The common assumption that the Libyans who governed Egypt during the .Third Intermediate period, ... more The common assumption that the Libyans who governed Egypt during the .Third Intermediate period, (c.1070-715 BC) were Egyptianised is misleading. The nature and provenance ofthe extant evidence tends to obscure the retention of their ethnic identity, but this is apparent in the persistence of Libyan names and titles in Egypt. The influence of these Libyans can be traced in the fragmented political structure of the period, which represents decentralisation, not anarchy; in the erosion of the distinction between king and subject; in the disintegration of convention in language and script; and in the cessation of elaborate preparation for death and the afterlife.
BY ANTHONY LEAHY Srsre BM 1655 (fig. I and pl.2) This was briefly described at the time of acquis... more BY ANTHONY LEAHY Srsre BM 1655 (fig. I and pl.2) This was briefly described at the time of acquisition but has attracted little attention since3. Nothing is known of its provenance. The stela is of limestone and measures 54 x 23.7 x 4.5 cms. The surface is divided into three registers, of which the second is marred by a repaired crack running diagonally across it. The king, identified as the nsw bity nb tlwy Nklw and wearing the nemes headdressa and uraeus. offers a field 1 Donation stelae are, olcourse, known from the New Kingdom onwards (with a single instance from Dynasty l7). A comprehensive list of extant examples is published as an appendix to Meeks, .Les donations aux temples dans l'Egypte du I" mill6naire avant J.C.' in Srate antl Temple Economl, in the Ancient Near East II -Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta 6 (Louvain 1979), 6()5-87, hereinafter cited as Meeks, Les donations aux temples. Meeks, study, which is primarily concerned with the economic significance of donations, contains a wealth of pregnant comment on these stelae. Not the least of its merits is the use of a logical, and chronological, numbering system which permits additions to be made without diflficulty. Exemplary citations of stelae will be followed in parentheses by Meeks, number, to which reference may be made lor a full bibliography. Additional light has recently been thrown on the economy ol temples in the first millennium B.C. by the publication ol two stelae from the reign of Taharka: Meeks, .Une fondation memphite de Taharqa', in Hommages Sauneron I, p.221-59 and pl.3g; Graele and Wassef, ,Eine fromme Stiftung fiir den Gott Osiris-der-seinen-Anhiinger-in-der-Unterwelt-rettet aus dem Jahre 2l des Taharqa (670 v.Chr.)', MDAIK 35, 103-18, pl. 17. 2 The seven donation stelae known lrom Necho's reign are listed, with bibliography, by Meeks, Les tlonations aux temples, 675-6. A doubtful case, Berlin 21798, is also cited, 681 86. ' BMQ 4,3. The stela has twice been cired by yoyotre, MDAIK 16,420-l and BIFAO 61, 127, n.9. It is published here by kind permission ol the Trustees ol the British Museum. Mr. T. G. H. James and Dr. M. L. Bierbrier provided me with every lacility for the study of the stela, and their help is gratefully acknowledged. a There seems to be little significance in the choice of crown in which the king is depicted on donation stelae. In the six examples lrom Necho's reign in which the scene is preserved, the nemes and the red crown are each worn on two occasions, the double and the blue crown once each, and my impression is that this variety is typical. It may ffi In the sparsely-documented history of Egypt in the Libyan and Saite periods, donation stelae take on a particular importance. Often crudely incised, each presents its own features of interest and problems ol interpretation, the resolution of which augments little by little our knowledge of the topography of ancient Egypt, of the multiplicity of its cults, and of the economic structure of Egyptian civilisation and its agricultural base1. This is well illustrated by the two stelae presented here, which record donations to little-known cults of major deities in the reign of Necho II2. REVUE D'EGYPTOLOGIE, t. 34 Stela BM 1655 Pt.2 Leahy, Two Donation Stelae.
