The paper presents best practices necessary for constructing mandatory tests for aviation/aeronau... more The paper presents best practices necessary for constructing mandatory tests for aviation/aeronautical purposes. Based on the TEAP test, we will show an example of the test form and content in accordance with the ICAO recommendations. We will analyse all the components and talk about their functions. The TEAP test has been used in Ukraine since November 2007. The Test specifications were piloted on 1114 Ukrainian ATCOs during the years of 2007–2009. The TEAP has been authorised by Ukrainian Civil Aviation Authority as a test to be used in Ukraine for licensure purposes of both controllers and pilots. In this paper, the language construct is considered as a benchmark for all aspects of ICAO language proficiency requirements implementation through aviation personnel teaching and testing. According to the Dictionary of Language Testing (1999), a ‘construct’ is defined as an ability or sets of abilities that will be reflected in test performance, and about which inferences can be made o...
Niniejsza publikacja jest dostępną na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekome... more Niniejsza publikacja jest dostępną na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska. Pewne prawa zastrzeżone na rzecz autora. Zezwala się na wykorzystanie publikacji zgodnie z licencją-pod warunkiem zachowania niniejszej informacji licencyjnej oraz wskazania autora jako właściciela praw do tekstu. Treść licencji jest dostępna na stronie:
For the purposes of safety in aviation and in accordance with the ICAO recommendations, all pilot... more For the purposes of safety in aviation and in accordance with the ICAO recommendations, all pilots and controllers must follow a prescribed set of rules in order to communicate effectively within the worldwide aviation community. Therefore, they must be trained in their use of aviation language. It seems, after research conducted in this context, that the training provided solely by SMEs does not suffice as they do not draw attention to proper articulation and pronunciation, nor drill grammar and vocabulary sufficiently. On the other hand, language instructors deliver on such issues on a regular basis, though, not being experts in aviation themselves, may leave out important elements of aeronautical communication. Hence, the only way to deliver the training is the collaborative development of both specialists. We suggest here one model of such cooperation. The generation of sample language and conceptual examples to place the use of this structured communication in the proper contex...
The European Conference on Language Learning 2021: Official Conference Proceedings, 2021
Her research focuses on the representation of nature and the environment in Scandinavian literatu... more Her research focuses on the representation of nature and the environment in Scandinavian literature and ecomedia from the nineteenth century to the present day. She also teaches in the Environmental Studies program.
Aviation English has been used globally and now is regarded as lingua franca of aviation communic... more Aviation English has been used globally and now is regarded as lingua franca of aviation communication. Communication in any foreign language entails cultural connotations. Moreover, reactions caused by perceived potential misconceptions of one's cultural or ethnic identity are contextdependent. Aeronautical communication in global context by definition does not belong to any specific culture, so it should be devoid of any cultural elements being effective at the same time. Participants of different cultural groups take part in this type of communication on a regular basis. On the one hand, they are equipped with the tool such as standard phraseology binding in so called routine situations in order to avoid communication breakdown as this specific code seems to go beyond the borders of culture. There is no time for an analysis of who is who, but only for the completion of the mechanical operational tasks. On the other hand, according to the conducted research, it has been observed that the operational interlocutors cannot efficiently escape from their own cultural backgrounds when communicating in both routine and non-routine situations. Therefore, still some differences in cultural perception of conversation partners do exist and influence the aeronautical communication. The article describes the current situation and presents common culture indicators in a selected context. The research shows that without any doubt, and in order to be effective communicators, the airline pilots and air traffic controllers should adopt positive orientation towards their interlocutor's culture.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców, 2017
Komunikacja w lotniczym języku angielskim ma bardzo duże znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa lotniczego,... more Komunikacja w lotniczym języku angielskim ma bardzo duże znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa lotniczego, dlatego użytkowanie przestrzeni powietrznej, a także stosowanie w niej angielskiego języka lotniczego zostało uregulowane międzynarodowymi przepisami. Angielski język lotniczy składa się z dwóch komponentów: frazeologii lotniczej oraz uproszczonego języka angielskiego stosowanego w komunikacji specjalistycznej. Artykuł przybliża zagadnienie frazeologii lotniczej, podając nie tylko zakres jej stosowania, lecz także zwracając uwagę na specyfikę jej nazwy w języku polskim. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest nauczaniu angielskiej frazeologii lotniczej w ściśle hermetycznych polskich realiach. Autorka wskazuje także różnice pomiędzy instruktorem frazeologii lotniczej a nauczycielem języka angielskiego.
