Papers by Barbara Limanowska
A camera shutter assembly is provided having segments which may be moved by electro-magnetic mean... more A camera shutter assembly is provided having segments which may be moved by electro-magnetic means. The diaphragm blades are also provided with electro-magnetic means and there are mechanical intermediate members so that the blades can be moved into an open position. Subsequently, the blades can be closed to a predetermined aperture setting by spring means. By these means the photographer can move the shutter segments and the diaphragm blades into open positions and thereafter back into their original positions to make intermediate observations from a single location.
Europe 1 The human rights approach to the prevention of trafficking in human beings in South East... more Europe 1 The human rights approach to the prevention of trafficking in human beings in South Eastern Europe region is based on the UN documents and regional commitments. The SEE States, including Moldova, have committed themselves to prevent and combat trafficking, to protect victims of trafficking and to prosecute traffickers. However, these commitments are often not fully observed for several reasons. First of all, the majority of international instruments has either not become international law or do not have strong human rights provisions. The States do not comply with the international standards because there are no sanctions. The countries of origin claim that they cannot afford to introduce human rights based protection measures for trafficked persons because of the difficult economic situation and lack of funds. The countries of destination focus on restrictive anti-migration policies rather than supporting the countries of origin to address the root causes of trafficking. Secondly there is a double message coming from the EU regarding the recommended approach to trafficking. While human rights organisations are advocating for the human rights approach and support the governments of the SEE states in introducing human rights based policies, other institutions, especially the European Union, are supporting the approach that gives an impression of giving priority to measures focused in the first instance on state security. To offer just one example: The Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for South Eastern Europe 2 and in particular the Stabilisation and Association Agreements 3 , are 1 This paper is based on the report entitled A Human Rights Analysis of Anti -Trafficking Practices in South Eastern Europe, prepared by the author for the Office of the High Commissionair for Human Rights in 2005.
2003 Update on Situation and Reponses to, 2002
A camera shutter assembly is provided having segments which may be moved by electro-magnetic mean... more A camera shutter assembly is provided having segments which may be moved by electro-magnetic means. The diaphragm blades are also provided with electro-magnetic means and there are mechanical intermediate members so that the blades can be moved into an open position. Subsequently, the blades can be closed to a predetermined aperture setting by spring means. By these means the photographer can move the shutter segments and the diaphragm blades into open positions and thereafter back into their original positions to make intermediate observations from a single location.
Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies
Abstract: This paper describes the interaction of several categories of actors in Bosnia-Herzegov... more Abstract: This paper describes the interaction of several categories of actors in Bosnia-Herzegovina in efforts to combat the perceived problem of'trafficking in women.'The actors are individuals who work for several different types of agencies, principally: international ...
This paper describes the interaction of several categories of actors in Bosnia-Herzegovina in eff... more This paper describes the interaction of several categories of actors in Bosnia-Herzegovina in efforts to combat the perceived problem of 'trafficking in women.' The actors are individuals who work for several different types of agencies, principally: international law enforcement, international human rights, the international organization for migration, and local/national criminal justice systems. In spite of different institutional agendas, and in spite of the different valences of, and associations with, the term 'trafficking,' a hegemonic approach to the problem has emerged: the construction of trafficking as principally a problem of organized crime, one which should be addressed primarily through the coordination of criminal justice system responses. The central tactic around which these responses are organized is the bar raid (a police raid of an establishment known or suspected to profit from the prostitution of women who may or may not be Bosnian citizens, and...
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Papers by Barbara Limanowska