Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an uncommon malignancy. The majority of PTLs are non-Hodgkin's ... more Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an uncommon malignancy. The majority of PTLs are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is the state-of-the-art imaging in lymphoma and plays a pivotal role in staging, follow-up, and treatment decisions. There is good evidence that it performs well in a wide variety of nodal and extranodal lymphomas (ENL). However, the data are scarce on its usefulness in rare ENL. Herein, we describe four cases of PTLs and a brief review of the literature. FDG PET/CT was performed at baseline to assess the disease status and response to treatment. This case series highlights the varied appearance of PTL and response to treatment. It establishes the importance of FDG PET/CT in the personalized management of PTL.
ABSTRACTThe encapsulated fungusCryptococcus neoformansis the most common cause of fungal meningit... more ABSTRACTThe encapsulated fungusCryptococcus neoformansis the most common cause of fungal meningitis, with the highest rate of disease in patients with AIDS or immunosuppression. This microbe enters the human body via inhalation of infectious particles.C. neoformanscapsular polysaccharide, in which the major component is glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), extensively accumulates in tissues and compromises host immune responses.C. neoformanstravels from the lungs to the bloodstream and crosses to the brain via transcytosis, paracytosis, or inside of phagocytes using a “Trojan horse” mechanism. The fungus causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis with high mortality rates. Hence, we investigated the impact of intranasal exogenous GXM administration onC. neoformansinfection in C57BL/6 mice. GXM enhances cryptococcal pulmonary infection and facilitates fungal systemic dissemination and brain invasion. Pre-challenge of GXM results in detection of the polysaccharide in lungs, serum, and surprisi...
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference
The QUIC standard is expected to replace TCP in HTTP 3.0. While QUIC implements a number of the s... more The QUIC standard is expected to replace TCP in HTTP 3.0. While QUIC implements a number of the standard features of TCP differently, most QUIC stacks re-implement standard congestion control algorithms. This is because these algorithms are well-understood and time-tested. However, there is currently no systematic way to ensure that these QUIC congestion control protocols are implemented correctly and predict how these different QUIC implementations will interact with other congestion control algorithms on the Internet. To address this gap, we present QUICbench, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first congestion control benchmarking tool for QUIC stacks. QUICbench determines how closely the implementation of a QUIC congestion control algorithm conforms to the reference (kernel) implementation by comparing their respective throughput-delay tradeoffs. QUICbench can also be used to systematically compare a new QUIC implementation to previous and different implementations of both QUIC and kernel-based congestion control algorithms. Our measurement study suggests that there is already significant deviation between the existing QUIC implementations of standard congestion control algorithms from the reference implementations. We demonstrate how QUICbench can help us identify the implementation differences responsible for these deviations so that they can be suitably corrected.
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference
Since its introduction in 2016, BBR has grown in popularity rapidly and likely already accounts f... more Since its introduction in 2016, BBR has grown in popularity rapidly and likely already accounts for more than 40% of the Internet's downstream traffic. In this paper, we investigate the following question: given BBR's performance benefits and rapid adoption, is BBR likely to completely replace CUBIC just like how CUBIC replaced New Reno? We present a mathematical model that allows us to estimate BBR's throughput to within a 5% error when competing with CUBIC flows. Using this model, we show that even though BBR currently has a throughput advantage over CUBIC, this advantage will be diminished as the proportion of BBR flows increases. Therefore, if throughput is a key consideration, it is likely that the Internet will reach a stable mixed distribution of CUBIC and BBR flows. This mixed distribution will be a Nash Equilibrium where none of the flows will have the performance incentive to switch between CUBIC and BBR. Our methodology is also applicable to other recently proposed congestion control algorithms, like BBRv2 and PCC Vivace. We make a bold prediction that BBR is unlikely to completely replace the CUBIC on the Internet in the near future.
Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports
A 74-year-old lady presented with a complaint of progressive neck swelling for two years. FNAC fr... more A 74-year-old lady presented with a complaint of progressive neck swelling for two years. FNAC from the swelling was suggestive of papillary carcinoma thyroid (PCT). She underwent total thyroidectomy with central compartment lymph node dissection. Histopathology revealed multifocal PCT with central compartment lymph node metastases. Her baseline stimulated sTg was 5.3 ng/ml after levothyroxine withdrawal. WBS showed uptake in the operative bed (not shown). She was treated with 100 mCi of I-131 and was kept on a suppressive dose of thyroxin hormone. Her sTg gradually increased (77.5 ng/ml) in follow-up after three years. WBS was negative for metastatic disease. She underwent FDG PET/CT, that revealed cervical and upper mediastinal lymph nodes. Apart from that, multiple pagetic lesions were also noted. The patient had a history of mild localized pain and tenderness over these. Her Serum Alkaline phosphatase level was elevated (269 U/L). The patient refused resurgery for cervical lymph...