Many flights operate in different countries and aviation communication takes place mainly between... more Many flights operate in different countries and aviation communication takes place mainly between non-native speakers of English. Unfortunately, real life professional discourse seems to go beyond its prescribed standardization. Moreover, it still happens that many languages are used simultaneously on the frequency. This paper investigates the matter of multilingual usefulness in global aviation communication. The author presents the current state of affairs and discusses whether or not operational personnel need to know how to speak multiple languages or if it is better to speak only prescribed Aeronautical English. Empirically based research is also presented. What matters in a given context and especially in a particular non-standard or emergency situation is the language used for professional communication, but in the aviation context it is not only the communication between parties involved that really counts. All the users of airspace should understand words uttered by their colleagues present at frequency in order to be able to correct wrong instructions or react in case of distress.
Aeronautical English differs from general English, so it has to be learned by native speakers of ... more Aeronautical English differs from general English, so it has to be learned by native speakers of English. The author refers to the particular role this group of speakers is required to play in aviation settings. The article presents Aeronautical English in current use by reference to selected communication strategies native English speaking operational personnel employ when communicating orally with non-native partners of ICAO Level 4. The article investigates the usefulness of such strategies based on real-life examples. To this end, it seems obvious that not only non-native English speaking pilots and controllers are supposed to employ communication strategies in order to avoid misunderstanding, but also their native English speaking colleagues.
Types of Derivation in Polish IT LanguageGrowing global interest in information technology entail... more Types of Derivation in Polish IT LanguageGrowing global interest in information technology entails the need to be familiarised with its language. The author indicates a gap in linguistic research, namely the absence of regular analysis of both English and Polish IT languages. Moreover, the IT language should be differentiated from computer or programming languages. The paper presents the results of derivative analysis of texts written by IT specialists in order to illustrate the main tendencies of a new term creation in the target language, such as the Polish IT language. The author describes the derivative mechanism of Polish IT language compared to the primary language in the considered field of knowledge – English IT language. The paper also discusses the issue of originality of Polish IT language in its derivational dimension. The selected terms are analysed and classified according to affixes forming them. Such formation of new terms is presented through morpheme typology, co...
The paper presents best practices necessary for constructing mandatory tests for aviation/aeronau... more The paper presents best practices necessary for constructing mandatory tests for aviation/aeronautical purposes. Based on the TEAP test, we will show an example of the test form and content in accordance with the ICAO recommendations. We will analyse all the components and talk about their functions. The TEAP test has been used in Ukraine since November 2007. The Test specifications were piloted on 1114 Ukrainian ATCOs during the years of 2007–2009. The TEAP has been authorised by Ukrainian Civil Aviation Authority as a test to be used in Ukraine for licensure purposes of both controllers and pilots. In this paper, the language construct is considered as a benchmark for all aspects of ICAO language proficiency requirements implementation through aviation personnel teaching and testing. According to the Dictionary of Language Testing (1999), a ‘construct’ is defined as an ability or sets of abilities that will be reflected in test performance, and about which inferences can be made o...
Niniejsza publikacja jest dostępną na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekome... more Niniejsza publikacja jest dostępną na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska. Pewne prawa zastrzeżone na rzecz autora. Zezwala się na wykorzystanie publikacji zgodnie z licencją-pod warunkiem zachowania niniejszej informacji licencyjnej oraz wskazania autora jako właściciela praw do tekstu. Treść licencji jest dostępna na stronie:
For the purposes of safety in aviation and in accordance with the ICAO recommendations, all pilot... more For the purposes of safety in aviation and in accordance with the ICAO recommendations, all pilots and controllers must follow a prescribed set of rules in order to communicate effectively within the worldwide aviation community. Therefore, they must be trained in their use of aviation language. It seems, after research conducted in this context, that the training provided solely by SMEs does not suffice as they do not draw attention to proper articulation and pronunciation, nor drill grammar and vocabulary sufficiently. On the other hand, language instructors deliver on such issues on a regular basis, though, not being experts in aviation themselves, may leave out important elements of aeronautical communication. Hence, the only way to deliver the training is the collaborative development of both specialists. We suggest here one model of such cooperation. The generation of sample language and conceptual examples to place the use of this structured communication in the proper contex...
The European Conference on Language Learning 2021: Official Conference Proceedings, 2021
Her research focuses on the representation of nature and the environment in Scandinavian literatu... more Her research focuses on the representation of nature and the environment in Scandinavian literature and ecomedia from the nineteenth century to the present day. She also teaches in the Environmental Studies program.
