Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych, 2018
Wojciech Morawski przedstawia argumenty na rzecz otwartości gospodarek peryferyjnych wobec zachod... more Wojciech Morawski przedstawia argumenty na rzecz otwartości gospodarek peryferyjnych wobec zachodnich/centralnych źródeł kapitału i technologii. Wyraźnie też przeciwstawia się protekcjonizmowi gospodarczemu i polityce substytucji importu z krajów rozwiniętych. Wypowiada się przeciwko zamykaniu gospodarek krajów peryferyjnych. W ostatnim akapicie tekstu przedstawia dramatycznie tę tendencję jako "jedno z najbardziej niebezpiecznych złudzeń w dziejach ludzkości", źródło nędzy i wielkich nieszczęść moralnych ludzkości. Zwraca uwagę, że protekcjonizm bywał motywowany zarówno nacjonalizmem, jak i komunizmem. Ciężar argumentów, przytoczonych przykładów z historii i epitetów ideologicznych (np. prymitywny marksizm) uderza jednak w antykapitalistyczne, lewicowe pomysły na wydobycie się z zacofania.
Tekst, składający się z dwóch części, przedstawia wnioski z eksploracyjnych badań nad polską nisz... more Tekst, składający się z dwóch części, przedstawia wnioski z eksploracyjnych badań nad polską niszą na nowojorskim rynku pracysprzątaniem. Część 1 uzasadnia kluczowość badań nad polskimi robotniczymi niszami na rynkach pracy Zachodu dla wizerunku Polski i polskiej tożsamości, wskazuje sprzątanie jako polską specjalizację na imigranckich rynkach pracy Zachodu i podkreśla relatywne zalety tej pracy. Następnie, odwołując się do Waldingera teorii kolejki etnicznej i niszy etnicznej, imigranckiego i etnicznego przedsiębiorstwa, wyjaśnia dlaczego polscy imigranci nie wytworzyli trwałej niszy w sektorze sprzątania biurowców na Manhattanie, Wskazuje inne okoliczności zmiany w kolejce etnicznej i niszy niż te, które zidentyfikował Waldinger.
Jacek Kochanowicz was an economic historian whose fi eld of research and expertise extended from ... more Jacek Kochanowicz was an economic historian whose fi eld of research and expertise extended from peasant economy to Eastern European backwardness. In our time, when mathematised economics prevails and academic disciplines are limited to narrow specialisations, Kochanowicz's studies are exceptional as they run across historical epochs and cultural regions. They are unique in their erudition. Kochanowicz's historical research 'shed light' (to follow Karl Popper's description of genuine interpretation in the humanities) on the Polish and East European current condition. It has presented the post-communist Europeanisation of East European societies as an attempt, yet another one in their history, at overcoming economic backwardness. It has added to the recognition of the peasant origins of the signifi cant part of the contemporary Polish society. In this way, Kochanowicz's works have been an important contribution to the debates of sociologists and economists on the post-communist transition. Here, I will focus on two currents of Jacek Kochanowicz's research that, to my mind, should be regarded important by historians -and not only economic historians -of Poland and Eastern Europe. Peasant economy in the context of Eastern European economic backwardness is one of these two currents. Kochanowicz initiated his research in the fi eld of peasant economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a doctoral student of Witold Kula. Over two decades of the research were concluded in his habilitation thesis Spór o teorię gospodarki chłopskiej. Gospodarstwo chłopskie w teorii ekonomii i w historii gospodarczej [A dispute over the theory of peasant economy. Peasant holding in the economic theory and economic history] (1992). It emphasised that peasant economy had several anthropologically universal features that occurred regardless of the period or cultural circle. One of its main characteristics is the orientation toward subsisting and surviving, whilst its intensity and effi ciency are dependent on the size and needs of the household it provides for. Within the tradition of economic thinking of his intellectual mentor Witold Kula, Kochanowicz thus
Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community leaders and Gentrification of the Nei... more Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community leaders and Gentrification of the Neighborhood The text presents an interpretation of the Greenpoint (Brooklyn, New York City) Polish immigrant community leaders' benevolent attitude toward gentrification of the neighborhood. Referring to the evidence from the fieldwork in the neighborhood in 2006 and 2010, including 50 leaders' oral histories, it is argued here that this benevolence can be explained by the fact that gentrification brings to the leaders -as individuals, and members of families and ethnic group -both material and symbolic upward mobility. This is 'upward mobility without moving' , without leaders' agency and despite the fact they have done nothing to have it happened. It is indicated that, contrary to the dominant trend in gentrification studies that expects lower class' resistance to gentrification, the lower classes members might welcome gentrification because they perceive it as an advantage to their social status and mobility. Additionally, the article points out to immigrants -omitted in gentrification studies -as individuals who are highly achievement oriented and at the same time uncertain about their status in receiving society, and therefore perceiving gentrification as an occasion for personal, their children's and ethnic group's social mobility into the mainstream.
