The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
This study was conducted to determine the impacts of heat treatment on lap shear strength, densit... more This study was conducted to determine the impacts of heat treatment on lap shear strength, density, and mass loss of black pine wood. In the study, black pine wood boards bonded with polyurethane were subjected to temperatures of 160, 180, and 200°C for durations of 2 and 6 hours. Specimens having two layers were prepared from untreated and treated wood for mechanical testing of bond lines. Data were analyzed using variance analysis and Tukey's test to determine the impacts of changes in density and mass of heat-treated black pine wood on lap shear strength. The results indicated that the lap shear strength of black pine wood decreased as the intensity of heat treatment increased. The results also indicated that the minimum and maximum percentage decreases of lap shear strength were approximately 27% for 160°C and 2 hours and 78% for 200°C and 6 hours.
The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical properties of Paulownia (Paulownia... more The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical properties of Paulownia (Paulownia elongata) wood, a fast-growing species, during heat treatment at three different temperatures (160, 180, and 200 C) and durations (3, 5, and 7 h). After heat treatment, changes in swelling, density, color, and equilibrium moisture content at 35, 65, and 85% RH were investigated. The results indicated that the minimum and maximum decrease swelling ratios were 6-46% for tangential, 4-32% for radial, and 12-64% for longitudinal. The equilibrium moisture contents were 1-26% for 35% RH, 1-33% for 65% RH, and 1-38% for 85 RH, respectively; the density of air-dried and oven-dried samples decreased by 1-16% and 1.5-15%, respectively, and color changes values (L Ã ) were 10-40%.
Thermal treatment of wood alters its structure due to degradation of wood polymers (cellulose, he... more Thermal treatment of wood alters its structure due to degradation of wood polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), so the physical properties of wood are either improved or worsen. In this study, the effect of thermal treatment on density, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and color of hornbeam wood was investigated. The color and density (air-dry and oven-dry density) were determined for the control and heat-treated samples, as well as their equilibrium moisture content at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 95%. The data showed that thermal treatment resulted mainly in darkening of the wood and the reduction of its density and EMC. It was found that the treatment temperature had a much more significant impact on color changes than the duration of the treatment. Generally, heat-treated wood color becomes darker than nontreated wood, so it can be used as decorative material. Because the EMC is lower, the heat-treated wood can be used in saunas and pool sides. Also, heat-treated wood can be used in outdoor applications because of lower density.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical and ph... more The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical and physical properties of wild pear wood. The results obtained for thermal treatment at 160°C for 2 h showed that the modulus of elasticity was increased about 5%, while bending strength and compression strength decreased by 7.42% and 7.55%, respectively. The physical properties of wild pear wood were improved as 2.6%, 5.3%, 8.5% and 0.8% swelling in tangential, radial and longitudinal sections and 1.7%, 1.1% and 0.9% at 50, 65 and 85 Rh% and changes in DEab * was 8.50%, respectively. It was determined that the changes ratio of these properties increased as the temperature and durations were increasing. Therefore, wild pear wood can be used as an alternative for tropical woods in decoration and veneer industry.
The heat treatment of wood is an environment-friendly method for wood preservation. The heat trea... more The heat treatment of wood is an environment-friendly method for wood preservation. The heat treatment process only uses steam and heat, and no chemicals or agents are applied to the material during the process. Tests have shown no harmful emissions are apparent when working with the material. This process improves wood's resistance to decay and its dimensional stability. In this study, the density, compression strength and hardness of heat treated hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood were investigated. Wood specimens that had been conditioned at 65% relative humidity and 20 ºC were subjected to heat treatment at 170, 190, and 210 ºC for 4, 8, and 12 hrs. After heat treatment, compression strength and hardness were determined according to TS 2595 and TS 2479. The results showed that the decreases of compression strength and hardness were related to the extent of density loss. Both compression strength and hardness decreased with the increasing temperatures and durations of the heat treatment. While the maximum density loss observed was 16.12% at 210 ºC and 12 hour, at these heat-treatment conditions, the compression strength approximately decreased 30% and hardness values in tangential, radial, and longitudinal directions approximately decreased by 55%, 54%, and 38%, respectively. Hence, it was concluded that there might be a relationship between changes of these wood properties.