Aviation English has been used globally and now is regarded as lingua franca of aviation communic... more Aviation English has been used globally and now is regarded as lingua franca of aviation communication. Communication in any foreign language entails cultural connotations. Moreover, reactions caused by perceived potential misconceptions of one's cultural or ethnic identity are contextdependent. Aeronautical communication in global context by definition does not belong to any specific culture, so it should be devoid of any cultural elements being effective at the same time. Participants of different cultural groups take part in this type of communication on a regular basis. On the one hand, they are equipped with the tool such as standard phraseology binding in so called routine situations in order to avoid communication breakdown as this specific code seems to go beyond the borders of culture. There is no time for an analysis of who is who, but only for the completion of the mechanical operational tasks. On the other hand, according to the conducted research, it has been observed that the operational interlocutors cannot efficiently escape from their own cultural backgrounds when communicating in both routine and non-routine situations. Therefore, still some differences in cultural perception of conversation partners do exist and influence the aeronautical communication. The article describes the current situation and presents common culture indicators in a selected context. The research shows that without any doubt, and in order to be effective communicators, the airline pilots and air traffic controllers should adopt positive orientation towards their interlocutor's culture.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców, 2017
Komunikacja w lotniczym języku angielskim ma bardzo duże znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa lotniczego,... more Komunikacja w lotniczym języku angielskim ma bardzo duże znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa lotniczego, dlatego użytkowanie przestrzeni powietrznej, a także stosowanie w niej angielskiego języka lotniczego zostało uregulowane międzynarodowymi przepisami. Angielski język lotniczy składa się z dwóch komponentów: frazeologii lotniczej oraz uproszczonego języka angielskiego stosowanego w komunikacji specjalistycznej. Artykuł przybliża zagadnienie frazeologii lotniczej, podając nie tylko zakres jej stosowania, lecz także zwracając uwagę na specyfikę jej nazwy w języku polskim. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest nauczaniu angielskiej frazeologii lotniczej w ściśle hermetycznych polskich realiach. Autorka wskazuje także różnice pomiędzy instruktorem frazeologii lotniczej a nauczycielem języka angielskiego.
Many flights operate in different countries and aviation communication takes place mainly between... more Many flights operate in different countries and aviation communication takes place mainly between non-native speakers of English. Unfortunately, real life professional discourse seems to go beyond its prescribed standardization. Moreover, it still happens that many languages are used simultaneously on the frequency. This paper investigates the matter of multilingual usefulness in global aviation communication. The author presents the current state of affairs and discusses whether or not operational personnel need to know how to speak multiple languages or if it is better to speak only prescribed Aeronautical English. Empirically based research is also presented. What matters in a given context and especially in a particular non-standard or emergency situation is the language used for professional communication, but in the aviation context it is not only the communication between parties involved that really counts. All the users of airspace should understand words uttered by their colleagues present at frequency in order to be able to correct wrong instructions or react in case of distress.
Aeronautical English differs from general English, so it has to be learned by native speakers of ... more Aeronautical English differs from general English, so it has to be learned by native speakers of English. The author refers to the particular role this group of speakers is required to play in aviation settings. The article presents Aeronautical English in current use by reference to selected communication strategies native English speaking operational personnel employ when communicating orally with non-native partners of ICAO Level 4. The article investigates the usefulness of such strategies based on real-life examples. To this end, it seems obvious that not only non-native English speaking pilots and controllers are supposed to employ communication strategies in order to avoid misunderstanding, but also their native English speaking colleagues.
Types of Derivation in Polish IT LanguageGrowing global interest in information technology entail... more Types of Derivation in Polish IT LanguageGrowing global interest in information technology entails the need to be familiarised with its language. The author indicates a gap in linguistic research, namely the absence of regular analysis of both English and Polish IT languages. Moreover, the IT language should be differentiated from computer or programming languages. The paper presents the results of derivative analysis of texts written by IT specialists in order to illustrate the main tendencies of a new term creation in the target language, such as the Polish IT language. The author describes the derivative mechanism of Polish IT language compared to the primary language in the considered field of knowledge – English IT language. The paper also discusses the issue of originality of Polish IT language in its derivational dimension. The selected terms are analysed and classified according to affixes forming them. Such formation of new terms is presented through morpheme typology, co...
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Papers by Anna Borowska