Oddajemy Państwu "Stan Rzeczy" poświęcony socjologii historycznej. Czym zajmuje się ta dziedzina?... more Oddajemy Państwu "Stan Rzeczy" poświęcony socjologii historycznej. Czym zajmuje się ta dziedzina? Czym różni się od socjologii głównego nurtu? Jak blisko jej do historii społecznej? Niniejszy tekst przedstawia wizję socjologii historycznej jako dyscypliny, w której spotykają się mocne strony socjologii oraz historii społecznej i gospodarczej, a także pokrewnych dyscyplin humanistyki. Zarysowuje też interpretację jej rozwoju. Moja interpretacja rozwoju i instytucjonalizacji tej dyscypliny kluczową rolę przypisuje powojennym lewicowym historykom społecznym i gospodarczym w Europie, w tym w Polsce. To ich zwrot ku masom społecznym, klasom niższym i niezachodnim regionom świata ukształtował w latach 60. i 70. pokolenie lewicowych socjologów historycznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych. To ci ostatni, zwłaszcza Immanuel Wallerstein czerpiący z dorobku historyków gospodarczych, odpowiadają za instytucjonalizację socjologii historycznej zarówno w American Sociological Association, jak i International Sociological Association. Moja wizja idzie więc w innym kierunku niż wpływowa interpretacja rozwoju dyscypliny autorstwa Georga Steinmetza (2010; 2018), inspirowana Bourdiańską metodą analizy pola, która kładzie nacisk na wpływ niemieckich socjologów historycznych, którzy w latach 30. i 40. znaleźli azyl na amerykańskich uniwersytetach. Instytucjonalizacja socjologii historycznej, jak próbuję pokazać, wyrasta z zainteresowania klasami niższymi i regionami peryferyjnymi, których rozwój przebiegał w sposób odmienny od przedstawionego w klasycznych teo
Kochanowicz, Kula, backwardness. Regarding the studies of Eastern European peripheries (Summary) ... more Kochanowicz, Kula, backwardness. Regarding the studies of Eastern European peripheries (Summary) The article offers an analysis of the main strands of Jacek Kochanowicz’s research into the backwardness of Eastern Europe. The author attempts to answer the question concerning the extent to which Kochanowicz’s ‘backwardness studies’ built on the research he had carried out earlier under the supervision of Witold Kula. Kochanowicz differed from Kula in his explanation of the economic backwardness of Eastern Europe. Kula, in explaining this phenomenon, stressed the fact that in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Eastern Europe relied for its resource bases on the capitalistic centre and that institutional changes occurring in the area in the eighteenth to twentieth centuries were of a hybrid nature. Kochanowicz, by contrast, argued that the backwardness of Eastern Europe originated in the economic (from the sixteenth century on) and cultural (from the nineteenth century) domination of...
Referring to historical and sociological literature, and based on extensive fieldwork in Greenpoi... more Referring to historical and sociological literature, and based on extensive fieldwork in Greenpoint, Brooklyn in 2006 and 2010, the text presents a particular interpretation of the Polish female immigrants’ work experience in the position of live-out domestic cleaners in New York City. My interpretation is that their work, as they see it, contains elements of both small business enterprise and live-out servant. Generally, Polish Greenpoint cleaners associated small business-like characteristics with working in the middle and upper-middle class homes in Manhattan, while servitude-like ones – with working in the lower middle class Hasidic homes in Brooklyn.
