Human cultures that occupied the area currently known as Mesoamerica developed a broad repertory ... more Human cultures that occupied the area currently known as Mesoamerica developed a broad repertory of technologies for managing the biotic resources and ecosystems of the surrounding areas they lived. These technologies emerged from early experiences and had long time, enough for leading to the fi rst forms of agriculture of the New World. Mesoamerica is actually recognized as one of the regions where agriculture and domestication of plants originated, with nearly 10,000 years
Agrárias: Pesquisa e Inovação nas Ciências que Alimentam o Mundo VIII, Aug 26, 2022
O conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob uma Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons Atribuição-... more O conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob uma Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons Atribuição-Não-Comercial NãoDerivativos 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Direitos para esta edição cedidos à Editora Artemis pelos autores. Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento, desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, e sem a possibilidade de alterá-la de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais. A responsabilidade pelo conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados, em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade é exclusiva dos autores. A Editora Artemis, em seu compromisso de manter e aperfeiçoar a qualidade e confiabilidade dos trabalhos que publica, conduz a avaliação cega pelos pares de todos manuscritos publicados, com base em critérios de neutralidade e imparcialidade acadêmica.
Agrárias: pesquisa e inovação nas ciências que alimentam o mundo - Vol. VIII, 2022
The aim of this study was to document the forest species of cultural importance in the municipali... more The aim of this study was to document the forest species of cultural importance in the municipality of Badiraguato, Sinaloa, for this reason in 2020, 62 free lists and interviews were applied, the questions included the name of the agroforestry systems of the region, trees considered of cultural importance in the community, location, forms of use and management, the Friedman Fidelity Index (IF) was calculated to evaluate the species with the highest frequency of mention and consensus among the population. The results indicated 66 useful forest species, eight forms of exploitation, three agroforestry systems and three forms of management were documented, it was found that the species with the highest number of uses, forms of management and present in the three agroforestry systems was the cardón followed by the guamúchil the guásima, the pochote, the tepehuaje, the brasil wood, the plum, the guaje, the guanacaste, the ilama, the guayabo and the redwood, most of which are native species of the country. However, it was observed that the results of the Fidelity Index included mainly introduced species, cultivated as fruit trees and ornamentals in home gardens, such as citrus, mango and avocado. Even though currently there are no ethnic groups in the study area, results on the forms of use and management coincide with those reported by other authors for the mayo indigenous groups of the north of the State. It is recommended that more in-depth studies will be carried out on the impact of management forms on the diversification processes of native and introduced species, as well as the creation of cultural landscapes for the region.
Los estudios sobre la diversidad florística en Sinaloa, México reflejan alrededor de 3,736 especi... more Los estudios sobre la diversidad florística en Sinaloa, México reflejan alrededor de 3,736 especies de plantas vasculares, de estas poco se sabe sobre los árboles nativos, su estado de conservación y aprovechamiento, aunado a lo anterior se ha registrado una alta tasa de deforestación para el Estado. Reconocer la biodiversidad, su importancia ecológica y cultural es de vital importancia para plantear políticas de aprovechamiento sustentable y revertir los daños ambientales que conlleva su pérdida, por lo anterior el objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar las especies de árboles nativos y su aprovechamiento en los sistemas agroforestales descritos en la literatura y en una comunidad, para ello, este estudio se fundamentó en la investigación bibliográfica y de campo, con el primero se realizó un listado con las especies de árboles nativos y en campo se documentó el conocimiento sobre los árboles en una comunidad. Se seleccionaron tres sitios de muestro en la cabecera municipal de Badiraguato, Sinaloa donde se aplicaron 60 entrevistas, se visitaron 51 huertos familiares. Los resultados se analizaron a través del análisis de conglomerados. Se registraron 577 árboles nativos, cuatro endémicos a Sinaloa, la familia más diversa fue la Fabaceae, mientras que los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Quercus, Pinus y Bursera. 260 especies mostraron tener alguna forma de aprovechamiento en la literatura y en la zona de estudio se registraron como sistemas agroforestales a la milpa, el huerto familiar, las cercas vivas y un sistemas silvopastoriles al cual se le denominó Pitayal, en la comunidad se registraron 79 árboles, 57 de ellos presentes en los huertos familiares (4.15% de las especies nativas de árboles nativos para el estado con once formas de aprovechamiento entre las que destacan la medicinal, fuente de sombra y alimenticia. De acuerdo con el análisis de conglomerados los huertos se diferencian entre sí en los que tiene árboles frutales introducidos y aquellos con mayor frecuencia de especies nativas los cuales son localizados en la periferia y a la salida de la comunidad. Los huertos familiares son sistemas que permiten conservar algunas especies adaptadas a las condiciones locales tanto las especies, las formas de manejo y sus implicaciones ecológicas deben ser estudiadas con mayor profundidad.
La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo,... more La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participativa y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades mazahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto, Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable. El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y cant...
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlanAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico's Tehuacán Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of "pochote" Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethnobotanical studies in the villages of Coxcatlán, San Rafael, and San José Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatlán, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species.