Background: The healthcare infrastructure of a country determines the health-seeking behaviour of... more Background: The healthcare infrastructure of a country determines the health-seeking behaviour of the population. In developing countries such as India, there is a great disparity in the distribution of healthcare institutions across urban and rural areas with disadvantages for people living in rural areas. Objectives: Our objectives were to study the health-seeking behavior and factors associated with the use of formal healthcare among the Gorakhpur Health and Demographic Surveillance System (GHDSS) cohort of North India. Methods: The study was conducted in 28 villages from two rural blocks in the Gorakhpur district of eastern Uttar Pradesh, North India. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data with regard to demographics, health-seeking behaviour and healthcare utilization. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to report the factors associated with the utilization of healthcare. Results: Out of 120,306 individuals surveyed, 19,240 (16%) indivi...
The institution of democracy thrives on the conduct of 'free and fair' elections. The pol... more The institution of democracy thrives on the conduct of 'free and fair' elections. The political parties and the candidates require huge funds to build and sustain themselves, garner support and contest elections. The need to raise funds for election expenses paves the way for collecting and diverting huge amounts of money through illegal route and thereby turning politics into a "dirty business.'' In spite of the statutory limit on election expenditure, the elected members of the national and state legislatures blatantly violate the same and also undervalue their expenses in audit accounts to be submitted to the Election Commission. Due to absence of adequate and legal source of funding, the politicians tend to rely heavily on black money to fund their campaigns. Sumantra Bose has observed that "the culture of corruption is deeply intertwined with the ways in which power is won, exercised and retained in India's democracy." For the 2014 elections, ...
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 2021
Loss of excitation (LOE) occurs in synchronous generators and can harm the generator and have sev... more Loss of excitation (LOE) occurs in synchronous generators and can harm the generator and have severe implications on the overall power system. LOE was detected with the help of mho-negative offset conventionally that has very low detection speed and misinterprets other conditions such as a stable power swing (SPS) or partial LOE as LOE itself. Such cases of misinterpretation have severe outcomes such as causing blackouts. On top of it, with additional devices in transmission system such as flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices in particular an unified power flow controller (UPFC), the system impedances vary slightly which is the basis of conventional LOE relays, and therefore ultimately hinders its performance. Here, the system is simulated in MATLAB and Simulink and some useful features are extracted and analyzed. Based on the extracted features an artificial intelligence-based scheme is proposed to differentiate complete LOE, partial LOE (PLOE), SPS and normal conditions. Performance and validity of proposed scheme are highlighted, and results are obtained to show the usefulness of the scheme proposed. Also, the speed of detection and reliability of the proposed scheme are presented keeping in mind the system performances with and without the presence of FACTS devices.
With the increasing availability of medical images coming from different modalities (X-Ray, CT, P... more With the increasing availability of medical images coming from different modalities (X-Ray, CT, PET, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.), the task of automatic medical image captioning is emerging as a key component in medical research. ImageCLEF 2020 is dedicated to extracting relevant concepts from a large corpus of radiology medical images with different image modalities by learning the visual contents of the images. The variability between modalities and expertise required in interpreting radiology images often represents a bottleneck in clinical diagnosis pipelines. Therefore, we propose a reliable automatic classification method which is highly desired as assistance for human radiologists in producing reports more accurately and efficiently. Throughout the experiment, we leveraged CNN Architectures, NLP, and clustering techniques to come up with our best system. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique of band classification, where we first cluster the vocabulary of concepts into band...
Spatially non-uniform illumination patterns have shown significant potential to improve the imagi... more Spatially non-uniform illumination patterns have shown significant potential to improve the imaging. Recent developments in the patterned illumination microscopy have demonstrated that the use of an optical speckle as an illumination pattern significantly improves the imaging resolution at the same time reducing the computational overheads. We present a DMD based method for generation of digital speckle pattern. The generated digital speckle and uniform white light illumination are used as two illuminations to acquire images. The image reconstruction algorithm for blind structured illumination microscopy is used to get the high resolution image. Our approach does not require any calibration step or stringent control of the illumination, and dramatically simplifies the experimental set-up.