In this study, the effects of heat treatment on color, mass loss, compression strength, and hardn... more In this study, the effects of heat treatment on color, mass loss, compression strength, and hardness of Uludag fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) were investigated. Wood specimens conditioned at a relative humidity of 65% and a temperature of 20 C were subjected to heat treatment at 170, 190, and 210 C for 4, 8, and 12 h. After heat treatment, compression strength and hardness were determined according to TS 2595 and TS 2479. Color changes were determined according to DIN5033. The results showed that compression strength and hardness of Uludag fir wood decreased to varying extents in relation to intensity of treatment, whereas mass loss increased. We determined that treatment temperature had a more significant effect on color changes than did treatment time. The color of the wood became darker at the higher treatment temperatures.
Generally, universities in developing countries offer little in the way of provisions and support... more Generally, universities in developing countries offer little in the way of provisions and support (material, emotional, etc.) for disabled students. Therefore, disabled students experience considerable burdens and barriers in their educational life. This study investigated the psychological wellbeing of disabled Turkish university students by examining influences on stress-related growth and psychological distress. Disability is defined within the framework of a social model. According to this view, impairment refers to the functional limitation(s) that affect(s) a person's body, whereas disability refers to the loss or limitation of opportunities owing to social, physical or psychological obstacles. Seventy disabled university students with physical impairments were administered a questionnaire package, including a sociodemographic information sheet, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Stress-Related Growth Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Social Support, Life Events Inventory, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Snowball sampling was used and voluntary participation was essential. The results showed that disability burden, daily hassles, and helplessness coping were significant predictors of psychological symptoms. For stress-related growth the only variable that appeared significant was problem-solving coping. The results pointed out that there may be different pathways to distress and growth. In order to decrease psychological distress and enhance growth in disabled university students, disability awareness programs, changes in the barriers in the academic and physical environments of the university campuses, and coping skills training to increase problem-focused coping and to combat helplessness may prove to be effective. Reducing daily hassles for the disabled students is likely to contribute to their wellbeing by decreasing their burdens. Also, a more disability-friendly environment is likely to be empowering for disabled university students.En général, les universités des pays en voie de développement offrent peu de prestations et d'aide (matérielles, émotionnelles etc.) aux étudiants handicapés. Par conséquent, ces étudiants expérimentent un fardeau et des obstacles considérables durant leur éducation. Cette étude évalue le bien être psychologique d'étudiants universitaires turques handicapés en examinant les facteurs reliés au développement du stress et à la détresse psychologique. Le handicap est défini à l'intérieur de la structure d'un modèle social. Selon ce point de vue, l'infirmité réfère à(aux) la limitation(s) fonctionnelle(s) qui affecte(nt) le corps de la personne, tandis que le handicap réfère à la perte ou à la limitation des opportunités en raison d'obstacles sociaux, physiques ou psychologiques. Soixante dix étudiants avec handicaps physiques ont répondu à un ensemble de questionnaires incluant une feuille d'informations socio-démographiques, “Ways of Coping Questionnaire”, “Stress-Related Growth Scale”, “Multidimensional Scale of Social Support”, “Life Events Inventory” and “Brief Symptom Inventory”. La méthode d'échantillonnage “snowball” a été utilisée et la participation volontaire était essentielle. Les résultats montrent que le fardeau du handicap, les complications journalières, l'adaptation à la résignation étaient des prédicteurs significatifs de symptômes psychologiques. Pour le développement du stress la seule variable significative est l'adaptation à la résolution de problèmes. Les résultats indiquent qu'il y a peut être différents chemins vers la détresse et la croissance. De manière à décroître la détresse psychologique et augmenter le développement chez ces étudiants, des programmes de prise de conscience des handicaps, des changements aux obstacles académiques et environnementaux au sein du campus universitaire ainsi que des formations permettant d'augmenter l'adaptation visant les problèmes et de combattre la résignation peuvent s'avérer efficaces. Réduire les complications journalières contribuera fortement à leur bien être en les soulageant de leurs fardeaux. Aussi, un environnement plus convivial pour les handicapés devrait probablement permettre l'autonomisation de ces étudiants.En general, las universidades de los países en vías de desarrollo ofrecen pocas provisiones y apoyo (material, emocional, etc.) a los estudiantes discapacitados. Por lo tanto, los estudiantes con discapacidades experimentan una considerable carga y barreras en su vida educativa. Este estudio