Anaerobic ruminal fungi may play an active role in fibre degradation as evidenced by the producti... more Anaerobic ruminal fungi may play an active role in fibre degradation as evidenced by the production of different fibrolytic enzymes in culture filtrate. In the present study, 16 anaerobic fungal strains were isolated from ruminal and faecal samples of sheep and goats. Based on their morphological characteristics they were identified as species of Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces and Neocallimastix. Isolated Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen showed a maximum activity of CMCase (47.9 mIU ml(-1)) and filter paper cellulase (48.3 mIU ml(-1)), while Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen showed a maximum xylanolytic activity (48.3 mIU ml(-1)). The cellobiase activity for all the isolates ranged from 178.0-182.7 mIU ml(-1). Based on the enzymatic activities, isolated Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen and Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen were selected for their potential of in vitro fibre degradation. The highest in vitro digestibility of NDF (23.2%) and DM (34.4%) was shown for Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen, as compared to the digestibility of NDF and DM in the control group of 17.5 and 25.0%, respectively.
Anaerobic fungal isolates Caecomyces sp. from the feces of elephant and Orpinomyces sp. from buff... more Anaerobic fungal isolates Caecomyces sp. from the feces of elephant and Orpinomyces sp. from buffalo rumen were co-cultured in-vitro with rumen bacterial and protozoal fractions collected from buffalo to observe the possible fate of these fungi in the rumen, if inoculated as microbial-feed supplements. When co-cultured together or separately with rumen bacteria and protozoa, Caecomyces sp. was adversely affected. However, bacterial and protozoal counts were higher, compared to the counts when grown alone. Similar patterns of results were observed when Orpinomyces sp. was grown in co-culture with bacteria and protozoa separately as well as together, indicating that it is possibly the inhibitory action of bacteria and protozoa, and not inter-species competition, that affects the growth of fungi preventing them from attaining their full fibre-degrading potential. Conversely, although fungal counts were lowered during their co-culturing with bacterial and protozoal fractions, their co-culturing increased the FPase activity of the co-cultured fraction which could be the apparent reason for enhanced fibre degradation.
Tannins, present in various foods, feeds and forages, have anti-nutritional activity; however, pr... more Tannins, present in various foods, feeds and forages, have anti-nutritional activity; however, presence of tannase in microorganisms inhabiting rumen and gastrointestinal tract of animals results in detoxification of these tannins. The present investigation was carried out to study the degradation profile of tannins by Enterococcus faecalis and to purify tannase. E. faecalis was observed to degrade tannic acid (1.0% in minimal media) to gallic acid, pyrogallol and resorcinol. Tannase from E. faecalis was purified up to 18.7 folds, with a recovery of 41.7%, using ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by DEAEcellulose and Sephadex G-150. The 45 kDa protein had an optimum activity at 40 C and pH 6.0 at substrate concentration of 0.25 mM methyl gallate.
Methanogens were isolated from the rumen of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). These isolates (B... more Methanogens were isolated from the rumen of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). These isolates (BRM-1, -2 and -3) were found to utilize CO 2 +H 2 mixture, formate and acetate as substrate, but failed to grow on ethanol and methanol. Their physiological analysis showed that they could tolerate NaCl and bile salts up to 1.0% but 2.0% bile salt inhibited their growth. Based on 16S rRNA/ mcrA gene sequence analysis, the isolates showed their phylogenetic relation with genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanomicrobium. BRM-1 and -3 showed 100% similarity with Methanobrevibacter smithii, while BRM-2 showed 100% similarity with Methanomicrobium mobile. The mcrA protein-based phylogeny also showed similar results to the mcrA gene, suggesting no apparent difference in the phylogeny between DNA and amino acid sequences of these isolates.
The spore forming Bacillus cereus (66) was screened for the induction of β-lactamase in presence ... more The spore forming Bacillus cereus (66) was screened for the induction of β-lactamase in presence of an inducer using iodometric assay. A significant induction in marker enzyme was observed in B. cereus 66 at maximum residual limit (MRL) of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, cefalexin, and cephazolin belonging to βlactam group of antibiotics. A microbial based assay, where enzyme induction was optimized at pH 7.0, temperature 30°C, and whey powder (0.25%) after 4 h of incubation. The spore based assay was tested with milk samples spiked with 6 different β-lactam antibiotics. The results were 100 and 83.33% in correlation with microbial receptor and inhibition based assay, respectively. Overall, spore based assay can be a useful and cost effective tool for the specific detection of βlactam group of antibiotics in milk.