This collection of essays offers reflections on how cosmopolitical thinking can be, and perhaps n... more This collection of essays offers reflections on how cosmopolitical thinking can be, and perhaps needs to be, made "new" for our contemporary global ecumene. A key premise of the collection is the recognition that in the contemporary conjuncture, our understanding of cosmopolitanism should be open to new intersections with understandings of how "race" and ethnicity are being deployed. It should consider the connections between cosmopolitanism and cultural phenomena such as multiculturalism, diaspora, migration and varieties of neo-imperialism and (neo-)colonialism. Indeed, it is necessary to think of various cosmopolitanisms, rather than a singular cosmopolitanism. The political, particularly the nation form, interrupts, or poses a check to, cosmopolitan initiatives and aspirations, yet this book maintains that ethicopolitical concerns, complicating our understanding of cosmopolitanism, also amplify our understanding of what a reformed cosmopolitanism, or what I will elaborate below as cosmopolitics, might look like. In short it is a key contribution of this volume that it seeks to reorient our thinking about cosmopolitanism. It points the way to cosmopolitics (the de-construction and reconstruction of cosmopolitanism), particularly by calling our attention to how such thinking in the contemporary globalized conjuncture must engage anew with race and ethnicity. We live in an age in which we are witnessing ethnically driven civil strife within nation-states: the ongoing strife between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir; the ethnonationalist Balkanization of the former Yugoslavia; the mutual genocide in Rwanda between the Hutus and the Tutsi; the Kurdish struggle for a homeland in Iraq that saw reprisal in the form of gas attacks targeting women and children; the ethnically motivated Arab Spring protests and the violence wreaked upon civilians in Tahrir Square; the ongoing civil war in Syria; but also-if on a different scale-the Black Lives Matter movement in the U.S. We are also witnessing, even more crucially, an era of more refugees than ever streaming across borders and living, more or less indefinitely, in nonpermanent camps or settlements worldwide. It is thus a newly urgent ethicopolitical imperative that contemporary cosmopolitanisms negotiate issues of race or ethnicity as they emerge as drivers of social change both within the nation-state and, simultaneously, transnationally. This cosmopolitical project also requires anticipating and responding to interests that resist social change and to the resurgence of nationalism both in its benign democratic forms and in its virulent irruptions. Instances of the former type may be identified in the desire for a nation such as Israel to rebuild itself after political trauma or Haiti in the wake of a major earthquake, although of course these may be contested by rival nationalisms. Examples of the latter type, more worrisome, may be identified not only in reactionary ethnonationalisms produced through the Balkanization
Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community Leaders and Gentrification of the Nei... more Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community Leaders and Gentrification of the Neighborhood The text presents an interpretation of the Greenpoint (Brooklyn, New York City) Polish immigrant community leaders’ benevolent attitude toward gentrification of the neighborhood. Referring to the evidence from the fieldwork in the neighborhood in 2006 and 2010, including 50 leaders’ oral histories, it is argued here that this benevolence can be explained by the fact that gentrification brings to the leaders – as individuals, and members of families and ethnic group – both material and symbolic upward mobility. This is ‘upward mobility without moving’, without leaders’ agency and despite the fact they have done nothing to have it happened. It is indicated that, contrary to the dominant trend in gentrification studies that expects lower class’ resistance to gentrification, the lower classes members might welcome gentrification because they perceive it as an advantage to their social status and mobility. Additionally, the article points out to immigrants – omitted in gentrification studies – as individuals who are highly achievement oriented and at the same time uncertain about their status in receiving society, and therefore perceiving gentrification as an occasion for personal, their children’s and ethnic group’s social mobility into the mainstream.