investigó el bienestar psicológico de los estudiantes universitarios turcos con discapacidad a través de la evaluación de los factores relacionados con el crecimiento del estrés y las dificultades psicológicas. La discapacidad se define en el marco de un modelo social. De acuerdo a esta perspectiva, el impedimento se refiere a la/s limitación/es funcional/es que afectan el cuerpo de una persona, mientras que la discapacidad se refiere a la pérdida o limitación de oportunidades debido a obstáculos sociales, físicos o psicológicos. Se les administró una batería de cuestionarios a setenta estudiantes universitarios discapacitados con impedimentos físicos, incluyendo una hoja de información socio-demográfica, el Ways of Coping Questionnaire [Cuestionario de Estilos de Afrontamiento], la Stress-Related Growth Scale [Escala de Crecimiento Relacionado al Estrés], la Multidimensional Scale of Social Support [Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social], el Life Events Inventory [Inventario de Acontecimientos de Vida] y el Brief Symptom Inventory [Breve Inventario de Síntomas]. Para el muestreo se utilizó el método de bola de nieve y la participación voluntaria fue esencial. Los resultados mostraron que la carga de discapacidad, los problemas cotidianos y la indefensión en el afrontamiento fueron predictores significativos de síntomas psicológicos. Para el crecimiento relacionado al estrés la única variable que se mostró significativa fue el afrontamiento a través de la resolución de problemas. Los resultados indicaron que parecen existir recorridos diferentes conducentes al estrés y al crecimiento. Con el fin de disminuir el sufrimiento psicológico y estimular el crecimiento en los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad, los programas de concientización acerca de la discapacidad, el cambio en las barreras del entorno físico y académico de las instituciones universitarias y el entrenamiento en las habilidades de afrontamiento para incrementar el afrontamiento centrado en el problema y para luchar contra la indefensión pueden mostrar ser efectivas. Es probable que la reducción de los problemas cotidianos de los estudiantes con discapacidad contribuya a su bienestar disminuyendo sus cargas. Además, es probable que un entorno más apto para personas minusválidas le otorgue más poder a los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad.
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture ... more The goal of this study was to determine the changes in specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmü lleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment at different temperatures and durations. In this study, the effects of three different temperatures and three different durations were investigated. The temperatures were 170, 190, and 210 C, and the durations were 4, 8, and 12 h. The equilibrium moisture contents of the heat-treated specimens were determined at 20 C at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 90%, and the results were compared with control specimens. The results indicated that increasing temperatures increased the weight loss of the specimens. With respect to dimensional stabilization, the heat-treated specimens had lower equilibrium moisture contents than did the control specimens.
The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana s... more The aim of this study is to determine the change of specific gravity of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) wood after heat treatment under different temperatures and durations. For this study 3 different temperatures and 3 different durations were carried out. The temperatures were 170, 190 and 210 oC and the durations were 4,8 and 12 hours. Moreover, the
This study was conducted to determine the impacts of heat treatment on lap shear strength, densit... more This study was conducted to determine the impacts of heat treatment on lap shear strength, density, and mass loss of black pine wood. In the study, black pine wood boards bonded with polyurethane were subjected to temperatures of 160, 180, and 200°C for durations of 2 and 6 hours. Specimens having two layers were prepared from untreated and treated wood for mechanical testing of bond lines. Data were analyzed using variance analysis and Tukey's test to determine the impacts of changes in density and mass of heat-treated black pine wood on lap shear strength. The results indicated that the lap shear strength of black pine wood decreased as the intensity of heat treatment increased. The results also indicated that the minimum and maximum percentage decreases of lap shear strength were approximately 27% for 160°C and 2 hours and 78% for 200°C and 6 hours.
The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical properties of Paulownia (Paulownia... more The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical properties of Paulownia (Paulownia elongata) wood, a fast-growing species, during heat treatment at three different temperatures (160, 180, and 200 C) and durations (3, 5, and 7 h). After heat treatment, changes in swelling, density, color, and equilibrium moisture content at 35, 65, and 85% RH were investigated. The results indicated that the minimum and maximum decrease swelling ratios were 6-46% for tangential, 4-32% for radial, and 12-64% for longitudinal. The equilibrium moisture contents were 1-26% for 35% RH, 1-33% for 65% RH, and 1-38% for 85 RH, respectively; the density of air-dried and oven-dried samples decreased by 1-16% and 1.5-15%, respectively, and color changes values (L Ã ) were 10-40%.
