In this paper, we report a first record of Common Red Flash, Rapala iarbus butterfly from the sta... more In this paper, we report a first record of Common Red Flash, Rapala iarbus butterfly from the state of Rajasthan. The specimen was observed in the residential area, located at the outskirt of the Bhilwara city, Rajasthan, India. Figures : 02 References : 08 Table : 00
In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on ... more In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on the behavior of steel fiber deep beams. Large openings often interrupt the load transfer by concrete struts in these beams and cause a sharp decrease in strength and serviceability. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are verified against previous experimental results. The finite element results are compared in term of load deflection curve, showing a good agreement. sixteen reinforced concrete deep beams with or without openings are analyzed under two-point top loading. The main parameters were the width and depth of the opening, steel fiber volume fraction, and shear span to depth ratio. Materials nonlinearities due to cracking or crushing of concrete and yield conditions of the reinforcing steel are considered. Results and conclusions which are useful for structural engineering practice are drawn from the research.
In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on ... more In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on the behavior of steel fiber deep beams. Large openings often interrupt the load transfer by concrete struts in these beams and cause a sharp decrease in strength and serviceability. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are verified against previous experimental results. The finite element results are compared in term of load deflection curve, showing a good agreement. sixteen reinforced concrete deep beams with or without openings are analyzed under two-point top loading. The main parameters were the width and depth of the opening, steel fiber volume fraction, and shear span to depth ratio. Materials nonlinearities due to cracking or crushing of concrete and yield conditions of the reinforcing steel are considered. Results and conclusions which are useful for structural engineering practice are drawn from the research.
The species composition of plankton invertebrates was studied in Jalaser tank Mandalgarh in 2009-... more The species composition of plankton invertebrates was studied in Jalaser tank Mandalgarh in 2009-2010. A list of planktonic rotifers was made. The dominating complexes of zooplankton organisms were found. The quantitative characteristics of plankton communities in the pond were described and analysed on the basis of various diversity indices.
The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally... more The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
A DNA probe containing the structural gene for dicarboxylate transport (dctA) of Rhizobium melilo... more A DNA probe containing the structural gene for dicarboxylate transport (dctA) of Rhizobium meliloti hybridized strongly with the fragments of Azospirillum lipoferum genomic DNA. A genomic library of A. lipoferum was screened for the dctA gene by complementation of a dctA mutant of Rhizobium meliloti. A recombinant cosmid, p37D, capable of restoring growth of the dctA mutant on dicarboxylates was isolated and found to hybridize to the dctA probe. The ability of p37D to complement the dctB mutant of R. meloliti indicated that dctA and dctB genes in A. lipoferum may be organized adjacent to each other.Key words: Azospirillum lipoferum, dicarboxylate transport gene, complementation cloning.
Inherited differences in the capacity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes might be an important fa... more Inherited differences in the capacity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes might be an important factor in genetic susceptibility to cancer. Null genotypes of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) exhibit absence of enzymatic activity and are hypothesized to be at increased risk of developing cancers. The aim of the study was to examine whether null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 confer susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We carried a case control study involving 80 consecutive North Indian CML patients (58 males, 22 females; age (mean+/-S.D.) 36.2+/-10.9 years) and 105 healthy individuals (59 males, 46 females; age (mean+/-S.D.) 36.8+/-11.3 years). Multiplex PCR was carried out to determine the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes. The relationship between GSTM1, GSTT1 genotypes and risk of CML was assessed by means of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence limits calculated by logistic regression. A test for trend (P(trend)) in increasing the risk of CML having more than one putative high-risk allele or genotype was evaluated by means of the chi-square test. There was no difference in the frequencies of the GSTM1 null genotype and the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes between patients and controls in the study. However, statistical significance was found with GSTT1 null genotype frequency in CML patients as compared to controls (16/80 (20%) versus 9/105 (8.5%); OR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.03-7.01). It projects a 2.67-fold increased risk for CML in individuals with GSTT1 null genotype as compared to those possessing both alleles of the gene. Our findings suggest that heritable GST status may influence the risk of developing CML.