The text, consisting of two parts, presents conclusions from the exploratory research on the Poli... more The text, consisting of two parts, presents conclusions from the exploratory research on the Polish female niche on the New York City immigrant labor market - cleaning. Part 1 points out the crucial character of the working class niches on the Western labor markets for the image of Poland and for Polish identity itself. Critically referring to Waldinger's theory of ethnic queue, ethnic niche and immigrant and ethnic enterprise as well as to historical research on transformation of the domestic workers' social status, the study attempts at explaining why Polish immigrants have not established a niche in the sector of Manhattan's office cleaning. The circumstances of the change in the ethnic queue that were not identified by Waldinger are pointed out and discussed.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych, 2018
Wojciech Morawski przedstawia argumenty na rzecz otwartości gospodarek peryferyjnych wobec zachod... more Wojciech Morawski przedstawia argumenty na rzecz otwartości gospodarek peryferyjnych wobec zachodnich/centralnych źródeł kapitału i technologii. Wyraźnie też przeciwstawia się protekcjonizmowi gospodarczemu i polityce substytucji importu z krajów rozwiniętych. Wypowiada się przeciwko zamykaniu gospodarek krajów peryferyjnych. W ostatnim akapicie tekstu przedstawia dramatycznie tę tendencję jako "jedno z najbardziej niebezpiecznych złudzeń w dziejach ludzkości", źródło nędzy i wielkich nieszczęść moralnych ludzkości. Zwraca uwagę, że protekcjonizm bywał motywowany zarówno nacjonalizmem, jak i komunizmem. Ciężar argumentów, przytoczonych przykładów z historii i epitetów ideologicznych (np. prymitywny marksizm) uderza jednak w antykapitalistyczne, lewicowe pomysły na wydobycie się z zacofania.
Tekst, składający się z dwóch części, przedstawia wnioski z eksploracyjnych badań nad polską nisz... more Tekst, składający się z dwóch części, przedstawia wnioski z eksploracyjnych badań nad polską niszą na nowojorskim rynku pracysprzątaniem. Część 1 uzasadnia kluczowość badań nad polskimi robotniczymi niszami na rynkach pracy Zachodu dla wizerunku Polski i polskiej tożsamości, wskazuje sprzątanie jako polską specjalizację na imigranckich rynkach pracy Zachodu i podkreśla relatywne zalety tej pracy. Następnie, odwołując się do Waldingera teorii kolejki etnicznej i niszy etnicznej, imigranckiego i etnicznego przedsiębiorstwa, wyjaśnia dlaczego polscy imigranci nie wytworzyli trwałej niszy w sektorze sprzątania biurowców na Manhattanie, Wskazuje inne okoliczności zmiany w kolejce etnicznej i niszy niż te, które zidentyfikował Waldinger.
Jacek Kochanowicz was an economic historian whose fi eld of research and expertise extended from ... more Jacek Kochanowicz was an economic historian whose fi eld of research and expertise extended from peasant economy to Eastern European backwardness. In our time, when mathematised economics prevails and academic disciplines are limited to narrow specialisations, Kochanowicz's studies are exceptional as they run across historical epochs and cultural regions. They are unique in their erudition. Kochanowicz's historical research 'shed light' (to follow Karl Popper's description of genuine interpretation in the humanities) on the Polish and East European current condition. It has presented the post-communist Europeanisation of East European societies as an attempt, yet another one in their history, at overcoming economic backwardness. It has added to the recognition of the peasant origins of the signifi cant part of the contemporary Polish society. In this way, Kochanowicz's works have been an important contribution to the debates of sociologists and economists on the post-communist transition. Here, I will focus on two currents of Jacek Kochanowicz's research that, to my mind, should be regarded important by historians -and not only economic historians -of Poland and Eastern Europe. Peasant economy in the context of Eastern European economic backwardness is one of these two currents. Kochanowicz initiated his research in the fi eld of peasant economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a doctoral student of Witold Kula. Over two decades of the research were concluded in his habilitation thesis Spór o teorię gospodarki chłopskiej. Gospodarstwo chłopskie w teorii ekonomii i w historii gospodarczej [A dispute over the theory of peasant economy. Peasant holding in the economic theory and economic history] (1992). It emphasised that peasant economy had several anthropologically universal features that occurred regardless of the period or cultural circle. One of its main characteristics is the orientation toward subsisting and surviving, whilst its intensity and effi ciency are dependent on the size and needs of the household it provides for. Within the tradition of economic thinking of his intellectual mentor Witold Kula, Kochanowicz thus
Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community leaders and Gentrification of the Nei... more Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community leaders and Gentrification of the Neighborhood The text presents an interpretation of the Greenpoint (Brooklyn, New York City) Polish immigrant community leaders' benevolent attitude toward gentrification of the neighborhood. Referring to the evidence from the fieldwork in the neighborhood in 2006 and 2010, including 50 leaders' oral histories, it is argued here that this benevolence can be explained by the fact that gentrification brings to the leaders -as individuals, and members of families and ethnic group -both material and symbolic upward mobility. This is 'upward mobility without moving' , without leaders' agency and despite the fact they have done nothing to have it happened. It is indicated that, contrary to the dominant trend in gentrification studies that expects lower class' resistance to gentrification, the lower classes members might welcome gentrification because they perceive it as an advantage to their social status and mobility. Additionally, the article points out to immigrants -omitted in gentrification studies -as individuals who are highly achievement oriented and at the same time uncertain about their status in receiving society, and therefore perceiving gentrification as an occasion for personal, their children's and ethnic group's social mobility into the mainstream.