Thermal treatment of wood alters its structure due to degradation of wood polymers (cellulose, he... more Thermal treatment of wood alters its structure due to degradation of wood polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), so the physical properties of wood are either improved or worsen. In this study, the effect of thermal treatment on density, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and color of hornbeam wood was investigated. The color and density (air-dry and oven-dry density) were determined for the control and heat-treated samples, as well as their equilibrium moisture content at relative humidities of 35, 50, 65, 80, and 95%. The data showed that thermal treatment resulted mainly in darkening of the wood and the reduction of its density and EMC. It was found that the treatment temperature had a much more significant impact on color changes than the duration of the treatment. Generally, heat-treated wood color becomes darker than nontreated wood, so it can be used as decorative material. Because the EMC is lower, the heat-treated wood can be used in saunas and pool sides. Also, heat-treated wood can be used in outdoor applications because of lower density.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical and ph... more The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical and physical properties of wild pear wood. The results obtained for thermal treatment at 160°C for 2 h showed that the modulus of elasticity was increased about 5%, while bending strength and compression strength decreased by 7.42% and 7.55%, respectively. The physical properties of wild pear wood were improved as 2.6%, 5.3%, 8.5% and 0.8% swelling in tangential, radial and longitudinal sections and 1.7%, 1.1% and 0.9% at 50, 65 and 85 Rh% and changes in DEab * was 8.50%, respectively. It was determined that the changes ratio of these properties increased as the temperature and durations were increasing. Therefore, wild pear wood can be used as an alternative for tropical woods in decoration and veneer industry.
The heat treatment of wood is an environment-friendly method for wood preservation. The heat trea... more The heat treatment of wood is an environment-friendly method for wood preservation. The heat treatment process only uses steam and heat, and no chemicals or agents are applied to the material during the process. Tests have shown no harmful emissions are apparent when working with the material. This process improves wood's resistance to decay and its dimensional stability. In this study, the density, compression strength and hardness of heat treated hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood were investigated. Wood specimens that had been conditioned at 65% relative humidity and 20 ºC were subjected to heat treatment at 170, 190, and 210 ºC for 4, 8, and 12 hrs. After heat treatment, compression strength and hardness were determined according to TS 2595 and TS 2479. The results showed that the decreases of compression strength and hardness were related to the extent of density loss. Both compression strength and hardness decreased with the increasing temperatures and durations of the heat treatment. While the maximum density loss observed was 16.12% at 210 ºC and 12 hour, at these heat-treatment conditions, the compression strength approximately decreased 30% and hardness values in tangential, radial, and longitudinal directions approximately decreased by 55%, 54%, and 38%, respectively. Hence, it was concluded that there might be a relationship between changes of these wood properties.
In this study, the effects of heat treatment on color, mass loss, compression strength, and hardn... more In this study, the effects of heat treatment on color, mass loss, compression strength, and hardness of Uludag fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) were investigated. Wood specimens conditioned at a relative humidity of 65% and a temperature of 20 C were subjected to heat treatment at 170, 190, and 210 C for 4, 8, and 12 h. After heat treatment, compression strength and hardness were determined according to TS 2595 and TS 2479. Color changes were determined according to DIN5033. The results showed that compression strength and hardness of Uludag fir wood decreased to varying extents in relation to intensity of treatment, whereas mass loss increased. We determined that treatment temperature had a more significant effect on color changes than did treatment time. The color of the wood became darker at the higher treatment temperatures.