Background: Oxidative stress, a pervasive condition of an increased amount of free radicals, is n... more Background: Oxidative stress, a pervasive condition of an increased amount of free radicals, is now recognized to be prominent feature of various diseases and their progression. However, evidence for this association has often been lacking because of a lack of specific biomarkers and methods available to evaluate oxidative stress status in humans with disease conditions. Emphasis is now being placed on biomarkers of oxidative stress, which can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological and pathogenic processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) as biomarkers for oxidative stress and disease progression in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Materials and Methods: The study included 20 CML patients and 10 age-and sex-matched healthy control volunteers. The mean age of CML patients was 37.11±11.36 years and that of controls was 31.07±7.60 years. Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma MDA and PC levels in CML patients as compared to healthy volunteers. Our results also showed that plasma MDA and PC levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in both chronic phase (CML-CP) and accelerated phase (CML-AP) as compared to healthy volunteers. During the follow-up of 12 months, two patients of CML-CP progressed to the accelerated phase. The mean plasma levels of MDA and PC in patients with CML-CP who progressed to CML-AP were found to be higher than in patients with CML-CP who did not progress to the accelerated phase. Conclusion: Plasma MDA and PC appears to reflect the oxidative stress status and disease progression in CML and can be used as biomarkers for oxidative stress and disease progression.
This study presents a quantitative approach for dependency analysis of Component Based Software (... more This study presents a quantitative approach for dependency analysis of Component Based Software (CBS) systems. Various types of dependency, in a C BS, have been observed through 'assumptions' and based on these observations some derived dependency relationships are proposed. The proposed dependency relationships are validated theoretically and an example illustration has been shown to demonstrate the proposal. The result of the study suggests that these dependency relationships may prove helpful in understanding CBS systems. ). He is currently working on software process, interdependence and composability aspect of component based software engineering. He has eight research papers in international journals and 1 1 research papers in international/national conference proceedings in his credit.
The circadian rhythm of human circulating lipid components was studied under nearnormal tropical ... more The circadian rhythm of human circulating lipid components was studied under nearnormal tropical conditions in 162 healthy volunteers (103 males and 59 females; 7 to 75 years of age). They followed a diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. These volunteers were divided into four groups: Group A (7-20 years), Group B (21-40 years), Group C (41-60 years) and Group D (61-75 years), comprising 42, 60, 35 and 25 participants, respectively. A marked circadian rhythm was demonstrated for each studied variable in each group by population-mean cosinor analysis (almost invariably p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, circadian rhythm characteristics were compared among the 4 groups by parameter tests and regressed as a function of age, separately for males and females. A second-order polynomial characterized the MESOR of HDL cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids, as well as the 24-h amplitude of total cholesterol and phospholipids. The 24-h amplitude of total lipids decreased linearly with age. The 24-h acrophase of the oldest age group (Group D) was advanced in the case of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total lipids, whereas that of phospholipids was delayed. Mapping the circadian rhythm (an important component of the broader time structure or chronome, which includes a. o., trends with age and extra-circadian components) of lipid components is needed to explore their role in the aging process in health.
Nef is an accessory viral protein that promotes HIV-1 replication, facilitating alterations in ce... more Nef is an accessory viral protein that promotes HIV-1 replication, facilitating alterations in cellular pathways via multiple protein-protein interactions. The advent of proteomics has expanded the focus on better identification of novel molecular pathways regulating disease progression. In this study, nef was sequenced from randomly selected patients, however, sequence variability identified did not elicited any specific mutation that could have segregated HIV-1 patients in different stages of disease progression. To explore the difference in Nef functionality based on sequence variability we used proteomics approach. Proteomic profiling was done to compare the effect of Nef variants in host cell protein expression. 