showed an increase of tissue lead concentrations over controls to a distance of approximately 400 m. Soil and plant lead concentrations roughly correlated with the findings in deer mouse tissues. At higher tissue lead concentrations, acid-fast staining intranuclear inclusions within renal tubular epithelial cells were an occasional finding.
Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Jul 1, 1983
A gas-li4tiid c:hrO'fllatographic method for the determination of T-2 toxin in plasma is describe... more A gas-li4tiid c:hrO'fllatographic method for the determination of T-2 toxin in plasma is described.. The toxin is exEracted with benzene.. washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide.. and chromatographed on a small Rarisi! column; the heptafluorobutyryl derivative is prepared by reaction with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole.. The T..2 HFB derivative is chromatographed on OV-l a.t 230°C and measured with an electron capture detector.. Iso-T-~an isomer of T-2 toxin, is added to samples as an internal standard before extr;action. Recoveries averaged 98.0 ± 5.5% at levels ranging from SO to 1000 ng/mI.. The limit of detection is 2S ngJ m L
Publisher Summary Trichothecene mycotoxins are a family of tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid substances... more Publisher Summary Trichothecene mycotoxins are a family of tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid substances comprising over 200 compounds of widely varying toxicity. The epoxy group at C-12 and C-13 is considered essential for toxicity. Trichothecenes are broadly divided into two groups, the macrocyclic and nonmacrocyclic, based on the presence or absence of a macrocyclic ring linking C-4 and C-15 with diesters and triesters. Trichothecenes cause apoptosis and/or necrosis in the lymphoid, hematopoietic, and gastrointestinal systems resulting in leukopenia, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be lethal. In addition, trichothecenes are toxic to the skin and testes. Immune suppression and increased susceptibility to infection may occur, especially in the late phase of the disease. The toxic effects from trichothecenes largely resemble those following radiation exposure due to effects on rapidly dividing cells in the intestine, bone marrow, and testes. General clinical signs include emesis, food refusal and weight loss, dermal effects, and immune suppression with secondary infection. Clinical signs are dependent on the specific trichothecene involved, the dose, species, route of exposure, as well as the nature of the exposure. Spontaneous and experimental exposures may give somewhat different results, as can exposure to field contaminated materials, when compared to purified toxin. Respiratory, skin, and eye protection is required for personnel working with trichothecenes. There are no specific therapies for trichothecene toxicoses. Neither vaccines nor specific antidotes are readily available. Treatment in people and animals is symptomatic and supportive, and the only known prophylactic measure is avoidance of exposure.
The effects of anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)] from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 o... more The effects of anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)] from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 on mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, and phrenic nerve activity were evaluated in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Anatoxin-a(s) was administered by continuous intravenous infusion. The initial effect of the toxin was to slow the heart rate and reduce arterial blood pressure, followed by much more pronounced reductions in these parameters. The marked decline in heart rate and blood pressure frequently occurred before there was a large decrease in respiratory minute volume [reduced by only 15.4 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.) compared to the predose period], suggesting that antx-a(s) has an important muscarinic action on the cardiovascular system in vivo. Phrenic nerve amplitude increased, but, nevertheless, tidal and minute volumes decreased progressively, indicating that antx-a(s), unlike most low-molecular-weight organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, does not have any remarkable inhibitory action on central mediation of respiration.
Breast muscle samples, with or without overlying adipose tissue and skin, were obtained from Cana... more Breast muscle samples, with or without overlying adipose tissue and skin, were obtained from Canada geese collected in northeastern illinois while undergoing feather molt. Specimens were evaluated for contaminant concentrations to determine if they would be acceptable as human food provided through government-subsidized programs. Samples were baked, allowing fat to drip free, and assayed for persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Residues of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDE and PCBs (as Arochlor 1248) were detected. The specimens contained relatively low concentrations of contaminants, such that US Department of Agriculture residue limits for meat were exceeded in only 1 sample. Baking of breast muscle without the overlying skin and adipose tissue resulted in reductions in concentrations of detectable compounds. Fewer samples baked with the skin attached had detectable concentrations of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and PCB then samples cooked without skin; however, the converse was true for DDE. Periodic monitoring for environmental contaminants such as PCBs, exclusion of geese from localities where samples have contaminants such as PCBs, exclusion of geese from localities where samples have contaminants at concentrations that exceed recommended dietary limits, the use of processing and/or cooking methods which remove large amounts of lipid, and advisories that provide information on known health risks are recommended if wild resident Canada geese from the Chicago area are provided as food for underprivileged humans.
Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch... more Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum)) collected in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior, USA. This particular population of parasites has spores that are identical in shape (narrow pyriform) to those described for M. procerus except that they are significantly smaller (13-14.5 microm long versus 15-17 microm long). In contrast to what was originally described for M. procerus, the plasmodia develop primarily within red and white striated muscle fibres and only rarely among the subdermal connective tissue. Most plasmodia were at or near the same stage of development. Typical development involves growth within the fibre. The parasite eventually replaces the entire content of the host cell and appears to halt development before rupturing the outer cell membrane. The only obvious host response was an occasional cyst being invaded by a localized cellular infiltrate. Infected fish appeared of normal health and no grossly evident myoliquefaction was seen. The infections involved several hundred plasmodia per fish and the question of why such unusually high levels of infection would develop in hosts inhabiting a polluted habitat is raised. It is suggested that proliferation of a pollution tolerant oligochaete (the suspected alternate host) in the harbour and/or a compromised host immune system may have increased the probability of successful transmission and development in trout-perch living in the harbour.