Generally, universities in developing countries offer little in the way of provisions and support... more Generally, universities in developing countries offer little in the way of provisions and support (material, emotional, etc.) for disabled students. Therefore, disabled students experience considerable burdens and barriers in their educational life. This study investigated the psychological wellbeing of disabled Turkish university students by examining influences on stress-related growth and psychological distress. Disability is defined within the framework of a social model. According to this view, impairment refers to the functional limitation(s) that affect(s) a person's body, whereas disability refers to the loss or limitation of opportunities owing to social, physical or psychological obstacles. Seventy disabled university students with physical impairments were administered a questionnaire package, including a sociodemographic information sheet, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Stress-Related Growth Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Social Support, Life Events Inventory, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Snowball sampling was used and voluntary participation was essential. The results showed that disability burden, daily hassles, and helplessness coping were significant predictors of psychological symptoms. For stress-related growth the only variable that appeared significant was problem-solving coping. The results pointed out that there may be different pathways to distress and growth. In order to decrease psychological distress and enhance growth in disabled university students, disability awareness programs, changes in the barriers in the academic and physical environments of the university campuses, and coping skills training to increase problem-focused coping and to combat helplessness may prove to be effective. Reducing daily hassles for the disabled students is likely to contribute to their wellbeing by decreasing their burdens. Also, a more disability-friendly environment is likely to be empowering for disabled university students.En général, les universités des pays en voie de développement offrent peu de prestations et d'aide (matérielles, émotionnelles etc.) aux étudiants handicapés. Par conséquent, ces étudiants expérimentent un fardeau et des obstacles considérables durant leur éducation. Cette étude évalue le bien être psychologique d'étudiants universitaires turques handicapés en examinant les facteurs reliés au développement du stress et à la détresse psychologique. Le handicap est défini à l'intérieur de la structure d'un modèle social. Selon ce point de vue, l'infirmité réfère à(aux) la limitation(s) fonctionnelle(s) qui affecte(nt) le corps de la personne, tandis que le handicap réfère à la perte ou à la limitation des opportunités en raison d'obstacles sociaux, physiques ou psychologiques. Soixante dix étudiants avec handicaps physiques ont répondu à un ensemble de questionnaires incluant une feuille d'informations socio-démographiques, “Ways of Coping Questionnaire”, “Stress-Related Growth Scale”, “Multidimensional Scale of Social Support”, “Life Events Inventory” and “Brief Symptom Inventory”. La méthode d'échantillonnage “snowball” a été utilisée et la participation volontaire était essentielle. Les résultats montrent que le fardeau du handicap, les complications journalières, l'adaptation à la résignation étaient des prédicteurs significatifs de symptômes psychologiques. Pour le développement du stress la seule variable significative est l'adaptation à la résolution de problèmes. Les résultats indiquent qu'il y a peut être différents chemins vers la détresse et la croissance. De manière à décroître la détresse psychologique et augmenter le développement chez ces étudiants, des programmes de prise de conscience des handicaps, des changements aux obstacles académiques et environnementaux au sein du campus universitaire ainsi que des formations permettant d'augmenter l'adaptation visant les problèmes et de combattre la résignation peuvent s'avérer efficaces. Réduire les complications journalières contribuera fortement à leur bien être en les soulageant de leurs fardeaux. Aussi, un environnement plus convivial pour les handicapés devrait probablement permettre l'autonomisation de ces étudiants.En general, las universidades de los países en vías de desarrollo ofrecen pocas provisiones y apoyo (material, emocional, etc.) a los estudiantes discapacitados. Por lo tanto, los estudiantes con discapacidades experimentan una considerable carga y barreras en su vida educativa. Este estudio investigó el bienestar psicológico de los estudiantes universitarios turcos con discapacidad a través de la evaluación de los factores relacionados con el crecimiento del estrés y las dificultades psicológicas. La discapacidad se define en el marco de un modelo social. De acuerdo a esta perspectiva, el impedimento se refiere a la/s limitación/es funcional/es que afectan el cuerpo de una persona, mientras que la discapacidad se refiere a la pérdida o limitación de oportunidades debido a obstáculos sociales, físicos o psicológicos. Se les administró una batería de cuestionarios a setenta estudiantes universitarios discapacitados con impedimentos físicos, incluyendo una hoja de información socio-demográfica, el Ways of Coping Questionnaire [Cuestionario de Estilos de Afrontamiento], la Stress-Related Growth Scale [Escala de Crecimiento Relacionado al Estrés], la Multidimensional Scale of Social Support [Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social], el Life Events Inventory [Inventario de Acontecimientos de Vida] y el Brief Symptom Inventory [Breve Inventario de Síntomas]. Para el muestreo se utilizó el método de bola de nieve y la participación voluntaria fue esencial. Los resultados mostraron que la carga de discapacidad, los problemas cotidianos y la indefensión en el afrontamiento fueron predictores significativos de síntomas psicológicos. Para el crecimiento relacionado al estrés la única variable que se mostró significativa fue el afrontamiento a través de la resolución de problemas. Los resultados indicaron que parecen existir recorridos diferentes conducentes al estrés y al crecimiento. Con el fin de disminuir el sufrimiento psicológico y estimular el crecimiento en los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad, los programas de concientización acerca de la discapacidad, el cambio en las barreras del entorno físico y académico de las instituciones universitarias y el entrenamiento en las habilidades de afrontamiento para incrementar el afrontamiento centrado en el problema y para luchar contra la indefensión pueden mostrar ser efectivas. Es probable que la reducción de los problemas cotidianos de los estudiantes con discapacidad contribuya a su bienestar disminuyendo sus cargas. Además, es probable que un entorno más apto para personas minusválidas le otorgue más poder a los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad.
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