2DGE in control and Nef transfected SupT1 cells demonstrated several differentially expressed proteins. Fourteen protein spots were detected with more than 1.5 fold difference. Significant down regulation was seen in six unique protein spots in the Nef treated cells. Proteins were identified as Cyclophilin A, EIF5A-1 isoform B, Rho GDI 1 isoform a, VDAC1, OTUB1 and α-enolase isoform 1 (ENO1) through LC-MS/MS. The differential expression of the 6 proteins was analyzed by Real time PCR, Western blotting and Immunofluorescence studies with two Nef variants (RP14 and RP01) in SupT1 cells. There was contrasting difference between the effect of these Nef variants upon the expression of these six proteins. Downregulation of α-enolase (ENO1), VDAC1 and OTUB1 was more significant by Nef RP01 whereas Cyclophilin A and RhoGDI were found to be more downregulated by Nef RP14. This difference in Nef variants upon host protein expression was also studied through a site directed mutant of Nef RP01 (55AAAAAAA61) and the effect was found to be reversed. Deciphering the role of these proteins mediated by Nef variants will open a new avenue of research in understanding Nef mediated pathogenesis. Overall study determines modulation of cellular protein expression in T cells by HIV-1 Nef variants.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FIG. S1. Map of India showing locations where Mimosa nodules and/or rhizospher... more SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FIG. S1. Map of India showing locations where Mimosa nodules and/or rhizosphere soil were collected, and from which species. The main symbiont types are also indicated. FIG. S2. Immunogold labelled sections of nodules of Mimosa spp. sampled from plants collected in the field from various locations in India. The sections were probed with either an antibody raised against Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424 T (Ct) or with one against Burkholderia phymatum STM815 T (Bp). (A) Mimosa hamata nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Ct. No reaction. (B) M. himalayana nodule inoculated with B. phymatum STM815 T , and then probed with Bp. Positive reaction. (C) M. pudica nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Ct. Positive reaction. (D) M. pudica nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Bp. No reaction. (E) M. pudica nodule (Agra, UP) probed with Ct. Positive reaction. (F) M. pudica nodule (Bokaro, JH) probed with Bp. Positive reaction.
Ethidium bromide, proflavine, and mitomycin C were strongly lethal but weakly mutagenic to the cy... more Ethidium bromide, proflavine, and mitomycin C were strongly lethal but weakly mutagenic to the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. With a view to studying the mode of action of these weak mutagens, their binding to Nostoc DNA was studied. The spectral changes resulting from the binding of these mutagens to the DNA in vitro indicated that probably only electrostatic forces may be involved in the mutagen-DNA binding. A similar low level of DNA binding in vivo would explain the weakly mutagenic action of the dyes observed. Since the dyes do not effectively intercalate into DNA, they may not be effective in inducing frameshift mutations but still can interfere with replication and/or transcription of the DNA.
In this paper, we report a first record of Common Red Flash, Rapala iarbus butterfly from the sta... more In this paper, we report a first record of Common Red Flash, Rapala iarbus butterfly from the state of Rajasthan. The specimen was observed in the residential area, located at the outskirt of the Bhilwara city, Rajasthan, India. Figures : 02 References : 08 Table : 00
In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on ... more In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on the behavior of steel fiber deep beams. Large openings often interrupt the load transfer by concrete struts in these beams and cause a sharp decrease in strength and serviceability. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are verified against previous experimental results. The finite element results are compared in term of load deflection curve, showing a good agreement. sixteen reinforced concrete deep beams with or without openings are analyzed under two-point top loading. The main parameters were the width and depth of the opening, steel fiber volume fraction, and shear span to depth ratio. Materials nonlinearities due to cracking or crushing of concrete and yield conditions of the reinforcing steel are considered. Results and conclusions which are useful for structural engineering practice are drawn from the research.
In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on ... more In this paper, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the effect of web opening size on the behavior of steel fiber deep beams. Large openings often interrupt the load transfer by concrete struts in these beams and cause a sharp decrease in strength and serviceability. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are verified against previous experimental results. The finite element results are compared in term of load deflection curve, showing a good agreement. sixteen reinforced concrete deep beams with or without openings are analyzed under two-point top loading. The main parameters were the width and depth of the opening, steel fiber volume fraction, and shear span to depth ratio. Materials nonlinearities due to cracking or crushing of concrete and yield conditions of the reinforcing steel are considered. Results and conclusions which are useful for structural engineering practice are drawn from the research.
The species composition of plankton invertebrates was studied in Jalaser tank Mandalgarh in 2009-... more The species composition of plankton invertebrates was studied in Jalaser tank Mandalgarh in 2009-2010. A list of planktonic rotifers was made. The dominating complexes of zooplankton organisms were found. The quantitative characteristics of plankton communities in the pond were described and analysed on the basis of various diversity indices.