Data materialsMedicinal Plants used by indigenous population in Mexico for the treatment of Type ... more Data materialsMedicinal Plants used by indigenous population in Mexico for the treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus ( DM-T2 ) Aidé Avendaño Gómez, Gil Alfonso Magos Guerrero, Arciniegas Arciniegas Amira, Romo de Vivar Romo Alfonso. Includes: Catalog and herbarium information. Fidelity Index Table of 45 medicinal plants, Abstract pf bibliographical research. <b></b><i></i><sub></sub><sup></sup><br><sup><b></b><i></i><sub></sub><br></sup><b></b>
CONOCIMIENTO CAMPESINO SOBRE FERTILIZACIÓN DEL MAÍZ EN COMUNIDADES MAZAHUA (JÑATJO) DE MÉXICO, 2021
La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del
maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo,... more La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participa- tiva y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades ma- zahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto, Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable. El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y can- tidad de fósforo aplicada. Los campesinos combinan fertilizantes minerales con estiércol; el costo promedio anual fue $4043 MX por hectárea. El rendimiento del grano en dos de las comunidades fue mayor que el reportado localmente. Los campesinos practican el diálogo de saberes al incorporar la tecnología sin dejar atrás su conocimiento tradicional.
Agrárias [livro eletrônico] : pesquisa e inovação nas ciências que alimentam o mundo VI /, 2021
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity
of T. erecta L in five st... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of T. erecta L in five strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, ATCC 12398, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomona aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans associated with ophthalmological infections. According to the traditional use of the Mazahua ethnic group of the State of Mexico for this purpose for which there are no studies. Four extracts were obtained by the method of macerationevaporation and steam distillation, three hydroalcoholic from the stem, leaf and flower, one of dichloromethane-methanol and the essential oil of the areal part of the species. Extract yield was calculated and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the Kirby-Baüer diffusion and microdilution methods, chloramphenicol was used as a positive control for bacteria and nystatin for yeast (25 µg for each one), the results were analyzed through the analysis of ANOVA. The extracts with the greatest inhibitory effect and with statistically significant activity were the stem and the essential oil, the first against S. epidermidis: inhibition halo of 11.75 ± 0.95 mm, the second towards S. aureus ATCC 29213; inhibition halo of 16.75 ± 1.7 mm and C. albicans inhibition halo of 20 ± 0 mm, the other extracts show no statistically significant activity. Finally, the essential oil for the S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain was found to have a CMI of 2 mg/mL (80% inhibition) and a CBM of 6 mg/mL (100% inhibition). The results validate the traditional use in ophthalmic diseases related to the presence of C. albicans, S, epidermidis and S, aureus more studies are recommended to evaluate chemical variation, biological activity and the potential uses for the species. KEYWORDS: Essential oil. C. albicans. Cempaxochitl, Mazahua
the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra... more the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacdn-Cuicatlin Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico's TehuacAn Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of "pochote" Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethno-botanical studies in the villages of CoxcatlAn, San Rafael, and San Jos6 Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatldn, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species.
por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas ... more por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas que en la vegetación natural. La información sugiere la existencia de selección artificial asociada a manejo in situ de esta especie.
There are 5000 to 7000 species of plants in Mexico that are domesticated or in some previous stag... more There are 5000 to 7000 species of plants in Mexico that are domesticated or in some previous stage of evolution. One example is the “capulín” Prunus serotina Ehrh ssp. capuli (Cav.) Mc Vaugh (wild black cherry, mountain black cherry or rum cherry). The capulín has been classified as domesticated, but there are no studies on the mechanisms of selection and intervention that have led to this degree of management. The objective of this study was to describe ethnobotanical aspects related to use, recognition of variation and management to evaluate the effect of these processes on this black cherry. The study was conducted in four communities of the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, where consumption of capulín seed is documented. Field information was obtained through open and closed interviews and participative observation in 1998, 1999 and 2006-2007. Besides, variation in 32 morphological traits, seed weight and cyanogenic glycoside contents in the seed were measured. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA, principal components analysis and discriminant functions. The results show 1) the uses of the capulín are mainly consumption of the seed and the integration of the fruit tree in agricultural systems such as “metepantles”, home gardens and rainfed plots; 2) associated cultural aspects of recognition of seed, tree and fruit variation, as well as the description of the different forms of management and promotion or toleration; 3) a likely domestication process via seed, observed in the significant differences in the characteristics of this structure and in the diverse forms of management: cultivation, promotion and tolerance. The cultivated individuals have larger round seeds with a thicker endocarp, which facilitates the extraction of the edible embryo and a non-significant decrease in cyanogenic glycosides. Finally, the process of domestication was evidenced in its importance for the communities and their organization for exploitation of capulín in that region
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on
th... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlánAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the sedentary life; drinking alcoholic beverages and drink pulque and soda; consumption of maize, beans and rice for breakfast, lunch and dinner; hours of work long for most of the day, little exercise, and the low percentage of income that is spent on health problems, among others, are factors that adversely affect human health.