Page 1. J. Appl. him. R~s. 4 (lW3) 73-82 Effect of Oxygen on Upgradation of Wheat Straw with Pleu... more Page 1. J. Appl. him. R~s. 4 (lW3) 73-82 Effect of Oxygen on Upgradation of Wheat Straw with Pleurotus sajor caju at High Partial Pressure of Carbondioxide Frantisek Zadrazil, Anil Kumar Puniya' Institute fiir Bodenbiologie Bundesforschungsanstalt ...
Streptococcus bovis, an isolate from the rumen of cattle, was found to possess xylanase activity ... more Streptococcus bovis, an isolate from the rumen of cattle, was found to possess xylanase activity (10.0 IU) in Brain Heart Infusion broth containing xylan (0.5%). The enzyme activity reduced nearly 35% in broth containing tannic acid (1%) in the medium. An extended lag phase of S. bovis (1.5 to 2 h) was observed in presence of tannic acid. However, the growth rate was unaffected when medium was supplemented with xylan.
Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confi... more Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confined to the strict anaerobic environment, their direct cultivation as pure culture is quite difficult. Therefore, a range of culture-independent methods have been developed to investigate their numbers, substrate uptake patterns, and identification in complex microbial communities. Unlike other approaches, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is not only used for faster quantification and accurate identification but also to reveal the physiological properties and spatiotemporal dynamics of methanogens in their natural environment. Aside from the methodological aspects and application of FISH, this review also focuses on culture-dependent and -independent techniques employed in enumerating methanogens along with associated problems. In addition, the combination of FISH with micro-autoradiography that could also be an important tool in investigating the activities of methanogens is also discussed.
Page 1. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3) 415-418 (2009) In vitro degradation of sugarcane bagasse b... more Page 1. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3) 415-418 (2009) In vitro degradation of sugarcane bagasse based ruminant rations using anaerobic fungi Sachin Karbhari SHELKE1, Aruna CHHABRA1, Anil Kumar PUNIYA2*, Jatinder Paul SEHGAL1 ...
Mimosine, a free amino acid present in the leaves and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, is transfor... more Mimosine, a free amino acid present in the leaves and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, is transformed by some rumen bacteria into the goitrogenic 3hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone (3,4 DHP). The present study was conducted to survey the presence of 3,4 DHP-degrading microorganisms in the rumen of cattle in India, since these bacteria have previously been shown to increase the resistance of livestock to 3,4 DHP-toxicity when the plant is used as a forage crop. DHP disappearance was evaluated in semisynthetic culture media. Our results show that the ruminal fluids from experimental cattle, buffalo and goat were colonized with microorganisms that are able to metabolize DHP. However the rate of transformation was rather low, which suggests that these microorganisms do not play a significant role in detoxifying DHP in vivo. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Limited.
This study was conducted to test the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing potential of Lactob... more This study was conducted to test the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-14 and Lactobacillus casei NCDC-19, where sunflower oil (a rich source of linoleic acid) was used as a substrate for CLA production in skim milk at varying concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0%. Lactobacillus casei produced higher amount of CLA i.e. 11.0 mg/g of fat at a concentration of 1.0% sunflower oil, whereas L. acidophilus produced only 2.73 mg/g of fat. However, at the lower concentration of sunflower oil (0.25%), there was no considerable difference (i.e. 6.92 and 6.73 mg/g of fat for L. casei and L. acidophilus, respectively) in the CLA producing ability of both the cultures, indicating that the increased amount of oil in the medium led to the inhibition of either the growth of L. acidophilus or the CLA conversion. Hence, L. casei may extend a possibility to be used in the preparation of different fermented milk products for enhanced CLA content.