The ability of a supralethal dose of chlorpyrifos to produce delayed neuropathy was examined usin... more The ability of a supralethal dose of chlorpyrifos to produce delayed neuropathy was examined using assessments of clinical signs, electromyography (EMG), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase activity (LNTE), and histologic changes in nervous system tissues. Cats were exposed to a single, im injection of corn oil (vehicle control), DFP (positive control) at 5.0 mg/kg, or chlorpyrifos at 300 mg/kg and observed for 60 days. Atropine and 2-PAM were administered to chlorpyrifos exposed cats one to two times a day for 14 to 24 days in response to the appearance of cholinergic signs. Anorectic cats during the acute toxicosis were force fed by hand and hydration was maintained by administering fluids sc. Onset of ataxia (mean +/- SD) for the positive control and chlorpyrifos exposed cats were 16.2 +/- 1.8 days (range of 14-19 days) and 19.0 +/- 1.4 days (range of 17-21 days), respectively. Functional deficits for both groups were confined to the hindlimbs and characterized by a crouched-waddling gait, hypermetria, and proprioceptive deficits. Maximal inhibition of LNTE activity was 96% at 24 hr postdosing in the positive control group and 46% at 7 days postdosing in the chlorpyrifos group. No EMG or MNCV abnormalities were detected in any of the treatment groups. Axonal degeneration was similar for the positive control and chlorpyrifos exposed cats. Ascending tracts of the cervical spinal cord and descending tracts of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord were most severely affected and peripheral nerves were only mildly affected. The clinical and histologic effects produced indicate that chlorpyrifos can cause delayed neuropathy in the domestic cat. The moderate but prolonged inhibition of LNTE produced by chlorpyrifos is atypical of classic organophosphorus delayed neurotoxicants.
English pointer dogs dosed po with encapsulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 1.3, 8.... more English pointer dogs dosed po with encapsulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 1.3, 8.8, 43.7, 175 or 220 mg/kg body weight failed to exhibit abnormalities in hematologic, serum biochemical, urinalysis, or electrocardiographic parameters. At the 3 lowest doses, no changes were noted in electro-encephalograms (EEGs). In the dog given 175 mg/kg, at 24 h postdosing mild sedation was accompanied by excessive slowing in the EEG with loss of low voltage fast activity. In the dog given 220 mg/kg, nonspecific alterations in the EEG suggestive of irritation and mild seizure activity was detected 7 h, but the EEG returned to normal by 24 h. A maximum 2,4-D concentration in serum of 1075 ppm was detected 5 h after a po dose of 220 mg/kg. A maximum 2,4-D, concentration in urine of 1792 ppm was detected 2 h after a po dose of 175 mg/kg, while 25 h after that dose kidney issue contained 271 ppm.
A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial in... more A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial insecticidal dip containing 78.2% d-limonene in cats. At the manufacturer's recommended concentration of 1.5 oz/gal of water, no clinical signs or lesions of toxicosis were seen. At 5 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs were mild and consisted of hypersalivation of short duration, ataxia, and muscle tremors resembling shivering. At 15 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs included hypersalivation lasting 15 to 30 minutes, moderate-to-severe ataxia lasting 1 to 5 hours, muscle tremors resembling shivering lasting 1 to 4 hours, and severe hypothermia beginning soon after treatment and lasting 5 hours. Gross lesions were confined to excoriation of the scrotal and perineal areas of the treated male cats at the 15 X concentration. No deaths or other lasting effects were seen at any dosage.
T-2 toxin at 0 (6 pigs) or 15 mg/kg (8 pigs) in 0.75 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was topically appli... more T-2 toxin at 0 (6 pigs) or 15 mg/kg (8 pigs) in 0.75 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was topically applied to 9- to 10-week-old, male castrated, specific-pathogen-free derived pigs which were immunized subcutaneously with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on Days 0 and 21. Whole blood and serum samples were taken periodically for clinical pathologic and immunologic evaluations. The pigs were observed daily and weighed weekly; their rectal temperatures were measured periodically. The T-2-treated pigs displayed anorexia, lethargy, posterior weakness and paresis, persistent high fever, and reduced body weight gain. Prominent neutrophilia, decreased serum glucose, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased serum globulin were seen in the T-2-treated group. The responses of enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen of the T-2-treated group were significantly lower than those of the control group both at early (3 to 5 days) and late (20 to 28 days) postdosing intervals. No significant effects were noted in the hemagglutination titer to SRBC. Thus, in addition to the severe local dermal injury reported previously, topical exposure of swine to a sublethal dose of T-2 toxin, 15 mg/kg, can cause significant systemic effects on parameters such as body weight gain, rectal temperature, hematology, serum biochemistry, and cellular immune response.
When ingested at 10 ppm by human beings, denatonium benzoate has an extremely bitter, unpleasant ... more When ingested at 10 ppm by human beings, denatonium benzoate has an extremely bitter, unpleasant taste. The addition of denatonium benzoate to liquid dish detergents and orange juice reduces the amount ingested by children. The toxicity of denatonium benzoate is low with acute po LD50's in rats of 485-740 mg/kg. The use of bittering agents, such as denatonium benzoate, could reduce the ingestion of toxic substances by dogs, cats, other animals and children and warrants further investigation.
The chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAHs) appear to have similar pharmacokinetics. They are... more The chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAHs) appear to have similar pharmacokinetics. They are rapidly and almost completely absorbed from an oral dose. They distribute to other tissues and are highly protein-bound in the plasma. The CPAHs are rapidly eliminated unchanged in the urine by an active process in the kidneys. Increasing doses apparently influence absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination of the CPAHs so that biological effects are increased. Combinations of CPAHs are likely to result in additive or potentiated biological effects. Data suggest that CPAH toxicosis may be alleviated by treatment with fluids and bicarbonate to increase urinary pH and volume, thereby increasing excretion.
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