This study documented information about traditional nomenclature, forms of use and management and... more This study documented information about traditional nomenclature, forms of use and management and role in peasant subsistence of the ‘‘pochote’’ tree,Ceiba aesculifoliasubsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) among the Nahua of the Tehuaca´n Valley, Central Mexico. Local people recognize, name and classify ‘‘pochote’’ variants according to fruit and seed characters such as size, form and colour. ‘‘Pochote’’ is used in 12 different ways but consumption and commercialization of seeds are the most important. In addition to gathering, the main management forms are in situ unconscious dispersion of seeds, and less frequently, tolerance and protection of individuals in cleared land. There are signs that these management practices have an effect on the abundance ofC. aesculifoliasubsp. parvifoliaindividuals in the study area. More investigation is needed to determine a possible incipient domestication process of this species.
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico’s Tehuacán Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of “pochote” Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethnobotanical studies in the villages of Coxcatlán, San Rafael, and San José Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatlán, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species. Manejo in situ y patrones de variación morfológica de Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) en el Valle de Tehuacán–Cuicatlán. Estudios arqueológicos en el Valle de Tehuacán realizados durante los 1960s revelaron que el “pochote” Ceiba aesculifolia, fue usado en la prehistoria principalmente por sus raíces y semillas comestibles. Estudios etnobotánicos recientes en las comunidades de Coxcatlán, San Rafael y San José Tilapa, municipio de Coxcatlán, Puebla, han documentado que actualmente las semillas son la parte de este árbol que es más usada en la región, y que la gente local reconoce tres tipos morfológicos de frutos producidos por árboles de pochote: púrpura rojizo, verde pálido y verde obscuro rojizo, siendo los dos primeros los que son preferidos debido a que producen más semillas y de mayor tamaño. Este estudio documentó los patrones de variación morfológica de Ceiba aesculifolia en poblaciones no manejadas y manejadas por la gente de las comunidades anteriormente mencionadas, con el fin de analizar si el manejo ha favorecido la abundancia de los tipos morfológicos preferidos por la gente. Los principales tipos morfológicos reconocidos por la gente fueron caracterizados mediante estudios morfométricos y sus frecuencias en las poblaciones bajo diferentes intensidades de manejo fueron evaluadas a través de muestreos de vegetación. El estudio morfométrico reveló que los tipos morfológicos reconocidos por la gente corresponden a grupos identificables, mientras los muestreos de vegetación revelaron que las variantes preferidas por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas que en la vegetación natural. La información sugiere la existencia de selección artificial asociada a manejo in situ de esta especie.
Human cultures that occupied the area currently known as Mesoamerica developed a broad repertory ... more Human cultures that occupied the area currently known as Mesoamerica developed a broad repertory of technologies for managing the biotic resources and ecosystems of the surrounding areas they lived. These technologies emerged from early experiences and had long time, enough for leading to the fi rst forms of agriculture of the New World. Mesoamerica is actually recognized as one of the regions where agriculture and domestication of plants originated, with nearly 10,000 years
Agrárias: Pesquisa e Inovação nas Ciências que Alimentam o Mundo VIII, Aug 26, 2022
O conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob uma Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons Atribuição-... more O conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob uma Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons Atribuição-Não-Comercial NãoDerivativos 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Direitos para esta edição cedidos à Editora Artemis pelos autores. Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento, desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, e sem a possibilidade de alterá-la de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais. A responsabilidade pelo conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados, em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade é exclusiva dos autores. A Editora Artemis, em seu compromisso de manter e aperfeiçoar a qualidade e confiabilidade dos trabalhos que publica, conduz a avaliação cega pelos pares de todos manuscritos publicados, com base em critérios de neutralidade e imparcialidade acadêmica.
Agrárias: pesquisa e inovação nas ciências que alimentam o mundo - Vol. VIII, 2022
The aim of this study was to document the forest species of cultural importance in the municipali... more The aim of this study was to document the forest species of cultural importance in the municipality of Badiraguato, Sinaloa, for this reason in 2020, 62 free lists and interviews were applied, the questions included the name of the agroforestry systems of the region, trees considered of cultural importance in the community, location, forms of use and management, the Friedman Fidelity Index (IF) was calculated to evaluate the species with the highest frequency of mention and consensus among the population. The results indicated 66 useful forest species, eight forms of exploitation, three agroforestry systems and three forms of management were documented, it was found that the species with the highest number of uses, forms of management and present in the three agroforestry systems was the cardón followed by the guamúchil the guásima, the pochote, the tepehuaje, the brasil wood, the plum, the guaje, the guanacaste, the ilama, the guayabo and the redwood, most of which are native species of the country. However, it was observed that the results of the Fidelity Index included mainly introduced species, cultivated as fruit trees and ornamentals in home gardens, such as citrus, mango and avocado. Even though currently there are no ethnic groups in the study area, results on the forms of use and management coincide with those reported by other authors for the mayo indigenous groups of the north of the State. It is recommended that more in-depth studies will be carried out on the impact of management forms on the diversification processes of native and introduced species, as well as the creation of cultural landscapes for the region.