Oddajemy Państwu "Stan Rzeczy" poświęcony socjologii historycznej. Czym zajmuje się ta dziedzina?... more Oddajemy Państwu "Stan Rzeczy" poświęcony socjologii historycznej. Czym zajmuje się ta dziedzina? Czym różni się od socjologii głównego nurtu? Jak blisko jej do historii społecznej? Niniejszy tekst przedstawia wizję socjologii historycznej jako dyscypliny, w której spotykają się mocne strony socjologii oraz historii społecznej i gospodarczej, a także pokrewnych dyscyplin humanistyki. Zarysowuje też interpretację jej rozwoju. Moja interpretacja rozwoju i instytucjonalizacji tej dyscypliny kluczową rolę przypisuje powojennym lewicowym historykom społecznym i gospodarczym w Europie, w tym w Polsce. To ich zwrot ku masom społecznym, klasom niższym i niezachodnim regionom świata ukształtował w latach 60. i 70. pokolenie lewicowych socjologów historycznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych. To ci ostatni, zwłaszcza Immanuel Wallerstein czerpiący z dorobku historyków gospodarczych, odpowiadają za instytucjonalizację socjologii historycznej zarówno w American Sociological Association, jak i International Sociological Association. Moja wizja idzie więc w innym kierunku niż wpływowa interpretacja rozwoju dyscypliny autorstwa Georga Steinmetza (2010; 2018), inspirowana Bourdiańską metodą analizy pola, która kładzie nacisk na wpływ niemieckich socjologów historycznych, którzy w latach 30. i 40. znaleźli azyl na amerykańskich uniwersytetach. Instytucjonalizacja socjologii historycznej, jak próbuję pokazać, wyrasta z zainteresowania klasami niższymi i regionami peryferyjnymi, których rozwój przebiegał w sposób odmienny od przedstawionego w klasycznych teo
Kochanowicz, Kula, backwardness. Regarding the studies of Eastern European peripheries (Summary) ... more Kochanowicz, Kula, backwardness. Regarding the studies of Eastern European peripheries (Summary) The article offers an analysis of the main strands of Jacek Kochanowicz’s research into the backwardness of Eastern Europe. The author attempts to answer the question concerning the extent to which Kochanowicz’s ‘backwardness studies’ built on the research he had carried out earlier under the supervision of Witold Kula. Kochanowicz differed from Kula in his explanation of the economic backwardness of Eastern Europe. Kula, in explaining this phenomenon, stressed the fact that in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Eastern Europe relied for its resource bases on the capitalistic centre and that institutional changes occurring in the area in the eighteenth to twentieth centuries were of a hybrid nature. Kochanowicz, by contrast, argued that the backwardness of Eastern Europe originated in the economic (from the sixteenth century on) and cultural (from the nineteenth century) domination of...
Referring to historical and sociological literature, and based on extensive fieldwork in Greenpoi... more Referring to historical and sociological literature, and based on extensive fieldwork in Greenpoint, Brooklyn in 2006 and 2010, the text presents a particular interpretation of the Polish female immigrants’ work experience in the position of live-out domestic cleaners in New York City. My interpretation is that their work, as they see it, contains elements of both small business enterprise and live-out servant. Generally, Polish Greenpoint cleaners associated small business-like characteristics with working in the middle and upper-middle class homes in Manhattan, while servitude-like ones – with working in the lower middle class Hasidic homes in Brooklyn.