Studies in pharaonic religion and society in honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths, 1992
Bv the time the Libyans came to power in Egypt early in the first millennium nc, the names of the... more Bv the time the Libyans came to power in Egypt early in the first millennium nc, the names of the Pharaohs had been finding an echo in the onomastic repertoire of their subjects for some 1,500 years. Form and extent of usage had naturally fluctuated from one period to another. Thus, whereas basiliphorous names were uncommon in the Eighteenth Dynasty, they were much more frequent in the Ramesside period, when prenomen and nomen were both used as the basis for compound forms such as 'IJsermaratr€rnakht' and 'Ramessesnakht'. Some of these names were given at birth and represented a statement of personal devotion to the king on the part of the parents. In other cases, a basiliphorous name indicated a close court connection and must have been adopted by, or bestowed upon, an individual during his lifetime.t Two examples will suffice. The Chief of Record Keepers Heqamaratr€rnakht mentioned in P. Wilbour (year 4, Ramesses V) must have been born well before the accession of Ramesses IV, whose name his commemorates, in order to obtain such high office
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith, 1999
Profe ssor Harry Smith' s extraordinarily diverse contributions to Egyptology range from prehisto... more Profe ssor Harry Smith' s extraordinarily diverse contributions to Egyptology range from prehistory through to demotic and the latest stages of pharaonic culture. One of the many aspects of Egyptian history which he has illuminated is the temple life of the later first millennium BC, especially that of Memphis. It therefore seems not inappropriate to offer him by way of tribute this publication of a priest's block statue, Cairo JE 36938, even though it comes from Thebes, where it once sat in the House of the Phoenix at Karnak.l The statue (figs.1-7), which has a dorsal pillar, is of basalt, and is 32.2 cm high with a base, curved at the front, 16 cm wide by a maximum of 23.5 cm deep at the centre. It was found in the Karnak cachette (K.210) and displays many of the features common to other block stat- ues from there, which are the typical temple memorial of mem- bers of the Theban priesthood during the Libyan Period.2 The figure is almost completely covered by its garment, with only the hands and face visible. The hands rest on the drawn-up knees, the right holding a bolt of cloth, the left palm open and facing down. The face is full and round, with a plastic render- ing of the eyebrows and cosmetic lines, and a striated wig pulled back behind the ears. The chin is supported by a conventional beard with wavy striations. The Theban triad is depicted in delicate and quite detailed incised relief on the front of the figure, while the sides and back, as well as the dorsal pillar and base, are covered in texts. The statue is not listed inthe Topo- graphical Bibliography, and, to my knowledge, there is only one published reference to it.3 Fig.1. Cairo JE 36938 (courtesy of the Cairo Museum). The texts A. Front, above the divine figures: '[Words spoken by]"Amun-Re,lord of the thrones of the two lands; Mut, lady of heaven, mistress of the gods; Khonsu in Thebes Neferhotep'. B. Base (i): 'An offering which the king gives to Amun-Re, lord of the thrones of the two lands, fore- most in the temple of Ipet-sut, that he may give offerings, libations and provisions (to) the god,s father, beloved of the god, scribe of the divine offerings of the temple ofAmun, penoupoqer.b [It] iJcomplete '." (ii): 'An offering which the king gives to Osiris, residing in Hut-Benu,d that he may allow yolr ba to 1 For access to the statue and permission to publish, I am much indebted to Dr Mohammed Saleh and his staff in the Cairo Museum. There is another, smudged, number in red on the block, 42271(?), which should refer to a number allocated for a future Catalogue G6n6ra1 volume of the museum's statue collection: M. Trad, ,Varia Musde du Caire, I-Joumal d,Entr6e et Catalogue G6ndral', ASA E 7O (1984-5),355. 2 It would be type Three V-g-41 in the classification of block statues of a slightly later period presented by B. Bothmer in 'Block statues of Dynasty XXV', in Hommages d Jean Leclant (Curo, 1994),III, 61-8.