Los estudios sobre la diversidad florística en Sinaloa, México reflejan alrededor de 3,736 especi... more Los estudios sobre la diversidad florística en Sinaloa, México reflejan alrededor de 3,736 especies de plantas vasculares, de estas poco se sabe sobre los árboles nativos, su estado de conservación y aprovechamiento, aunado a lo anterior se ha registrado una alta tasa de deforestación para el Estado. Reconocer la biodiversidad, su importancia ecológica y cultural es de vital importancia para plantear políticas de aprovechamiento sustentable y revertir los daños ambientales que conlleva su pérdida, por lo anterior el objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar las especies de árboles nativos y su aprovechamiento en los sistemas agroforestales descritos en la literatura y en una comunidad, para ello, este estudio se fundamentó en la investigación bibliográfica y de campo, con el primero se realizó un listado con las especies de árboles nativos y en campo se documentó el conocimiento sobre los árboles en una comunidad. Se seleccionaron tres sitios de muestro en la cabecera municipal de Badiraguato, Sinaloa donde se aplicaron 60 entrevistas, se visitaron 51 huertos familiares. Los resultados se analizaron a través del análisis de conglomerados. Se registraron 577 árboles nativos, cuatro endémicos a Sinaloa, la familia más diversa fue la Fabaceae, mientras que los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Quercus, Pinus y Bursera. 260 especies mostraron tener alguna forma de aprovechamiento en la literatura y en la zona de estudio se registraron como sistemas agroforestales a la milpa, el huerto familiar, las cercas vivas y un sistemas silvopastoriles al cual se le denominó Pitayal, en la comunidad se registraron 79 árboles, 57 de ellos presentes en los huertos familiares (4.15% de las especies nativas de árboles nativos para el estado con once formas de aprovechamiento entre las que destacan la medicinal, fuente de sombra y alimenticia. De acuerdo con el análisis de conglomerados los huertos se diferencian entre sí en los que tiene árboles frutales introducidos y aquellos con mayor frecuencia de especies nativas los cuales son localizados en la periferia y a la salida de la comunidad. Los huertos familiares son sistemas que permiten conservar algunas especies adaptadas a las condiciones locales tanto las especies, las formas de manejo y sus implicaciones ecológicas deben ser estudiadas con mayor profundidad.
La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo,... more La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participativa y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades mazahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto, Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable. El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y cant...
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlanAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico's Tehuacán Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of "pochote" Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethnobotanical studies in the villages of Coxcatlán, San Rafael, and San José Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatlán, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species.
Data materialsMedicinal Plants used by indigenous population in Mexico for the treatment of Type ... more Data materialsMedicinal Plants used by indigenous population in Mexico for the treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus ( DM-T2 ) Aidé Avendaño Gómez, Gil Alfonso Magos Guerrero, Arciniegas Arciniegas Amira, Romo de Vivar Romo Alfonso. Includes: Catalog and herbarium information. Fidelity Index Table of 45 medicinal plants, Abstract pf bibliographical research. <b></b><i></i><sub></sub><sup></sup><br><sup><b></b><i></i><sub></sub><br></sup><b></b>
CONOCIMIENTO CAMPESINO SOBRE FERTILIZACIÓN DEL MAÍZ EN COMUNIDADES MAZAHUA (JÑATJO) DE MÉXICO, 2021
La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del
maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo,... more La fertilización es un factor determinante en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participa- tiva y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades ma- zahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto, Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable. El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y can- tidad de fósforo aplicada. Los campesinos combinan fertilizantes minerales con estiércol; el costo promedio anual fue $4043 MX por hectárea. El rendimiento del grano en dos de las comunidades fue mayor que el reportado localmente. Los campesinos practican el diálogo de saberes al incorporar la tecnología sin dejar atrás su conocimiento tradicional.
Agrárias [livro eletrônico] : pesquisa e inovação nas ciências que alimentam o mundo VI /, 2021
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity
of T. erecta L in five st... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of T. erecta L in five strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, ATCC 12398, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomona aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans associated with ophthalmological infections. According to the traditional use of the Mazahua ethnic group of the State of Mexico for this purpose for which there are no studies. Four extracts were obtained by the method of macerationevaporation and steam distillation, three hydroalcoholic from the stem, leaf and flower, one of dichloromethane-methanol and the essential oil of the areal part of the species. Extract yield was calculated and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the Kirby-Baüer diffusion and microdilution methods, chloramphenicol was used as a positive control for bacteria and nystatin for yeast (25 µg for each one), the results were analyzed through the analysis of ANOVA. The extracts with the greatest inhibitory effect and with statistically significant activity were the stem and the essential oil, the first against S. epidermidis: inhibition halo of 11.75 ± 0.95 mm, the second towards S. aureus ATCC 29213; inhibition halo of 16.75 ± 1.7 mm and C. albicans inhibition halo of 20 ± 0 mm, the other extracts show no statistically significant activity. Finally, the essential oil for the S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain was found to have a CMI of 2 mg/mL (80% inhibition) and a CBM of 6 mg/mL (100% inhibition). The results validate the traditional use in ophthalmic diseases related to the presence of C. albicans, S, epidermidis and S, aureus more studies are recommended to evaluate chemical variation, biological activity and the potential uses for the species. KEYWORDS: Essential oil. C. albicans. Cempaxochitl, Mazahua
the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra... more the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacdn-Cuicatlin Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico's TehuacAn Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of "pochote" Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethno-botanical studies in the villages of CoxcatlAn, San Rafael, and San Jos6 Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatldn, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species.
por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas ... more por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas que en la vegetación natural. La información sugiere la existencia de selección artificial asociada a manejo in situ de esta especie.