The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally... more The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
A DNA probe containing the structural gene for dicarboxylate transport (dctA) of Rhizobium melilo... more A DNA probe containing the structural gene for dicarboxylate transport (dctA) of Rhizobium meliloti hybridized strongly with the fragments of Azospirillum lipoferum genomic DNA. A genomic library of A. lipoferum was screened for the dctA gene by complementation of a dctA mutant of Rhizobium meliloti. A recombinant cosmid, p37D, capable of restoring growth of the dctA mutant on dicarboxylates was isolated and found to hybridize to the dctA probe. The ability of p37D to complement the dctB mutant of R. meloliti indicated that dctA and dctB genes in A. lipoferum may be organized adjacent to each other.Key words: Azospirillum lipoferum, dicarboxylate transport gene, complementation cloning.
Inherited differences in the capacity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes might be an important fa... more Inherited differences in the capacity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes might be an important factor in genetic susceptibility to cancer. Null genotypes of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) exhibit absence of enzymatic activity and are hypothesized to be at increased risk of developing cancers. The aim of the study was to examine whether null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 confer susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We carried a case control study involving 80 consecutive North Indian CML patients (58 males, 22 females; age (mean+/-S.D.) 36.2+/-10.9 years) and 105 healthy individuals (59 males, 46 females; age (mean+/-S.D.) 36.8+/-11.3 years). Multiplex PCR was carried out to determine the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes. The relationship between GSTM1, GSTT1 genotypes and risk of CML was assessed by means of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence limits calculated by logistic regression. A test for trend (P(trend)) in increasing the risk of CML having more than one putative high-risk allele or genotype was evaluated by means of the chi-square test. There was no difference in the frequencies of the GSTM1 null genotype and the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes between patients and controls in the study. However, statistical significance was found with GSTT1 null genotype frequency in CML patients as compared to controls (16/80 (20%) versus 9/105 (8.5%); OR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.03-7.01). It projects a 2.67-fold increased risk for CML in individuals with GSTT1 null genotype as compared to those possessing both alleles of the gene. Our findings suggest that heritable GST status may influence the risk of developing CML.
Background: Oxidative stress, a pervasive condition of an increased amount of free radicals, is n... more Background: Oxidative stress, a pervasive condition of an increased amount of free radicals, is now recognized to be prominent feature of various diseases and their progression. However, evidence for this association has often been lacking because of a lack of specific biomarkers and methods available to evaluate oxidative stress status in humans with disease conditions. Emphasis is now being placed on biomarkers of oxidative stress, which can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological and pathogenic processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) as biomarkers for oxidative stress and disease progression in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Materials and Methods: The study included 20 CML patients and 10 age-and sex-matched healthy control volunteers. The mean age of CML patients was 37.11±11.36 years and that of controls was 31.07±7.60 years. Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma MDA and PC levels in CML patients as compared to healthy volunteers. Our results also showed that plasma MDA and PC levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in both chronic phase (CML-CP) and accelerated phase (CML-AP) as compared to healthy volunteers. During the follow-up of 12 months, two patients of CML-CP progressed to the accelerated phase. The mean plasma levels of MDA and PC in patients with CML-CP who progressed to CML-AP were found to be higher than in patients with CML-CP who did not progress to the accelerated phase. Conclusion: Plasma MDA and PC appears to reflect the oxidative stress status and disease progression in CML and can be used as biomarkers for oxidative stress and disease progression.
This study presents a quantitative approach for dependency analysis of Component Based Software (... more This study presents a quantitative approach for dependency analysis of Component Based Software (CBS) systems. Various types of dependency, in a C BS, have been observed through 'assumptions' and based on these observations some derived dependency relationships are proposed. The proposed dependency relationships are validated theoretically and an example illustration has been shown to demonstrate the proposal. The result of the study suggests that these dependency relationships may prove helpful in understanding CBS systems. ). He is currently working on software process, interdependence and composability aspect of component based software engineering. He has eight research papers in international journals and 1 1 research papers in international/national conference proceedings in his credit.