This collection of essays offers reflections on how cosmopolitical thinking can be, and perhaps n... more This collection of essays offers reflections on how cosmopolitical thinking can be, and perhaps needs to be, made "new" for our contemporary global ecumene. A key premise of the collection is the recognition that in the contemporary conjuncture, our understanding of cosmopolitanism should be open to new intersections with understandings of how "race" and ethnicity are being deployed. It should consider the connections between cosmopolitanism and cultural phenomena such as multiculturalism, diaspora, migration and varieties of neo-imperialism and (neo-)colonialism. Indeed, it is necessary to think of various cosmopolitanisms, rather than a singular cosmopolitanism. The political, particularly the nation form, interrupts, or poses a check to, cosmopolitan initiatives and aspirations, yet this book maintains that ethicopolitical concerns, complicating our understanding of cosmopolitanism, also amplify our understanding of what a reformed cosmopolitanism, or what I will elaborate below as cosmopolitics, might look like. In short it is a key contribution of this volume that it seeks to reorient our thinking about cosmopolitanism. It points the way to cosmopolitics (the de-construction and reconstruction of cosmopolitanism), particularly by calling our attention to how such thinking in the contemporary globalized conjuncture must engage anew with race and ethnicity. We live in an age in which we are witnessing ethnically driven civil strife within nation-states: the ongoing strife between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir; the ethnonationalist Balkanization of the former Yugoslavia; the mutual genocide in Rwanda between the Hutus and the Tutsi; the Kurdish struggle for a homeland in Iraq that saw reprisal in the form of gas attacks targeting women and children; the ethnically motivated Arab Spring protests and the violence wreaked upon civilians in Tahrir Square; the ongoing civil war in Syria; but also-if on a different scale-the Black Lives Matter movement in the U.S. We are also witnessing, even more crucially, an era of more refugees than ever streaming across borders and living, more or less indefinitely, in nonpermanent camps or settlements worldwide. It is thus a newly urgent ethicopolitical imperative that contemporary cosmopolitanisms negotiate issues of race or ethnicity as they emerge as drivers of social change both within the nation-state and, simultaneously, transnationally. This cosmopolitical project also requires anticipating and responding to interests that resist social change and to the resurgence of nationalism both in its benign democratic forms and in its virulent irruptions. Instances of the former type may be identified in the desire for a nation such as Israel to rebuild itself after political trauma or Haiti in the wake of a major earthquake, although of course these may be contested by rival nationalisms. Examples of the latter type, more worrisome, may be identified not only in reactionary ethnonationalisms produced through the Balkanization
Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community Leaders and Gentrification of the Nei... more Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community Leaders and Gentrification of the Neighborhood The text presents an interpretation of the Greenpoint (Brooklyn, New York City) Polish immigrant community leaders’ benevolent attitude toward gentrification of the neighborhood. Referring to the evidence from the fieldwork in the neighborhood in 2006 and 2010, including 50 leaders’ oral histories, it is argued here that this benevolence can be explained by the fact that gentrification brings to the leaders – as individuals, and members of families and ethnic group – both material and symbolic upward mobility. This is ‘upward mobility without moving’, without leaders’ agency and despite the fact they have done nothing to have it happened. It is indicated that, contrary to the dominant trend in gentrification studies that expects lower class’ resistance to gentrification, the lower classes members might welcome gentrification because they perceive it as an advantage to their social status and mobility. Additionally, the article points out to immigrants – omitted in gentrification studies – as individuals who are highly achievement oriented and at the same time uncertain about their status in receiving society, and therefore perceiving gentrification as an occasion for personal, their children’s and ethnic group’s social mobility into the mainstream.
The text, consisting of two parts, presents conclusions from the exploratory research on the Poli... more The text, consisting of two parts, presents conclusions from the exploratory research on the Polish female niche on the New York City immigrant labor market - cleaning. Part 1 points out the crucial character of the working class niches on the Western labor markets for the image of Poland and for Polish identity itself. Critically referring to Waldinger's theory of ethnic queue, ethnic niche and immigrant and ethnic enterprise as well as to historical research on transformation of the domestic workers' social status, the study attempts at explaining why Polish immigrants have not established a niche in the sector of Manhattan's office cleaning. The circumstances of the change in the ethnic queue that were not identified by Waldinger are pointed out and discussed.
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Papers by Anna Sosnowska