The traditional silicate bioactive glasses exhibit poor thermal processability, which inhibits fi... more The traditional silicate bioactive glasses exhibit poor thermal processability, which inhibits fiber drawing or sintering into scaffolds. The composition of the silicate glasses has been modified to enable hot processing. However, the hot forming ability is generally at the expense of bioactivity. Metaphosphate glasses, on the other hand, possess excellent thermal processability, congruent dissolution, and a tailorable degradation rate. However, due to the layer-by-layer dissolution mechanism, cells do not attach to the material surface. Furthermore, the congruent dissolution leads to a low density of OH groups forming on the glass surface, limiting the adsorption of proteins. It is well regarded that the initial step of protein adsorption is critical as the cells interact with this protein layer, rather than the biomaterial itself. In this paper, we explore the possibility of improving protein adsorption on the surface of phosphate glasses through a variety of surface treatments, such as washing the glass surface in acidic (pH 5), neutral, and basic (pH 9) buffer solutions followed or not by a treatment with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS). The impact of these surface treatments on the surface chemistry (contact angle, ζ-potential) and glass structure (FTIR) was assessed. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that understanding of the material surface chemistry enables to selectively improve the adsorption of albumin and fibronectin (used as model proteins). Furthermore, in this study, well-known silicate bioactive glasses (i.e., S53P4 and 13-93) were used as controls. While surface treatments clearly improved proteins adsorption on the surface of both silicate and phosphate glasses, it is of interest to note that protein adsorption on phosphate glasses was drastically improved to reach similar protein grafting ability to the silicate bioactive glasses. Overall, this study demonstrates that the limited cell/phosphate glass biological response can easily be overcome through deep understanding and control of the glass surface chemistry.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry,... more With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of pre-determining the mean droplet size to its maximum. We have analysed the various parameters that can influence the bubble size formed. Our main objective is to derive a relationship between diameter of microchannel, length of the junction, emulsion flow rate, and mean droplet diameter so that we would be able to determine the emulsion properties beforehand. It was found that bubble size increases as flowrate of continuous phase decreases.
Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an uncommon malignancy. The majority of PTLs are non-Hodgkin's ... more Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an uncommon malignancy. The majority of PTLs are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is the state-of-the-art imaging in lymphoma and plays a pivotal role in staging, follow-up, and treatment decisions. There is good evidence that it performs well in a wide variety of nodal and extranodal lymphomas (ENL). However, the data are scarce on its usefulness in rare ENL. Herein, we describe four cases of PTLs and a brief review of the literature. FDG PET/CT was performed at baseline to assess the disease status and response to treatment. This case series highlights the varied appearance of PTL and response to treatment. It establishes the importance of FDG PET/CT in the personalized management of PTL.
ABSTRACTThe encapsulated fungusCryptococcus neoformansis the most common cause of fungal meningit... more ABSTRACTThe encapsulated fungusCryptococcus neoformansis the most common cause of fungal meningitis, with the highest rate of disease in patients with AIDS or immunosuppression. This microbe enters the human body via inhalation of infectious particles.C. neoformanscapsular polysaccharide, in which the major component is glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), extensively accumulates in tissues and compromises host immune responses.C. neoformanstravels from the lungs to the bloodstream and crosses to the brain via transcytosis, paracytosis, or inside of phagocytes using a “Trojan horse” mechanism. The fungus causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis with high mortality rates. Hence, we investigated the impact of intranasal exogenous GXM administration onC. neoformansinfection in C57BL/6 mice. GXM enhances cryptococcal pulmonary infection and facilitates fungal systemic dissemination and brain invasion. Pre-challenge of GXM results in detection of the polysaccharide in lungs, serum, and surprisi...
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference
The QUIC standard is expected to replace TCP in HTTP 3.0. While QUIC implements a number of the s... more The QUIC standard is expected to replace TCP in HTTP 3.0. While QUIC implements a number of the standard features of TCP differently, most QUIC stacks re-implement standard congestion control algorithms. This is because these algorithms are well-understood and time-tested. However, there is currently no systematic way to ensure that these QUIC congestion control protocols are implemented correctly and predict how these different QUIC implementations will interact with other congestion control algorithms on the Internet. To address this gap, we present QUICbench, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first congestion control benchmarking tool for QUIC stacks. QUICbench determines how closely the implementation of a QUIC congestion control algorithm conforms to the reference (kernel) implementation by comparing their respective throughput-delay tradeoffs. QUICbench can also be used to systematically compare a new QUIC implementation to previous and different implementations of both QUIC and kernel-based congestion control algorithms. Our measurement study suggests that there is already significant deviation between the existing QUIC implementations of standard congestion control algorithms from the reference implementations. We demonstrate how QUICbench can help us identify the implementation differences responsible for these deviations so that they can be suitably corrected.