examine the royal burials of Thebes and Abydos. Both papers present a remarkably large number of ... more examine the royal burials of Thebes and Abydos. Both papers present a remarkably large number of burials related to the royal families of the First Millennium BC. This time period in the Theban necropolis is traditionally associated with elite tombs, with the royal monuments often neglected. Research on the royal aspect of these sites provides a deeper perspective to the study of the elite tombs of the period. The papers on the elite tombs of the Theban necropolis address a variety of aspects of work in this group of monuments such as archaeology, conservation, epigraphy, and burial assemblages, as well as relevant issues as archaism and innovations of the decoration and interconnections between the tombs of different parts of the necropolis. The areas of archaeology and conservation of the necropolis are presented by the papers of the Director of the SACP Elena Pischikova, and its leading conservator Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali. These papers give a summary of the rediscovery, excavation, conservation, reconstruction, and mapping work done in the tombs of Karakhamun (TT 223) and Karabasken (TT 391) over a period of eight years, with emphasis on the 2012 and 2013 seasons. This section is complemented by a paper on the fieldwork in another "forgotten" tomb of the South Asasif necropolis, Ramose (TT 132), by Christian Greco. The archaeological work in the South Asasif necropolis has resulted in the uncovering and reconstruction of a large amount of new architectural, epigraphic, and artistic information, some of which is presented in this volume for the first time. The new project in the tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34), undertaken by Louise Gestermann and Farouk Gomaà, is another invaluable piece of information which, together with the work of Greco in the tomb of Ramose, and Molinero Polo in the tomb of Karakhamun, modifies our understanding of Kushite and early Saite burial compartments and their semantics within the tomb complex. The paper on the Twenty-fifth to Twenty-sixth Dynasty tombs of el-Khokha by Gábor Schreiber widens our perception of the geographic disbursement of Kushite tombs in the Theban necropolis. The amount of intrusive Twenty-fifth Dynasty burials within the primarily New Kingdom site of el-Khokha gives confidence that we may expect similar results from the numerous Qurna missions. Special attention paid to such intrusive burials in different areas may build a solid basis for our better understanding of Kushite presence and activities in Thebes in the future. The epigraphical studies of Kenneth Griffin, Miguel Molinero Polo, and Erhart Graefe within the tomb of Karakhamun, and Isabelle Régen in the tomb of Padiamenope, concern the reflection of tradition and innova-Director of the Middle Area; Ramadan Ahmed Ali, Chief Inspector of the Middle Area; Ahmed Ali Hussein Ali, SCA Chief Conservator and Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; Afaf Fathalla, General Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; the MSA conservation team; and all our team members and volunteers. We are very grateful to our sponsors, IKG Cultural Resources, directed by Anthony Browder (USA), and the South Asasif Conservation Trust, directed by John Billman (UK). Without all this help and support we would not have been able to accomplish the field work and research included in the present volume. Special thanks to the participants of the conference, particularly to our Luxor colleagues Nadia Licitra, Christophe Thiers, Pierre Zignani, Laurent Coulon, Claude Traunecker, Isabelle Régen, Louise Gestermann, and Farouk Gomaà who showed their sites to the participants.
The Libyan period in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties. Proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October 2007, 2009
La XXVIe dynastie, continuités et ruptures: actes du Colloque international organisé les 26 et 27 novembre 2004 à l'Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3; promenade saïte avec Jean Yoyotte, 2011
La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part qu... more La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations, dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l'auteur et de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1 er de l'article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal.
The common assumption that the Libyans who governed Egypt during the .Third Intermediate period, ... more The common assumption that the Libyans who governed Egypt during the .Third Intermediate period, (c.1070-715 BC) were Egyptianised is misleading. The nature and provenance ofthe extant evidence tends to obscure the retention of their ethnic identity, but this is apparent in the persistence of Libyan names and titles in Egypt. The influence of these Libyans can be traced in the fragmented political structure of the period, which represents decentralisation, not anarchy; in the erosion of the distinction between king and subject; in the disintegration of convention in language and script; and in the cessation of elaborate preparation for death and the afterlife.
BY ANTHONY LEAHY Srsre BM 1655 (fig. I and pl.2) This was briefly described at the time of acquis... more BY ANTHONY LEAHY Srsre BM 1655 (fig. I and pl.2) This was briefly described at the time of acquisition but has attracted little attention since3. Nothing is known of its provenance. The stela is of limestone and measures 54 x 23.7 x 4.5 cms. The surface is divided into three registers, of which the second is marred by a repaired crack running diagonally across it. The king, identified as the nsw bity nb tlwy Nklw and wearing the nemes headdressa and uraeus. offers a field 1 Donation stelae are, olcourse, known from the New Kingdom onwards (with a single instance from Dynasty l7). A comprehensive list of extant examples is published as an appendix to Meeks, .Les donations aux temples dans l'Egypte du I" mill6naire avant J.C.' in Srate antl Temple Economl, in the Ancient Near East II -Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta 6 (Louvain 1979), 6()5-87, hereinafter cited as Meeks, Les donations aux temples. Meeks, study, which is primarily concerned with the economic significance of donations, contains a wealth of pregnant comment on these stelae. Not the least of its merits is the use of a logical, and chronological, numbering system which permits additions to be made without diflficulty. Exemplary citations of stelae will be followed in parentheses by Meeks, number, to which reference may be made lor a full bibliography. Additional light has recently been thrown on the economy ol temples in the first millennium B.C. by the publication ol two stelae from the reign of Taharka: Meeks, .Une fondation memphite de Taharqa', in Hommages Sauneron I, p.221-59 and pl.3g; Graele and Wassef, ,Eine fromme Stiftung fiir den Gott Osiris-der-seinen-Anhiinger-in-der-Unterwelt-rettet aus dem Jahre 2l des Taharqa (670 v.Chr.)', MDAIK 35, 103-18, pl. 17. 