Lactobacilli isolated from the rumen of cattle were subjected to morphological and biochemical ch... more Lactobacilli isolated from the rumen of cattle were subjected to morphological and biochemical characterizations followed by PCR-based identiWcation. Among isolates, Lactobacillus brevis was found to be the most prevalent species in the rumen. For in vitro conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production, the two isolates of L. brevis and one each of Lactobacillus viridescens and Lactobacillus lactis were selected. The sunXower oil (i.e., 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%; a rich source of linoleic acid) was added to skim milk as a substrate for CLA production by isolates at 37°C/ 12 h. L. brevis 02 was found to be the most potential CLA producer (10.53 mg CLA/g fat) at 0.25% concentration of sunXower oil followed by L. brevis 01 (8.27 mg CLA/g fat). However, at higher level of sunXower oil (i.e., 1.0%), L. lactis was the highest CLA producer (9.22 mg/g fat) when compared to L. brevis and L. viridescens. The results indicated that L. brevis and/or CLA production was inhibited with increasing concentration of sunXower oil in skim milk. In contrast, L. lactis and L. viridescens could tolerate the increasing concentrations of sunXower oil and produced higher CLA. Overall, L. brevis extends a possibility to be used as a direct-fed microbial for ruminants to increase the CLA content in milk, however, in vivo trials are needed for validation of results obtained.
In order to improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in rumen, wheat straw was subject... more In order to improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in rumen, wheat straw was subjected to solid state fermentation (SSF) with white-rot fungi (i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor) and the fermented biomass (called mycostraw) was evaluated for biochemical, enzymatic and nutritional parameters. The fungal treatment after 30 days led to significant decrease (P \ 0.05) in cell wall constituents viz, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose to the extent of 35.00, 38.88, 45.00, 37.48 and 37.86%, respectively in P. ostreatus fermented straw, while 30. 04, 33.85, 39.90, 31.29 and 34.00%, respectively in T. versicolor fermented straw. However, maximum efficiency of fermentation in terms of low carbohydrate consumption per unit of lignin degradation, favoring cattle feed production was observed for P. ostreatus on the 10th day (17.12%) as compared with T. versicolor on the 30th day (16.91%). The myco-straw was found to contain significantly high (P \ 0.05) crude protein (CP; 4.77% T. versicolor, 5.08% P. ostreatus) as compared to control straw (3.37%). Metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/ kg DM), percent organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; mmol) production also increased considerably from control straw (4.40, 29.91 and 0.292) to a maximum up to P. ostreatus fermented straw (4.92, 33.39 and 0.376 on 20th day) and T. versicolor fermented straw (4.66, 31.74 and 0.334 on 10th day), respectively. Moreover, the mycostraw had lower organic carbon and was rich in nitrogen with lower C/N ratio as compared to control wheat straw. Results suggest that the fungal fermentation of wheat straw effectively improved CP content, OM digestibility, SCFAs production, ME value and simultaneously lowered the C/N ratio, thus showing potential for bioconversion of lignin rich wheat straw into high energy cattle feed.
Fifteen Murrah buffalo calves (age about 10 months, 163-176 kg BW) were divided into three groups... more Fifteen Murrah buffalo calves (age about 10 months, 163-176 kg BW) were divided into three groups. Group I (Control) was fed a complete feed mixture consisted of 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate mixture (contained per kg: maize 330 g, groundnut cake 210 g, mustard cake 120 g, wheat bran 200 g, de-oiled rice bran 110 g, mineral mixture 20 g and common salt 10 g) along with 2 kg green oats per animal and day to meet the vitamin A requirements. Calves of Groups II and III were fed with the Control diet supplemented with Orpinomyces sp. C-14 and Piromyces sp. WNG-12 cultures, respectively. The digestibility of DM was significantly highest with Piromyces sp. WNG-12 in Group III (62.2%) followed by Orpinomyces sp. C-14 in Group II (60.3%), and Control (53.5%). A similar pattern of increase in digestibility of crude protein and cell-wall contents was observed in treatment groups. The digestible energy in terms of percent total digestible nutrients was also significantly enhanced in Groups II (56.6%) and III (59.9%) when compared to Control (49.2%). The rumen fermentation parameters such as pH and NH3-N were found to be lower, whereas total nitrogen, tricarboxylic acid precipitable-, nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and zoospore counts per millilitre of rumen liquor were significantly higher in fungal administered groups. After administration of fungal cultures, improvements of animal growth rate (i.e. body weight gain) and feed efficiency were also observed.
... Higher temperatures have adverse effects on progress of fermentation and lead to less lignin ... more ... Higher temperatures have adverse effects on progress of fermentation and lead to less lignin degradation and a decreased digestibility of wheat straw (Zadrazil and Brunnert, 1982; Zadrazil, 1985). A temperature of 35°C was found by Parveen et al. ...