There are 5000 to 7000 species of plants in Mexico that are domesticated or in some previous stag... more There are 5000 to 7000 species of plants in Mexico that are domesticated or in some previous stage of evolution. One example is the “capulín” Prunus serotina Ehrh ssp. capuli (Cav.) Mc Vaugh (wild black cherry, mountain black cherry or rum cherry). The capulín has been classified as domesticated, but there are no studies on the mechanisms of selection and intervention that have led to this degree of management. The objective of this study was to describe ethnobotanical aspects related to use, recognition of variation and management to evaluate the effect of these processes on this black cherry. The study was conducted in four communities of the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, where consumption of capulín seed is documented. Field information was obtained through open and closed interviews and participative observation in 1998, 1999 and 2006-2007. Besides, variation in 32 morphological traits, seed weight and cyanogenic glycoside contents in the seed were measured. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA, principal components analysis and discriminant functions. The results show 1) the uses of the capulín are mainly consumption of the seed and the integration of the fruit tree in agricultural systems such as “metepantles”, home gardens and rainfed plots; 2) associated cultural aspects of recognition of seed, tree and fruit variation, as well as the description of the different forms of management and promotion or toleration; 3) a likely domestication process via seed, observed in the significant differences in the characteristics of this structure and in the diverse forms of management: cultivation, promotion and tolerance. The cultivated individuals have larger round seeds with a thicker endocarp, which facilitates the extraction of the edible embryo and a non-significant decrease in cyanogenic glycosides. Finally, the process of domestication was evidenced in its importance for the communities and their organization for exploitation of capulín in that region
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on
th... more The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of lifestyles and their impact on the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlánAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the sedentary life; drinking alcoholic beverages and drink pulque and soda; consumption of maize, beans and rice for breakfast, lunch and dinner; hours of work long for most of the day, little exercise, and the low percentage of income that is spent on health problems, among others, are factors that adversely affect human health.
This study documented information about traditional nomenclature, forms of use and management and... more This study documented information about traditional nomenclature, forms of use and management and role in peasant subsistence of the ‘‘pochote’’ tree,Ceiba aesculifoliasubsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) among the Nahua of the Tehuaca´n Valley, Central Mexico. Local people recognize, name and classify ‘‘pochote’’ variants according to fruit and seed characters such as size, form and colour. ‘‘Pochote’’ is used in 12 different ways but consumption and commercialization of seeds are the most important. In addition to gathering, the main management forms are in situ unconscious dispersion of seeds, and less frequently, tolerance and protection of individuals in cleared land. There are signs that these management practices have an effect on the abundance ofC. aesculifoliasubsp. parvifoliaindividuals in the study area. More investigation is needed to determine a possible incipient domestication process of this species.
In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifoli... more In situ Management and Patterns of Morphological Variation of Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. Archaeological studies in Mexico’s Tehuacán Valley that were conducted during the 1960s revealed that the prehistoric use of “pochote” Ceiba aesculifolia was mainly for its edible roots and seeds. Recent ethnobotanical studies in the villages of Coxcatlán, San Rafael, and San José Tilapa, municipality of Coxcatlán, Puebla, documented that currently seeds are the most important plant parts of this tree used in the region. Local people recognize three morphological types of pochote trees: the purple-reddish, the pale green, and the dark-green reddish fruit variants, the first two being preferred because of their larger and more abundant seeds. This study documents the patterns of morphological variation of C. aesculifolia in human-managed and unmanaged populations in the communities just mentioned in order to analyze whether management has been directed to favor abundance of morphological types preferred by people. The main morphological types named by people were characterized by morphometric studies, and their frequencies in populations under different management intensity were evaluated through vegetation sampling. The morphometric studies corroborated that the morphological types recognized by people are identifiable groups, whereas vegetation sampling revealed that pochote variants preferred by people (the purple-reddish fruit type) were relatively more abundant in human-managed areas than in natural vegetation. This information suggests the occurrence of artificial selection associated with in situ management of this plant species. Manejo in situ y patrones de variación morfológica de Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia (Bombacaceae) en el Valle de Tehuacán–Cuicatlán. Estudios arqueológicos en el Valle de Tehuacán realizados durante los 1960s revelaron que el “pochote” Ceiba aesculifolia, fue usado en la prehistoria principalmente por sus raíces y semillas comestibles. Estudios etnobotánicos recientes en las comunidades de Coxcatlán, San Rafael y San José Tilapa, municipio de Coxcatlán, Puebla, han documentado que actualmente las semillas son la parte de este árbol que es más usada en la región, y que la gente local reconoce tres tipos morfológicos de frutos producidos por árboles de pochote: púrpura rojizo, verde pálido y verde obscuro rojizo, siendo los dos primeros los que son preferidos debido a que producen más semillas y de mayor tamaño. Este estudio documentó los patrones de variación morfológica de Ceiba aesculifolia en poblaciones no manejadas y manejadas por la gente de las comunidades anteriormente mencionadas, con el fin de analizar si el manejo ha favorecido la abundancia de los tipos morfológicos preferidos por la gente. Los principales tipos morfológicos reconocidos por la gente fueron caracterizados mediante estudios morfométricos y sus frecuencias en las poblaciones bajo diferentes intensidades de manejo fueron evaluadas a través de muestreos de vegetación. El estudio morfométrico reveló que los tipos morfológicos reconocidos por la gente corresponden a grupos identificables, mientras los muestreos de vegetación revelaron que las variantes preferidas por la gente (frutos púrpura rojizos) fueron relativamente más abundantes en las áreas manejadas que en la vegetación natural. La información sugiere la existencia de selección artificial asociada a manejo in situ de esta especie.