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference
Since its introduction in 2016, BBR has grown in popularity rapidly and likely already accounts f... more Since its introduction in 2016, BBR has grown in popularity rapidly and likely already accounts for more than 40% of the Internet's downstream traffic. In this paper, we investigate the following question: given BBR's performance benefits and rapid adoption, is BBR likely to completely replace CUBIC just like how CUBIC replaced New Reno? We present a mathematical model that allows us to estimate BBR's throughput to within a 5% error when competing with CUBIC flows. Using this model, we show that even though BBR currently has a throughput advantage over CUBIC, this advantage will be diminished as the proportion of BBR flows increases. Therefore, if throughput is a key consideration, it is likely that the Internet will reach a stable mixed distribution of CUBIC and BBR flows. This mixed distribution will be a Nash Equilibrium where none of the flows will have the performance incentive to switch between CUBIC and BBR. Our methodology is also applicable to other recently proposed congestion control algorithms, like BBRv2 and PCC Vivace. We make a bold prediction that BBR is unlikely to completely replace the CUBIC on the Internet in the near future.
Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports
A 74-year-old lady presented with a complaint of progressive neck swelling for two years. FNAC fr... more A 74-year-old lady presented with a complaint of progressive neck swelling for two years. FNAC from the swelling was suggestive of papillary carcinoma thyroid (PCT). She underwent total thyroidectomy with central compartment lymph node dissection. Histopathology revealed multifocal PCT with central compartment lymph node metastases. Her baseline stimulated sTg was 5.3 ng/ml after levothyroxine withdrawal. WBS showed uptake in the operative bed (not shown). She was treated with 100 mCi of I-131 and was kept on a suppressive dose of thyroxin hormone. Her sTg gradually increased (77.5 ng/ml) in follow-up after three years. WBS was negative for metastatic disease. She underwent FDG PET/CT, that revealed cervical and upper mediastinal lymph nodes. Apart from that, multiple pagetic lesions were also noted. The patient had a history of mild localized pain and tenderness over these. Her Serum Alkaline phosphatase level was elevated (269 U/L). The patient refused resurgery for cervical lymph...
Background: The healthcare infrastructure of a country determines the health-seeking behaviour of... more Background: The healthcare infrastructure of a country determines the health-seeking behaviour of the population. In developing countries such as India, there is a great disparity in the distribution of healthcare institutions across urban and rural areas with disadvantages for people living in rural areas. Objectives: Our objectives were to study the health-seeking behavior and factors associated with the use of formal healthcare among the Gorakhpur Health and Demographic Surveillance System (GHDSS) cohort of North India. Methods: The study was conducted in 28 villages from two rural blocks in the Gorakhpur district of eastern Uttar Pradesh, North India. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data with regard to demographics, health-seeking behaviour and healthcare utilization. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to report the factors associated with the utilization of healthcare. Results: Out of 120,306 individuals surveyed, 19,240 (16%) indivi...
The institution of democracy thrives on the conduct of 'free and fair' elections. The pol... more The institution of democracy thrives on the conduct of 'free and fair' elections. The political parties and the candidates require huge funds to build and sustain themselves, garner support and contest elections. The need to raise funds for election expenses paves the way for collecting and diverting huge amounts of money through illegal route and thereby turning politics into a "dirty business.'' In spite of the statutory limit on election expenditure, the elected members of the national and state legislatures blatantly violate the same and also undervalue their expenses in audit accounts to be submitted to the Election Commission. Due to absence of adequate and legal source of funding, the politicians tend to rely heavily on black money to fund their campaigns. Sumantra Bose has observed that "the culture of corruption is deeply intertwined with the ways in which power is won, exercised and retained in India's democracy." For the 2014 elections, ...