2 The seven donation stelae known lrom Necho's reign are listed, with bibliography, by Meeks, Les tlonations aux temples, 675-6. A doubtful case, Berlin 21798, is also cited, 681 86. ' BMQ 4,3. The stela has twice been cired by yoyotre, MDAIK 16,420-l and BIFAO 61, 127, n.9. It is published here by kind permission ol the Trustees ol the British Museum. Mr. T. G. H. James and Dr. M. L. Bierbrier provided me with every lacility for the study of the stela, and their help is gratefully acknowledged. a There seems to be little significance in the choice of crown in which the king is depicted on donation stelae. In the six examples lrom Necho's reign in which the scene is preserved, the nemes and the red crown are each worn on two occasions, the double and the blue crown once each, and my impression is that this variety is typical. It may ffi In the sparsely-documented history of Egypt in the Libyan and Saite periods, donation stelae take on a particular importance. Often crudely incised, each presents its own features of interest and problems ol interpretation, the resolution of which augments little by little our knowledge of the topography of ancient Egypt, of the multiplicity of its cults, and of the economic structure of Egyptian civilisation and its agricultural base1. This is well illustrated by the two stelae presented here, which record donations to little-known cults of major deities in the reign of Necho II2. REVUE D'EGYPTOLOGIE, t. 34 Stela BM 1655 Pt.2 Leahy, Two Donation Stelae.
Studies in pharaonic religion and society in honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths, 1992
Bv the time the Libyans came to power in Egypt early in the first millennium nc, the names of the... more Bv the time the Libyans came to power in Egypt early in the first millennium nc, the names of the Pharaohs had been finding an echo in the onomastic repertoire of their subjects for some 1,500 years. Form and extent of usage had naturally fluctuated from one period to another. Thus, whereas basiliphorous names were uncommon in the Eighteenth Dynasty, they were much more frequent in the Ramesside period, when prenomen and nomen were both used as the basis for compound forms such as 'IJsermaratr€rnakht' and 'Ramessesnakht'. Some of these names were given at birth and represented a statement of personal devotion to the king on the part of the parents. In other cases, a basiliphorous name indicated a close court connection and must have been adopted by, or bestowed upon, an individual during his lifetime.t Two examples will suffice. The Chief of Record Keepers Heqamaratr€rnakht mentioned in P. Wilbour (year 4, Ramesses V) must have been born well before the accession of Ramesses IV, whose name his commemorates, in order to obtain such high office
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith, 1999
Profe ssor Harry Smith' s extraordinarily diverse contributions to Egyptology range from prehisto... more Profe ssor Harry Smith' s extraordinarily diverse contributions to Egyptology range from prehistory through to demotic and the latest stages of pharaonic culture. One of the many aspects of Egyptian history which he has illuminated is the temple life of the later first millennium BC, especially that of Memphis. It therefore seems not inappropriate to offer him by way of tribute this publication of a priest's block statue, Cairo JE 36938, even though it comes from Thebes, where it once sat in the House of the Phoenix at Karnak.l The statue (figs.1-7), which has a dorsal pillar, is of basalt, and is 32.2 cm high with a base, curved at the front, 16 cm wide by a maximum of 23.5 cm deep at the centre. It was found in the Karnak cachette (K.210) and displays many of the features common to other block stat- ues from there, which are the typical temple memorial of mem- bers of the Theban priesthood during the Libyan Period.2 The figure is almost completely covered by its garment, with only the hands and face visible. The hands rest on the drawn-up knees, the right holding a bolt of cloth, the left palm open and facing down. The face is full and round, with a plastic render- ing of the eyebrows and cosmetic lines, and a striated wig pulled back behind the ears. The chin is supported by a conventional beard with wavy striations. The Theban triad is depicted in delicate and quite detailed incised relief on the front of the figure, while the sides and back, as well as the dorsal pillar and base, are covered in texts. The statue is not listed inthe Topo- graphical Bibliography, and, to my knowledge, there is only one published reference to it.3 Fig.1. Cairo JE 36938 (courtesy of the Cairo Museum). The texts A. Front, above the divine figures: '[Words spoken by]"Amun-Re,lord of the thrones of the two lands; Mut, lady of heaven, mistress of the gods; Khonsu in Thebes Neferhotep'. B. Base (i): 'An offering which the king gives to Amun-Re, lord of the thrones of the two lands, fore- most in the temple of Ipet-sut, that he may give offerings, libations and provisions (to) the god,s father, beloved of the god, scribe of the divine offerings of the temple ofAmun, penoupoqer.b [It] iJcomplete '." (ii): 'An offering which the king gives to Osiris, residing in Hut-Benu,d that he may allow yolr ba to 1 For access to the statue and permission to publish, I am much indebted to Dr Mohammed Saleh and his staff in the Cairo Museum. There is another, smudged, number in red on the block, 42271(?), which should refer to a number allocated for a future Catalogue G6n6ra1 volume of the museum's statue collection: M. Trad, ,Varia Musde du Caire, I-Joumal d,Entr6e et Catalogue G6ndral', ASA E 7O (1984-5),355. 2 It would be type Three V-g-41 in the classification of block statues of a slightly later period presented by B. Bothmer in 'Block statues of Dynasty XXV', in Hommages d Jean Leclant (Curo, 1994),III, 61-8.