En las últimas décadas a nivel internacional los conceptos Salud Intercultural e Interculturalida... more En las últimas décadas a nivel internacional los conceptos Salud Intercultural e Interculturalidad en Salud, han sido ocupados indistintamente para designar al conjunto de acciones y políticas que tienden a conocer incorporar la cultura del usuario como parte del proceso de atención. A partir del diálogo entre diferentes epistemologías y paradigmas entre los sistemas médicos, donde los saberes comunitarios de la Medicina Tradicional Indígena y los conocimientos que conforman el sistema convencional de salud se complementan en beneficio del paciente.
Las Bases de datos estadísticos contienen los principales indicadores de Salud
a nivel naciona... more Las Bases de datos estadísticos contienen los principales indicadores de Salud a nivel nacional, por lo que son elementos fundamentales para el análisis, evaluación objetiva y la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencias con respecto a la situación sanitaria del país. En el Estado de México existen muchas regiones que a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos gubernamentales que se observan en la disminución en tasa de mortalidad infantil, presentan un servicio que no alcanza a satisfacer las necesidades de población, sobre todo de aquellos grupos vulnerables como lo son los pueblos originarios donde las intervenciones focalizadas son indispensables. Como herramientas para valorar lo factores de desigualdad en salud es necesario analizar el problema desde una perspectiva integral, por lo anterior tanto el análisis estadístico multivariable de la Información gubernamental y el análisis geoespacial de los municipios de la región Mazahua son factores clave para encontrar soluciones a las desigualdades en salud regionales.
La metodología aplicada fue consulta bibliográfica y
trabajo de campo, el cual consistió en el d... more La metodología aplicada fue consulta bibliográfica y trabajo de campo, el cual consistió en el diseño de un instrumento de medición, recopilación, análisis e interpretación de datos, en un estudio descriptivo. Entre los hallazgos principales de la investigación destaca el hecho de que en relación a los estilos de vida: la vida sedentaria, consumo de bebidas como pulque y refresco; consumo de maíz, frijol y arroz en el desayuno, comida y cena; jornadas de trabajo prolongadas durante la mayor parte del día; poco ejercicio, así como el bajo porcentaje de ingresos que se invierte a problemas de salud, entre otros, son factores que inciden negativamente en la salud humana.
Este documento con ISBN 978-607-482-313-4, compila las investigaciones realizadas por el Proyecto... more Este documento con ISBN 978-607-482-313-4, compila las investigaciones realizadas por el Proyecto CONACYT-FONDOS MIXTOS M0009-2006-1 acerca del manejo de los recursos bióticos en la Sierra Otomí Tepehua
El libro Experiencias de Salud Intercultural “Una visión desde la Universidad Intercultural del E... more El libro Experiencias de Salud Intercultural “Una visión desde la Universidad Intercultural del Estado de México”, compila algunos trabajos como colaboraciones, investigaciones y tesis que ha coordinado el Cuerpo Académico “Procesos de Salud-Enfermedad de los Pueblos Originarios del Estado de México”, donde la Interculturalidad en Salud es analizada a partir de la Salud Pública, dentro de la Educación Superior y a través de los procesos de Investigación que abarcan desde la acupuntura, la alimentación, hasta las prácticas interculturales para el cuidado de la salud animal.
Finalmente este escrito retoma las voces de médicos y terapeutas tradicionales como Don Amador y Doña Mirnaque colaboran con este grupo, con el objetivo de que los médicos tradicionales no sean sólo sujetos y objetos de estudio o fuentes de información, sino que participen activamente en los proyectos y en los procesos que llevarán a la creación de modelos interculturales para la investigación en salud en el Estado.
Esperamos que este documento sea el primero de muchos que muestren el papel que están desempeñando las Universidades Interculturales para el análisis, reconocimiento, el diálogo de saberes y la integración de los conocimientos tradicionales a la realidad educativa actual de nuestro país.