Tanninprotein complex degrading bacteria after enrichment were isolated from unadapted goat faec... more Tanninprotein complex degrading bacteria after enrichment were isolated from unadapted goat faecal samples. Based on the morphological, hemolytic and biochemical characters, the isolates were categorized in two groups comprising GF1GF4 and GF5GF6. All the isolates were ...
Anaerobic ruminal fungi may play an active role in fibre degradation as evidenced by the producti... more Anaerobic ruminal fungi may play an active role in fibre degradation as evidenced by the production of different fibrolytic enzymes in culture filtrate. In the present study, 16 anaerobic fungal strains were isolated from ruminal and faecal samples of sheep and goats. Based on their morphological characteristics they were identified as species of Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces and Neocallimastix. Isolated Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen showed a maximum activity of CMCase (47.9 mIU ml(-1)) and filter paper cellulase (48.3 mIU ml(-1)), while Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen showed a maximum xylanolytic activity (48.3 mIU ml(-1)). The cellobiase activity for all the isolates ranged from 178.0-182.7 mIU ml(-1). Based on the enzymatic activities, isolated Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen and Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen were selected for their potential of in vitro fibre degradation. The highest in vitro digestibility of NDF (23.2%) and DM (34.4%) was shown for Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen, as compared to the digestibility of NDF and DM in the control group of 17.5 and 25.0%, respectively.
Anaerobic fungal isolates Caecomyces sp. from the feces of elephant and Orpinomyces sp. from buff... more Anaerobic fungal isolates Caecomyces sp. from the feces of elephant and Orpinomyces sp. from buffalo rumen were co-cultured in-vitro with rumen bacterial and protozoal fractions collected from buffalo to observe the possible fate of these fungi in the rumen, if inoculated as microbial-feed supplements. When co-cultured together or separately with rumen bacteria and protozoa, Caecomyces sp. was adversely affected. However, bacterial and protozoal counts were higher, compared to the counts when grown alone. Similar patterns of results were observed when Orpinomyces sp. was grown in co-culture with bacteria and protozoa separately as well as together, indicating that it is possibly the inhibitory action of bacteria and protozoa, and not inter-species competition, that affects the growth of fungi preventing them from attaining their full fibre-degrading potential. Conversely, although fungal counts were lowered during their co-culturing with bacterial and protozoal fractions, their co-culturing increased the FPase activity of the co-cultured fraction which could be the apparent reason for enhanced fibre degradation.
Tannins, present in various foods, feeds and forages, have anti-nutritional activity; however, pr... more Tannins, present in various foods, feeds and forages, have anti-nutritional activity; however, presence of tannase in microorganisms inhabiting rumen and gastrointestinal tract of animals results in detoxification of these tannins. The present investigation was carried out to study the degradation profile of tannins by Enterococcus faecalis and to purify tannase. E. faecalis was observed to degrade tannic acid (1.0% in minimal media) to gallic acid, pyrogallol and resorcinol. Tannase from E. faecalis was purified up to 18.7 folds, with a recovery of 41.7%, using ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by DEAEcellulose and Sephadex G-150. The 45 kDa protein had an optimum activity at 40 C and pH 6.0 at substrate concentration of 0.25 mM methyl gallate.
Methanogens were isolated from the rumen of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). These isolates (B... more Methanogens were isolated from the rumen of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). These isolates (BRM-1, -2 and -3) were found to utilize CO 2 +H 2 mixture, formate and acetate as substrate, but failed to grow on ethanol and methanol. Their physiological analysis showed that they could tolerate NaCl and bile salts up to 1.0% but 2.0% bile salt inhibited their growth. Based on 16S rRNA/ mcrA gene sequence analysis, the isolates showed their phylogenetic relation with genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanomicrobium. BRM-1 and -3 showed 100% similarity with Methanobrevibacter smithii, while BRM-2 showed 100% similarity with Methanomicrobium mobile. The mcrA protein-based phylogeny also showed similar results to the mcrA gene, suggesting no apparent difference in the phylogeny between DNA and amino acid sequences of these isolates.
The spore forming Bacillus cereus (66) was screened for the induction of β-lactamase in presence ... more The spore forming Bacillus cereus (66) was screened for the induction of β-lactamase in presence of an inducer using iodometric assay. A significant induction in marker enzyme was observed in B. cereus 66 at maximum residual limit (MRL) of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, cefalexin, and cephazolin belonging to βlactam group of antibiotics. A microbial based assay, where enzyme induction was optimized at pH 7.0, temperature 30°C, and whey powder (0.25%) after 4 h of incubation. The spore based assay was tested with milk samples spiked with 6 different β-lactam antibiotics. The results were 100 and 83.33% in correlation with microbial receptor and inhibition based assay, respectively. Overall, spore based assay can be a useful and cost effective tool for the specific detection of βlactam group of antibiotics in milk.
