The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans h... more The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans have particular concerns about historic preservation. The amendments recognize that properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to Native Americans deserve special consideration. They also permit tribes to establish historic preservation programs comparable to the State Historic Preservation Officer. Consequently, federal agencies increasingly will be expected to include Native Americans in the consultation process. Further, the 1988 amendments to the Indian Self-Determination Act provide for federal agencies besides the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service to sponsor projects in Indian Country. Federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, increasingly will become involved with tribal governments and Native American groups in construction and development projects in Indian Country. Historic preservation has the potential to become a major issue with these projects. The Oglala Sioux Tribe Rural Water Supply System on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, is an example of such a project. Historic preservation is one of the major concerns. This project exemplifies the working relationship that can develop between a federal agency, the Bureau of Reclamation, and a tribal governmental organization, the Oglala Sioux Rural Water System, to resolve historic preservation issues associated with that project and to ensure that tribal concerns are addressed.
We present TEM images of the interior of metal whiskers (MW) grown on electroplated Sn films. Alo... more We present TEM images of the interior of metal whiskers (MW) grown on electroplated Sn films. Along with earlier published information, our observations focus on a number of questions, such as why MWs' diameters are in the micron range (significantly exceeding the typical nano-sizes of nuclei in solids), why the diameters remain practically unchanged in the course of MW growth, what is the nature of MW diameter stochasticity, and what is the origin of the well-known striation structure of MW side surfaces. In an attempt to address such questions we performed an in-depth study of MW structure at the nanoscale by detaching a MW from its original film, reducing its size to a thin slice by cutting its sides by a focused ion beam, and performing TEM on that structure. Our observations revealed a rich nontrivial morphology suggesting that MW may consist of many side by side grown filaments. This structure appears to extend to the outside whisker surface and be the reason for the striation. In addition, we put forward a theory where nucleation of multiple thin metal needles results into micron-scale and larger MW diameters. This theory is developed in the average field approximation similar to the roughening transitions of metal surfaces. The theory also predicts MW nucleation barriers and other observed features.
The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans h... more The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans have particular concerns about historic preservation. The amendments recognize that properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to Native Americans deserve special consideration. They also permit tribes to establish historic preservation programs comparable to the State Historic Preservation Officer. Consequently, federal agencies increasingly will be expected to include Native Americans in the consultation process. Further, the 1988 amendments to the Indian Self-Determination Act provide for federal agencies besides the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service to sponsor projects in Indian Country. Federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, increasingly will become involved with tribal governments and Native American groups in construction and development projects in Indian Country. Historic preservation has the potential to become a major issue with these projects. The Oglala Sioux Tribe Rural Water Supply System on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, is an example of such a project. Historic preservation is one of the major concerns. This project exemplifies the working relationship that can develop between a federal agency, the Bureau of Reclamation, and a tribal governmental organization, the Oglala Sioux Rural Water System, to resolve historic preservation issues associated with that project and to ensure that tribal concerns are addressed.
The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans h... more The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans have particular concerns about historic preservation. The amendments recognize that properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to Native Americans deserve special consideration. They also permit tribes to establish historic preservation programs comparable to the State Historic Preservation Officer. Consequently, federal agencies increasingly will be expected to include Native Americans in the consultation process. Further, the 1988 amendments to the Indian Self-Determination Act provide for federal agencies besides the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service to sponsor projects in Indian Country. Federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, increasingly will become involved with tribal governments and Native American groups in construction and development projects in Indian Country. Historic preservation has the potential to become a major issue with these projects. The Oglala Sioux Tribe Rural Water Supply System on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, is an example of such a project. Historic preservation is one of the major concerns. This project exemplifies the working relationship that can develop between a federal agency, the Bureau of Reclamation, and a tribal governmental organization, the Oglala Sioux Rural Water System, to resolve historic preservation issues associated with that project and to ensure that tribal concerns are addressed.
We present TEM images of the interior of metal whiskers (MW) grown on electroplated Sn films. Alo... more We present TEM images of the interior of metal whiskers (MW) grown on electroplated Sn films. Along with earlier published information, our observations focus on a number of questions, such as why MWs' diameters are in the micron range (significantly exceeding the typical nano-sizes of nuclei in solids), why the diameters remain practically unchanged in the course of MW growth, what is the nature of MW diameter stochasticity, and what is the origin of the well-known striation structure of MW side surfaces. In an attempt to address such questions we performed an in-depth study of MW structure at the nanoscale by detaching a MW from its original film, reducing its size to a thin slice by cutting its sides by a focused ion beam, and performing TEM on that structure. Our observations revealed a rich nontrivial morphology suggesting that MW may consist of many side by side grown filaments. This structure appears to extend to the outside whisker surface and be the reason for the striation. In addition, we put forward a theory where nucleation of multiple thin metal needles results into micron-scale and larger MW diameters. This theory is developed in the average field approximation similar to the roughening transitions of metal surfaces. The theory also predicts MW nucleation barriers and other observed features.
The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans h... more The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans have particular concerns about historic preservation. The amendments recognize that properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to Native Americans deserve special consideration. They also permit tribes to establish historic preservation programs comparable to the State Historic Preservation Officer. Consequently, federal agencies increasingly will be expected to include Native Americans in the consultation process. Further, the 1988 amendments to the Indian Self-Determination Act provide for federal agencies besides the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service to sponsor projects in Indian Country. Federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, increasingly will become involved with tribal governments and Native American groups in construction and development projects in Indian Country. Historic preservation has the potential to become a major issue with these projects. The Oglala Sioux Tribe Rural Water Supply System on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, is an example of such a project. Historic preservation is one of the major concerns. This project exemplifies the working relationship that can develop between a federal agency, the Bureau of Reclamation, and a tribal governmental organization, the Oglala Sioux Rural Water System, to resolve historic preservation issues associated with that project and to ensure that tribal concerns are addressed.
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