La importancia de abordar los servicios de salud, y más concretamente los de atención primaria,2 ... more La importancia de abordar los servicios de salud, y más concretamente los de atención primaria,2 adquiere relevancia por ser considerados como un mecanismo para promover la salud preventiva y eludir los costos de la atención de enfermedades que pudieron evitarse, constituyen el primer vínculo entre la sociedad y el Sistema de Salud Nacional. Dicho de otro modo, son el primer contacto entre el usuario y los servicios de salud. Este hecho ha provocado que gran parte de las políticas gubernamentales y de salud en México se enfoquen a promover el aseguramiento social, incrementar la equidad, protección financiera y calidad en la atención.3 Lo anterior es la razón por la cual los servicios de salud son objeto de reformas que buscan garantizar las prestaciones y cobertura al grueso de la población, principalmente, en las localidades más marginadas donde habita la mayor parte de la población indígena. El presente Diagnóstico contribuye a identificar el perfil de las condiciones de salud de las poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas que habitan en localidades de alta y muy alta marginación en México.
Uploads
Papers by Aide Avendaño
maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este
proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue
analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del
maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participa-
tiva y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades ma-
zahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto,
Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable.
El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron
calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la
referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la
planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el
momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron
que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe
a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y can-
tidad de fósforo aplicada. Los campesinos combinan fertilizantes
minerales con estiércol; el costo promedio anual fue $4043 MX
por hectárea. El rendimiento del grano en dos de las comunidades
fue mayor que el reportado localmente. Los campesinos practican
el diálogo de saberes al incorporar la tecnología sin dejar atrás su
conocimiento tradicional.
of T. erecta L in five strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, ATCC 12398,
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomona aeruginosa ATCC 27853
and Candida albicans associated with ophthalmological infections. According to the
traditional use of the Mazahua ethnic group of the State of Mexico for this purpose for
which there are no studies. Four extracts were obtained by the method of macerationevaporation and steam distillation, three hydroalcoholic from the stem, leaf and flower,
one of dichloromethane-methanol and the essential oil of the areal part of the species.
Extract yield was calculated and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the Kirby-Baüer
diffusion and microdilution methods, chloramphenicol was used as a positive control
for bacteria and nystatin for yeast (25 µg for each one), the results were analyzed
through the analysis of ANOVA. The extracts with the greatest inhibitory effect and
with statistically significant activity were the stem and the essential oil, the first against
S. epidermidis: inhibition halo of 11.75 ± 0.95 mm, the second towards S. aureus ATCC
29213; inhibition halo of 16.75 ± 1.7 mm and C. albicans inhibition halo of 20 ± 0 mm,
the other extracts show no statistically significant activity. Finally, the essential oil for
the S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain was found to have a CMI of 2 mg/mL (80% inhibition)
and a CBM of 6 mg/mL (100% inhibition). The results validate the traditional use in
ophthalmic diseases related to the presence of C. albicans, S, epidermidis and S, aureus
more studies are recommended to evaluate chemical variation, biological activity and
the potential uses for the species.
KEYWORDS: Essential oil. C. albicans. Cempaxochitl, Mazahua
the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San
Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlánAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used
was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring
instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among
the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the sedentary life; drinking alcoholic beverages and drink pulque and soda; consumption of
maize, beans and rice for breakfast, lunch and dinner; hours of work long for most of the
day, little exercise, and the low percentage of income that is spent on health problems,
among others, are factors that adversely affect human health.
(Bombacaceae) among the Nahua of the Tehuaca´n Valley, Central Mexico. Local people recognize,
name and classify ‘‘pochote’’ variants according to fruit and seed characters such as size, form and
colour. ‘‘Pochote’’ is used in 12 different ways but consumption and commercialization of seeds are
the most important. In addition to gathering, the main management forms are in situ unconscious
dispersion of seeds, and less frequently, tolerance and protection of individuals in cleared land. There
are signs that these management practices have an effect on the abundance ofC. aesculifoliasubsp.
parvifoliaindividuals in the study area. More investigation is needed to determine a possible incipient
domestication process of this species.
maíz (Zea mays L.). Sin embargo, el conocimiento indígena de este
proceso es poco documentado para su revaloración. El objetivo fue
analizar los factores involucrados en la fertilización campesina del
maíz. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, observación participa-
tiva y un cuestionario a 103 campesinos de tres comunidades ma-
zahuas: San Juan Coajomulco, Fresno Nichi y San Pedro el Alto,
Estado de México, en el año 2015. Se hizo análisis multivariable.
