Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are important parasites which cause parasitic gastroenteritis in... more Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are important parasites which cause parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants. Of the parasites, infections with strongyles are very common which have varied pathological significance and hence has varying economic impact. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of strongylosis in cattle of Thrissur district, Kerala. A total of 300 faecal samples were collected and subjected to coproscopy and coproculture to determine the occurrence of strongyles as well as concurrent gastrointestinal parasites in cattle. Faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, floatation and sedimentation methods. Among the 300 samples examined, an overall occurrence of 34 per cent was obtained for strongyle infection. The overall percentages of other GIP like amphistomes and coccidia were 3.6 and 1.6 per cent respectively. The faecal samples were also subjected for coproculture technique for detection as well as species identification of strongyle larvae. The species of strongyle larvae identified on coproculture were Haemonchus spp. (13.66%), Mecistocirrus spp. (8%), Trichostrongylus spp. (3.33%), Bunostomum spp. (2%) and Cooperia spp. (1.33%). The study indicated that, even though strongyle infections are subclinical in nature, they pose a major impact on the health and productivity of the animals thus affecting the economics of the farming community. Programmes to minimize and control strongylosis in cattle warrants the proper identification of strongyles and knowledge of its epidemiology.
Endophytic fungi from Lagenandra toxicaria and Kaempferia rotunda were isolated and evaluated for... more Endophytic fungi from Lagenandra toxicaria and Kaempferia rotunda were isolated and evaluated for their antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. Based on the morphological and ribosomal large subunit rDNA gene (D1-D2) sequence, LTRH2 and LTRO1 isolated from L. toxicaria were identified as Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus niger, respectively. The KMPRO2 isolated from K. rotunda was identified as Aspergillus flavus. Among the endophytic fungi isolated from L. toxicaria rhizome, the LTRH2, LTRO1, and LTRH1 showed conspicuous growth inhibition against all the Gram-positive bacteria tested. In vitro nematicidal activity of these endophytic extracts showed significant mortality to Haemonchus contortus first instar larva. Among the isolates of L. toxicaria, LTRH2 induced mortality to H. contortus larva with an LC50 of 2.03 mg/ml and LTRO1 with an LC50 of 3.67 mg/ml. The extracts of KMPRO2 and KMPRH1 also showed similar results with an LC50 of 2.63 and 2.44 mg/ml, respectively. high-performance liquid chromatography mediated polyphenol profiling of these extracts revealed the presence of many phenolic molecules common in both the crude rhizome extract and the endophyte extracts of the respective plants. These fungal extracts are, therefore, recommended for further study as a novel source of phytochemicals with good biological activity.
Abstract Rajagopal, A., Basith, SA, Gomathinayagam, S. and Dhinakarraj, G. 2009. Evaluation of PC... more Abstract Rajagopal, A., Basith, SA, Gomathinayagam, S. and Dhinakarraj, G. 2009. Evaluation of PCR and IFAT in the diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 189–191. The results of nested PCR were correlated with that of indirect fluorescent ...
Tickand tick-borne infections contribute to huge economic loss in livestock sector. The most prac... more Tickand tick-borne infections contribute to huge economic loss in livestock sector. The most practical strategy for tick control is chemotherapy, the efficacy of which has been challenged by the emergence of drug resistance. Acaricide resistance has been well studied in cattle ticks, but not in goat ticks. The status of deltamethrin resistance in Haemaphysalis spp. infesting goats of Thrissur and Palakkad districts was assessed by larval packet test using different concentrations of technical grade deltamethrin. In the present study, Ottapilavu, Mundupalam and Poomala isolates were found susceptible, while Vadakkanchery isolate was resistant. Log probit analysis was done to derive the LC50 and LC90 of resistant and susceptible isolates. Haemaphysalis spp. on goats are developing resistance to deltamethrin. Future investigations are to be conducted on molecular characterisation of resistance in these species of ticks and to detect the status of resistance to different group of acaric...