The circadian rhythm of human circulating lipid components was studied under nearnormal tropical ... more The circadian rhythm of human circulating lipid components was studied under nearnormal tropical conditions in 162 healthy volunteers (103 males and 59 females; 7 to 75 years of age). They followed a diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. These volunteers were divided into four groups: Group A (7-20 years), Group B (21-40 years), Group C (41-60 years) and Group D (61-75 years), comprising 42, 60, 35 and 25 participants, respectively. A marked circadian rhythm was demonstrated for each studied variable in each group by population-mean cosinor analysis (almost invariably p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, circadian rhythm characteristics were compared among the 4 groups by parameter tests and regressed as a function of age, separately for males and females. A second-order polynomial characterized the MESOR of HDL cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids, as well as the 24-h amplitude of total cholesterol and phospholipids. The 24-h amplitude of total lipids decreased linearly with age. The 24-h acrophase of the oldest age group (Group D) was advanced in the case of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total lipids, whereas that of phospholipids was delayed. Mapping the circadian rhythm (an important component of the broader time structure or chronome, which includes a. o., trends with age and extra-circadian components) of lipid components is needed to explore their role in the aging process in health.
Nef is an accessory viral protein that promotes HIV-1 replication, facilitating alterations in ce... more Nef is an accessory viral protein that promotes HIV-1 replication, facilitating alterations in cellular pathways via multiple protein-protein interactions. The advent of proteomics has expanded the focus on better identification of novel molecular pathways regulating disease progression. In this study, nef was sequenced from randomly selected patients, however, sequence variability identified did not elicited any specific mutation that could have segregated HIV-1 patients in different stages of disease progression. To explore the difference in Nef functionality based on sequence variability we used proteomics approach. Proteomic profiling was done to compare the effect of Nef variants in host cell protein expression. 2DGE in control and Nef transfected SupT1 cells demonstrated several differentially expressed proteins. Fourteen protein spots were detected with more than 1.5 fold difference. Significant down regulation was seen in six unique protein spots in the Nef treated cells. Proteins were identified as Cyclophilin A, EIF5A-1 isoform B, Rho GDI 1 isoform a, VDAC1, OTUB1 and α-enolase isoform 1 (ENO1) through LC-MS/MS. The differential expression of the 6 proteins was analyzed by Real time PCR, Western blotting and Immunofluorescence studies with two Nef variants (RP14 and RP01) in SupT1 cells. There was contrasting difference between the effect of these Nef variants upon the expression of these six proteins. Downregulation of α-enolase (ENO1), VDAC1 and OTUB1 was more significant by Nef RP01 whereas Cyclophilin A and RhoGDI were found to be more downregulated by Nef RP14. This difference in Nef variants upon host protein expression was also studied through a site directed mutant of Nef RP01 (55AAAAAAA61) and the effect was found to be reversed. Deciphering the role of these proteins mediated by Nef variants will open a new avenue of research in understanding Nef mediated pathogenesis. Overall study determines modulation of cellular protein expression in T cells by HIV-1 Nef variants.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FIG. S1. Map of India showing locations where Mimosa nodules and/or rhizospher... more SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FIG. S1. Map of India showing locations where Mimosa nodules and/or rhizosphere soil were collected, and from which species. The main symbiont types are also indicated. FIG. S2. Immunogold labelled sections of nodules of Mimosa spp. sampled from plants collected in the field from various locations in India. The sections were probed with either an antibody raised against Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424 T (Ct) or with one against Burkholderia phymatum STM815 T (Bp). (A) Mimosa hamata nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Ct. No reaction. (B) M. himalayana nodule inoculated with B. phymatum STM815 T , and then probed with Bp. Positive reaction. (C) M. pudica nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Ct. Positive reaction. (D) M. pudica nodule (Jodhpur, RJ) probed with Bp. No reaction. (E) M. pudica nodule (Agra, UP) probed with Ct. Positive reaction. (F) M. pudica nodule (Bokaro, JH) probed with Bp. Positive reaction.
Ethidium bromide, proflavine, and mitomycin C were strongly lethal but weakly mutagenic to the cy... more Ethidium bromide, proflavine, and mitomycin C were strongly lethal but weakly mutagenic to the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. With a view to studying the mode of action of these weak mutagens, their binding to Nostoc DNA was studied. The spectral changes resulting from the binding of these mutagens to the DNA in vitro indicated that probably only electrostatic forces may be involved in the mutagen-DNA binding. A similar low level of DNA binding in vivo would explain the weakly mutagenic action of the dyes observed. Since the dyes do not effectively intercalate into DNA, they may not be effective in inducing frameshift mutations but still can interfere with replication and/or transcription of the DNA.
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