El índice de fidelidad, fuentes, dosis y costos de fertilización fueron
calculados. El rendimiento del grano estimado se comparó con la
referencia regional. El índice de fidelidad mostró que la altura de la
planta, la floración femenina y el color de las hojas determinan el
momento de la fertilización. Los análisis multivariables mostraron
que la similitud entre la fertilización campesina también se debe
a la comunidad de origen, ocupación, superficie cultivada y can-
tidad de fósforo aplicada. Los campesinos combinan fertilizantes
minerales con estiércol; el costo promedio anual fue $4043 MX
por hectárea. El rendimiento del grano en dos de las comunidades
fue mayor que el reportado localmente. Los campesinos practican
el diálogo de saberes al incorporar la tecnología sin dejar atrás su
conocimiento tradicional.
of T. erecta L in five strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, ATCC 12398,
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomona aeruginosa ATCC 27853
and Candida albicans associated with ophthalmological infections. According to the
traditional use of the Mazahua ethnic group of the State of Mexico for this purpose for
which there are no studies. Four extracts were obtained by the method of macerationevaporation and steam distillation, three hydroalcoholic from the stem, leaf and flower,
one of dichloromethane-methanol and the essential oil of the areal part of the species.
Extract yield was calculated and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the Kirby-Baüer
diffusion and microdilution methods, chloramphenicol was used as a positive control
for bacteria and nystatin for yeast (25 µg for each one), the results were analyzed
through the analysis of ANOVA. The extracts with the greatest inhibitory effect and
with statistically significant activity were the stem and the essential oil, the first against
S. epidermidis: inhibition halo of 11.75 ± 0.95 mm, the second towards S. aureus ATCC
29213; inhibition halo of 16.75 ± 1.7 mm and C. albicans inhibition halo of 20 ± 0 mm,
the other extracts show no statistically significant activity. Finally, the essential oil for
the S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain was found to have a CMI of 2 mg/mL (80% inhibition)
and a CBM of 6 mg/mL (100% inhibition). The results validate the traditional use in
ophthalmic diseases related to the presence of C. albicans, S, epidermidis and S, aureus
more studies are recommended to evaluate chemical variation, biological activity and
the potential uses for the species.
KEYWORDS: Essential oil. C. albicans. Cempaxochitl, Mazahua
the health of the population in the area Mazahua, specifically in the municipalities of San
Felipe del Progreso, and JocotitlánAtlacomulco, State of Mexico.The methodology used
was literature search and field work, which consisted of the design of a measuring
instrument, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in a descriptive study.Among
the main findings of the research highlights the fact that in relation to lifestyles: the sedentary life; drinking alcoholic beverages and drink pulque and soda; consumption of
maize, beans and rice for breakfast, lunch and dinner; hours of work long for most of the
day, little exercise, and the low percentage of income that is spent on health problems,
among others, are factors that adversely affect human health.
(Bombacaceae) among the Nahua of the Tehuaca´n Valley, Central Mexico. Local people recognize,
name and classify ‘‘pochote’’ variants according to fruit and seed characters such as size, form and
colour. ‘‘Pochote’’ is used in 12 different ways but consumption and commercialization of seeds are
the most important. In addition to gathering, the main management forms are in situ unconscious
dispersion of seeds, and less frequently, tolerance and protection of individuals in cleared land. There
are signs that these management practices have an effect on the abundance ofC. aesculifoliasubsp.
parvifoliaindividuals in the study area. More investigation is needed to determine a possible incipient
domestication process of this species.
a nivel nacional, por lo que son elementos fundamentales para el análisis,
evaluación objetiva y la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencias con
respecto a la situación sanitaria del país. En el Estado de México existen
muchas regiones que a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos gubernamentales que
se observan en la disminución en tasa de mortalidad infantil, presentan un
servicio que no alcanza a satisfacer las necesidades de población, sobre todo
de aquellos grupos vulnerables como lo son los pueblos originarios donde las
intervenciones focalizadas son indispensables. Como herramientas para
valorar lo factores de desigualdad en salud es necesario analizar el problema
desde una perspectiva integral, por lo anterior tanto el análisis estadístico
multivariable de la Información gubernamental y el análisis geoespacial de los
municipios de la región Mazahua son factores clave para encontrar soluciones
a las desigualdades en salud regionales.
trabajo de campo, el cual consistió en el diseño de
un instrumento de medición, recopilación, análisis
e interpretación de datos, en un estudio descriptivo.
Entre los hallazgos principales de la investigación
destaca el hecho de que en relación a los estilos de
vida: la vida sedentaria, consumo de bebidas como
pulque y refresco; consumo de maíz, frijol y arroz
en el desayuno, comida y cena; jornadas de trabajo
prolongadas durante la mayor parte del día; poco
ejercicio, así como el bajo porcentaje de ingresos
que se invierte a problemas de salud, entre otros,
son factores que inciden negativamente en la salud
humana.
Finalmente este escrito retoma las voces de médicos y terapeutas tradicionales como Don Amador y Doña Mirnaque colaboran con este grupo, con el objetivo de que los médicos tradicionales no sean sólo sujetos y objetos de estudio o fuentes de información, sino que participen activamente en los proyectos y en los procesos que llevarán a la creación de modelos interculturales para la investigación en salud en el Estado.
Esperamos que este documento sea el primero de muchos que muestren el papel que están desempeñando las Universidades Interculturales para el análisis, reconocimiento, el diálogo de saberes y la integración de los conocimientos tradicionales a la realidad educativa actual de nuestro país.
El presente Diagnóstico contribuye a identificar el perfil de las condiciones de salud de las poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas que habitan en localidades de alta y muy alta marginación en México.