examine the royal burials of Thebes and Abydos. Both papers present a remarkably large number of ... more examine the royal burials of Thebes and Abydos. Both papers present a remarkably large number of burials related to the royal families of the First Millennium BC. This time period in the Theban necropolis is traditionally associated with elite tombs, with the royal monuments often neglected. Research on the royal aspect of these sites provides a deeper perspective to the study of the elite tombs of the period. The papers on the elite tombs of the Theban necropolis address a variety of aspects of work in this group of monuments such as archaeology, conservation, epigraphy, and burial assemblages, as well as relevant issues as archaism and innovations of the decoration and interconnections between the tombs of different parts of the necropolis. The areas of archaeology and conservation of the necropolis are presented by the papers of the Director of the SACP Elena Pischikova, and its leading conservator Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali. These papers give a summary of the rediscovery, excavation, conservation, reconstruction, and mapping work done in the tombs of Karakhamun (TT 223) and Karabasken (TT 391) over a period of eight years, with emphasis on the 2012 and 2013 seasons. This section is complemented by a paper on the fieldwork in another "forgotten" tomb of the South Asasif necropolis, Ramose (TT 132), by Christian Greco. The archaeological work in the South Asasif necropolis has resulted in the uncovering and reconstruction of a large amount of new architectural, epigraphic, and artistic information, some of which is presented in this volume for the first time. The new project in the tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34), undertaken by Louise Gestermann and Farouk Gomaà, is another invaluable piece of information which, together with the work of Greco in the tomb of Ramose, and Molinero Polo in the tomb of Karakhamun, modifies our understanding of Kushite and early Saite burial compartments and their semantics within the tomb complex. The paper on the Twenty-fifth to Twenty-sixth Dynasty tombs of el-Khokha by Gábor Schreiber widens our perception of the geographic disbursement of Kushite tombs in the Theban necropolis. The amount of intrusive Twenty-fifth Dynasty burials within the primarily New Kingdom site of el-Khokha gives confidence that we may expect similar results from the numerous Qurna missions. Special attention paid to such intrusive burials in different areas may build a solid basis for our better understanding of Kushite presence and activities in Thebes in the future. The epigraphical studies of Kenneth Griffin, Miguel Molinero Polo, and Erhart Graefe within the tomb of Karakhamun, and Isabelle Régen in the tomb of Padiamenope, concern the reflection of tradition and innova-Director of the Middle Area; Ramadan Ahmed Ali, Chief Inspector of the Middle Area; Ahmed Ali Hussein Ali, SCA Chief Conservator and Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; Afaf Fathalla, General Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; the MSA conservation team; and all our team members and volunteers. We are very grateful to our sponsors, IKG Cultural Resources, directed by Anthony Browder (USA), and the South Asasif Conservation Trust, directed by John Billman (UK). Without all this help and support we would not have been able to accomplish the field work and research included in the present volume. Special thanks to the participants of the conference, particularly to our Luxor colleagues Nadia Licitra, Christophe Thiers, Pierre Zignani, Laurent Coulon, Claude Traunecker, Isabelle Régen, Louise Gestermann, and Farouk Gomaà who showed their sites to the participants.
The Libyan period in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties. Proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October 2007, 2009
La XXVIe dynastie, continuités et ruptures: actes du Colloque international organisé les 26 et 27 novembre 2004 à l'Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3; promenade saïte avec Jean Yoyotte, 2011
La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part qu... more La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations, dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l'auteur et de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1 er de l'article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal.
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Papers by Anthony Leahy