Aos meus pais, por me incentivarem desde criança a buscar conhecimento e a sempre dar o melhor de... more Aos meus pais, por me incentivarem desde criança a buscar conhecimento e a sempre dar o melhor de mim, e pelo apoio fundamental no meu mestrado. Sem a ajuda de vocês, muitos experimentos não teriam dado certo. À minha irmã, e minha família de quatro patas (Amendoim, Amora, Cacau e Pirulito). Ao meu namorado, Guilherme, por ser minha melhor companhia e sempre estar ao meu lado em todos os momentos. Obrigada por todo o seu carinho e amor. Às minhas amigas Letícia e Carol, pelos melhores momentos e risadas, pela amizade sincera de anos. Ao meu orientador, Prof.º Vanderlei, pela oportunidade de ser sua aluna e fazer parte de um projeto tão importante. Obrigada por confiar na minha capacidade! À Dra. Natália (Nat), pela co-orientação, dedicação e acompanhamento do meu trabalho. Obrigada pela sua disponibilidade e atenção! Ao pessoal do Zika: à Dra. Larissa, por me guiar e permitir que eu continuasse seu trabalho; ao Matheus, pela parceria nos experimentos e congresso. Às pessoas que, ao longo do caminho, me deram ferramentas para que eu pudesse evoluir na pesquisa: à Giulia, por me ensinar a usar estatística e pelas dicas amigas; à Lídia, por me ensinar a análise de asas; ao Dr. Lucas, por me ajudar nos experimentos de fotodegradação; à Dra. Thaila por contribuir nas correções deste trabalho. À Prof.ª Cristina Kurachi e à Dra. Lili, por sempre estarem à disposição para ajudar em qualquer problema. Ao suporte técnico de todos do CEPOF (secretaria, oficina, LAT e LIEPO) e dos funcionários da pós-graduação e da biblioteca do IFSC. À Luciana dos Santos Dias e ao LAFICAVE do IOC-Fiocruz no Rio de Janeiro, pela doação dos ovos que permitiram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação do IFSC e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo apoio financeiro para realização dessa pesquisa. Aos membros da banca examinadora, Dra. Laura Marise de Freitas e Prof.º Juliano José Corbi, por aceitarem participar e contribuir na avaliação deste trabalho. "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less." Marie Curie RESUMO MEZZACAPPO, N.F. Avaliação dos efeitos subletais da inativação fotodinâmica em larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) e fotodegradação da curcumina em D-manitol. 2020. 86 p. Dissertação (Mestrado
Regular monitoring of benzimidazole resistance status helps in timely implementation of resistanc... more Regular monitoring of benzimidazole resistance status helps in timely implementation of resistance mitigation strategies in farms. Egg hatch assay (EHA) evaluates the ability of benzimidazoles to inhibit or prevent embryonation and hatching of nematode eggs and is the standard in vitro test for detection of benzimidazole resistance. The present study reports detection of benzimidazole resistance in an organized goat farm in Kerala by EHA. Log-probit analysis revealed ED50 of 0.25 μg/ ml thiabendazole which indicated benzimidazole resistance in the farm. The assay was also interpreted using the discriminating dose criterion. Hatching ratio of strongyle eggs (Hdd) at the discriminating dose of 0.1 μg/ml was 0.62 indicating benzimidazole resistance. EHA was found to be a rapid, economic and convenient detection method suitable for routine evaluation of benzimidazole resistance. Detection of benzimidazole resistance in the farm warrants implementation of strategies to control further pr...
Abstract The study was done to determine the benzimidazole resistance-associated polymorphisms in... more Abstract The study was done to determine the benzimidazole resistance-associated polymorphisms in seven organized goat farms in northern, central and southern regions of Kerala in south India. Results of Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) indicated benzimidazole resistance in all the farms with per cent reduction in fecal egg counts ranging from 16 to 94 per cent. A total of 250 Haemonchus contortus larvae were genotyped at codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin gene by PCR-RFLP. A 451 bp region of isotype 1 β-tubulin gene amplified by semi-nested PCR was subsequently digested with restriction enzymes Eco1051 (SnaBI), HpyCH4V and HpyCH4III for identification of SNPs at codons 167, 198 and 200, respectively. The results of genotyping revealed E198A polymorphism (GAA to GCA, glutamate to alanine at codon 198) with an overall frequency of 0.516 while no polymorphism was detected at codons 167 and 200. The high prevalence of E198A polymorphism and the absence of F200Y polymorphism in H. contortus populations in organized goat farms in Kerala might be attributed to the prolonged and intensive use of benzimidazoles resulting in high selection pressure for benzimidazole resistance mutations.
Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are important parasites which cause parasitic gastroenteritis in... more Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are important parasites which cause parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants. Of the parasites, infections with strongyles are very common which have varied pathological significance and hence has varying economic impact. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of strongylosis in cattle of Thrissur district, Kerala. A total of 300 faecal samples were collected and subjected to coproscopy and coproculture to determine the occurrence of strongyles as well as concurrent gastrointestinal parasites in cattle. Faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, floatation and sedimentation methods. Among the 300 samples examined, an overall occurrence of 34 per cent was obtained for strongyle infection. The overall percentages of other GIP like amphistomes and coccidia were 3.6 and 1.6 per cent respectively. The faecal samples were also subjected for coproculture technique for detection as well as species identification of strongyle larvae. The species of strongyle larvae identified on coproculture were Haemonchus spp. (13.66%), Mecistocirrus spp. (8%), Trichostrongylus spp. (3.33%), Bunostomum spp. (2%) and Cooperia spp. (1.33%). The study indicated that, even though strongyle infections are subclinical in nature, they pose a major impact on the health and productivity of the animals thus affecting the economics of the farming community. Programmes to minimize and control strongylosis in cattle warrants the proper identification of strongyles and knowledge of its epidemiology.
Endophytic fungi from Lagenandra toxicaria and Kaempferia rotunda were isolated and evaluated for... more Endophytic fungi from Lagenandra toxicaria and Kaempferia rotunda were isolated and evaluated for their antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. Based on the morphological and ribosomal large subunit rDNA gene (D1-D2) sequence, LTRH2 and LTRO1 isolated from L. toxicaria were identified as Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus niger, respectively. The KMPRO2 isolated from K. rotunda was identified as Aspergillus flavus. Among the endophytic fungi isolated from L. toxicaria rhizome, the LTRH2, LTRO1, and LTRH1 showed conspicuous growth inhibition against all the Gram-positive bacteria tested. In vitro nematicidal activity of these endophytic extracts showed significant mortality to Haemonchus contortus first instar larva. Among the isolates of L. toxicaria, LTRH2 induced mortality to H. contortus larva with an LC50 of 2.03 mg/ml and LTRO1 with an LC50 of 3.67 mg/ml. The extracts of KMPRO2 and KMPRH1 also showed similar results with an LC50 of 2.63 and 2.44 mg/ml, respectively. high-performance liquid chromatography mediated polyphenol profiling of these extracts revealed the presence of many phenolic molecules common in both the crude rhizome extract and the endophyte extracts of the respective plants. These fungal extracts are, therefore, recommended for further study as a novel source of phytochemicals with good biological activity.
Abstract Rajagopal, A., Basith, SA, Gomathinayagam, S. and Dhinakarraj, G. 2009. Evaluation of PC... more Abstract Rajagopal, A., Basith, SA, Gomathinayagam, S. and Dhinakarraj, G. 2009. Evaluation of PCR and IFAT in the diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 189–191. The results of nested PCR were correlated with that of indirect fluorescent ...
Tickand tick-borne infections contribute to huge economic loss in livestock sector. The most prac... more Tickand tick-borne infections contribute to huge economic loss in livestock sector. The most practical strategy for tick control is chemotherapy, the efficacy of which has been challenged by the emergence of drug resistance. Acaricide resistance has been well studied in cattle ticks, but not in goat ticks. The status of deltamethrin resistance in Haemaphysalis spp. infesting goats of Thrissur and Palakkad districts was assessed by larval packet test using different concentrations of technical grade deltamethrin. In the present study, Ottapilavu, Mundupalam and Poomala isolates were found susceptible, while Vadakkanchery isolate was resistant. Log probit analysis was done to derive the LC50 and LC90 of resistant and susceptible isolates. Haemaphysalis spp. on goats are developing resistance to deltamethrin. Future investigations are to be conducted on molecular characterisation of resistance in these species of ticks and to detect the status of resistance to different group of acaric...