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 2021
Loss of excitation (LOE) occurs in synchronous generators and can harm the generator and have sev... more Loss of excitation (LOE) occurs in synchronous generators and can harm the generator and have severe implications on the overall power system. LOE was detected with the help of mho-negative offset conventionally that has very low detection speed and misinterprets other conditions such as a stable power swing (SPS) or partial LOE as LOE itself. Such cases of misinterpretation have severe outcomes such as causing blackouts. On top of it, with additional devices in transmission system such as flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices in particular an unified power flow controller (UPFC), the system impedances vary slightly which is the basis of conventional LOE relays, and therefore ultimately hinders its performance. Here, the system is simulated in MATLAB and Simulink and some useful features are extracted and analyzed. Based on the extracted features an artificial intelligence-based scheme is proposed to differentiate complete LOE, partial LOE (PLOE), SPS and normal conditions. Performance and validity of proposed scheme are highlighted, and results are obtained to show the usefulness of the scheme proposed. Also, the speed of detection and reliability of the proposed scheme are presented keeping in mind the system performances with and without the presence of FACTS devices.
With the increasing availability of medical images coming from different modalities (X-Ray, CT, P... more With the increasing availability of medical images coming from different modalities (X-Ray, CT, PET, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.), the task of automatic medical image captioning is emerging as a key component in medical research. ImageCLEF 2020 is dedicated to extracting relevant concepts from a large corpus of radiology medical images with different image modalities by learning the visual contents of the images. The variability between modalities and expertise required in interpreting radiology images often represents a bottleneck in clinical diagnosis pipelines. Therefore, we propose a reliable automatic classification method which is highly desired as assistance for human radiologists in producing reports more accurately and efficiently. Throughout the experiment, we leveraged CNN Architectures, NLP, and clustering techniques to come up with our best system. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique of band classification, where we first cluster the vocabulary of concepts into band...
Spatially non-uniform illumination patterns have shown significant potential to improve the imagi... more Spatially non-uniform illumination patterns have shown significant potential to improve the imaging. Recent developments in the patterned illumination microscopy have demonstrated that the use of an optical speckle as an illumination pattern significantly improves the imaging resolution at the same time reducing the computational overheads. We present a DMD based method for generation of digital speckle pattern. The generated digital speckle and uniform white light illumination are used as two illuminations to acquire images. The image reconstruction algorithm for blind structured illumination microscopy is used to get the high resolution image. Our approach does not require any calibration step or stringent control of the illumination, and dramatically simplifies the experimental set-up.
The traditional silicate bioactive glasses exhibit poor thermal processability, which inhibits fi... more The traditional silicate bioactive glasses exhibit poor thermal processability, which inhibits fiber drawing or sintering into scaffolds. The composition of the silicate glasses has been modified to enable hot processing. However, the hot forming ability is generally at the expense of bioactivity. Metaphosphate glasses, on the other hand, possess excellent thermal processability, congruent dissolution, and a tailorable degradation rate. However, due to the layer-by-layer dissolution mechanism, cells do not attach to the material surface. Furthermore, the congruent dissolution leads to a low density of OH groups forming on the glass surface, limiting the adsorption of proteins. It is well regarded that the initial step of protein adsorption is critical as the cells interact with this protein layer, rather than the biomaterial itself. In this paper, we explore the possibility of improving protein adsorption on the surface of phosphate glasses through a variety of surface treatments, such as washing the glass surface in acidic (pH 5), neutral, and basic (pH 9) buffer solutions followed or not by a treatment with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS). The impact of these surface treatments on the surface chemistry (contact angle, ζ-potential) and glass structure (FTIR) was assessed. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that understanding of the material surface chemistry enables to selectively improve the adsorption of albumin and fibronectin (used as model proteins). Furthermore, in this study, well-known silicate bioactive glasses (i.e., S53P4 and 13-93) were used as controls. While surface treatments clearly improved proteins adsorption on the surface of both silicate and phosphate glasses, it is of interest to note that protein adsorption on phosphate glasses was drastically improved to reach similar protein grafting ability to the silicate bioactive glasses. Overall, this study demonstrates that the limited cell/phosphate glass biological response can easily be overcome through deep understanding and control of the glass surface chemistry.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry,... more With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of pre-determining the mean droplet size to its maximum. We have analysed the various parameters that can influence the bubble size formed. Our main objective is to derive a relationship between diameter of microchannel, length of the junction, emulsion flow rate, and mean droplet diameter so that we would be able to determine the emulsion properties beforehand. It was found that bubble size increases as flowrate of continuous phase decreases.
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Papers by Ayush mishra