Aos meus pais, por me incentivarem desde criança a buscar conhecimento e a sempre dar o melhor de... more Aos meus pais, por me incentivarem desde criança a buscar conhecimento e a sempre dar o melhor de mim, e pelo apoio fundamental no meu mestrado. Sem a ajuda de vocês, muitos experimentos não teriam dado certo. À minha irmã, e minha família de quatro patas (Amendoim, Amora, Cacau e Pirulito). Ao meu namorado, Guilherme, por ser minha melhor companhia e sempre estar ao meu lado em todos os momentos. Obrigada por todo o seu carinho e amor. Às minhas amigas Letícia e Carol, pelos melhores momentos e risadas, pela amizade sincera de anos. Ao meu orientador, Prof.º Vanderlei, pela oportunidade de ser sua aluna e fazer parte de um projeto tão importante. Obrigada por confiar na minha capacidade! À Dra. Natália (Nat), pela co-orientação, dedicação e acompanhamento do meu trabalho. Obrigada pela sua disponibilidade e atenção! Ao pessoal do Zika: à Dra. Larissa, por me guiar e permitir que eu continuasse seu trabalho; ao Matheus, pela parceria nos experimentos e congresso. Às pessoas que, ao longo do caminho, me deram ferramentas para que eu pudesse evoluir na pesquisa: à Giulia, por me ensinar a usar estatística e pelas dicas amigas; à Lídia, por me ensinar a análise de asas; ao Dr. Lucas, por me ajudar nos experimentos de fotodegradação; à Dra. Thaila por contribuir nas correções deste trabalho. À Prof.ª Cristina Kurachi e à Dra. Lili, por sempre estarem à disposição para ajudar em qualquer problema. Ao suporte técnico de todos do CEPOF (secretaria, oficina, LAT e LIEPO) e dos funcionários da pós-graduação e da biblioteca do IFSC. À Luciana dos Santos Dias e ao LAFICAVE do IOC-Fiocruz no Rio de Janeiro, pela doação dos ovos que permitiram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação do IFSC e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo apoio financeiro para realização dessa pesquisa. Aos membros da banca examinadora, Dra. Laura Marise de Freitas e Prof.º Juliano José Corbi, por aceitarem participar e contribuir na avaliação deste trabalho. "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less." Marie Curie RESUMO MEZZACAPPO, N.F. Avaliação dos efeitos subletais da inativação fotodinâmica em larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) e fotodegradação da curcumina em D-manitol. 2020. 86 p. Dissertação (Mestrado
Regular monitoring of benzimidazole resistance status helps in timely implementation of resistanc... more Regular monitoring of benzimidazole resistance status helps in timely implementation of resistance mitigation strategies in farms. Egg hatch assay (EHA) evaluates the ability of benzimidazoles to inhibit or prevent embryonation and hatching of nematode eggs and is the standard in vitro test for detection of benzimidazole resistance. The present study reports detection of benzimidazole resistance in an organized goat farm in Kerala by EHA. Log-probit analysis revealed ED50 of 0.25 μg/ ml thiabendazole which indicated benzimidazole resistance in the farm. The assay was also interpreted using the discriminating dose criterion. Hatching ratio of strongyle eggs (Hdd) at the discriminating dose of 0.1 μg/ml was 0.62 indicating benzimidazole resistance. EHA was found to be a rapid, economic and convenient detection method suitable for routine evaluation of benzimidazole resistance. Detection of benzimidazole resistance in the farm warrants implementation of strategies to control further pr...
Abstract The study was done to determine the benzimidazole resistance-associated polymorphisms in... more Abstract The study was done to determine the benzimidazole resistance-associated polymorphisms in seven organized goat farms in northern, central and southern regions of Kerala in south India. Results of Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) indicated benzimidazole resistance in all the farms with per cent reduction in fecal egg counts ranging from 16 to 94 per cent. A total of 250 Haemonchus contortus larvae were genotyped at codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin gene by PCR-RFLP. A 451 bp region of isotype 1 β-tubulin gene amplified by semi-nested PCR was subsequently digested with restriction enzymes Eco1051 (SnaBI), HpyCH4V and HpyCH4III for identification of SNPs at codons 167, 198 and 200, respectively. The results of genotyping revealed E198A polymorphism (GAA to GCA, glutamate to alanine at codon 198) with an overall frequency of 0.516 while no polymorphism was detected at codons 167 and 200. The high prevalence of E198A polymorphism and the absence of F200Y polymorphism in H. contortus populations in organized goat farms in Kerala might be attributed to the prolonged and intensive use of benzimidazoles resulting in high selection pressure for benzimidazole resistance mutations.
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Papers by Asha Rajagopal