Page 1. J. Appl. him. R~s. 4 (lW3) 73-82 Effect of Oxygen on Upgradation of Wheat Straw with Pleu... more Page 1. J. Appl. him. R~s. 4 (lW3) 73-82 Effect of Oxygen on Upgradation of Wheat Straw with Pleurotus sajor caju at High Partial Pressure of Carbondioxide Frantisek Zadrazil, Anil Kumar Puniya' Institute fiir Bodenbiologie Bundesforschungsanstalt ...
Streptococcus bovis, an isolate from the rumen of cattle, was found to possess xylanase activity ... more Streptococcus bovis, an isolate from the rumen of cattle, was found to possess xylanase activity (10.0 IU) in Brain Heart Infusion broth containing xylan (0.5%). The enzyme activity reduced nearly 35% in broth containing tannic acid (1%) in the medium. An extended lag phase of S. bovis (1.5 to 2 h) was observed in presence of tannic acid. However, the growth rate was unaffected when medium was supplemented with xylan.
Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confi... more Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confined to the strict anaerobic environment, their direct cultivation as pure culture is quite difficult. Therefore, a range of culture-independent methods have been developed to investigate their numbers, substrate uptake patterns, and identification in complex microbial communities. Unlike other approaches, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is not only used for faster quantification and accurate identification but also to reveal the physiological properties and spatiotemporal dynamics of methanogens in their natural environment. Aside from the methodological aspects and application of FISH, this review also focuses on culture-dependent and -independent techniques employed in enumerating methanogens along with associated problems. In addition, the combination of FISH with micro-autoradiography that could also be an important tool in investigating the activities of methanogens is also discussed.
Page 1. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3) 415-418 (2009) In vitro degradation of sugarcane bagasse b... more Page 1. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3) 415-418 (2009) In vitro degradation of sugarcane bagasse based ruminant rations using anaerobic fungi Sachin Karbhari SHELKE1, Aruna CHHABRA1, Anil Kumar PUNIYA2*, Jatinder Paul SEHGAL1 ...
Mimosine, a free amino acid present in the leaves and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, is transfor... more Mimosine, a free amino acid present in the leaves and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, is transformed by some rumen bacteria into the goitrogenic 3hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone (3,4 DHP). The present study was conducted to survey the presence of 3,4 DHP-degrading microorganisms in the rumen of cattle in India, since these bacteria have previously been shown to increase the resistance of livestock to 3,4 DHP-toxicity when the plant is used as a forage crop. DHP disappearance was evaluated in semisynthetic culture media. Our results show that the ruminal fluids from experimental cattle, buffalo and goat were colonized with microorganisms that are able to metabolize DHP. However the rate of transformation was rather low, which suggests that these microorganisms do not play a significant role in detoxifying DHP in vivo. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Limited.
This study was conducted to test the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing potential of Lactob... more This study was conducted to test the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-14 and Lactobacillus casei NCDC-19, where sunflower oil (a rich source of linoleic acid) was used as a substrate for CLA production in skim milk at varying concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0%. Lactobacillus casei produced higher amount of CLA i.e. 11.0 mg/g of fat at a concentration of 1.0% sunflower oil, whereas L. acidophilus produced only 2.73 mg/g of fat. However, at the lower concentration of sunflower oil (0.25%), there was no considerable difference (i.e. 6.92 and 6.73 mg/g of fat for L. casei and L. acidophilus, respectively) in the CLA producing ability of both the cultures, indicating that the increased amount of oil in the medium led to the inhibition of either the growth of L. acidophilus or the CLA conversion. Hence, L. casei may extend a possibility to be used in the preparation of different fermented milk products for enhanced CLA content.
Lactobacilli isolated from the rumen of cattle were subjected to morphological and biochemical ch... more Lactobacilli isolated from the rumen of cattle were subjected to morphological and biochemical characterizations followed by PCR-based identiWcation. Among isolates, Lactobacillus brevis was found to be the most prevalent species in the rumen. For in vitro conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production, the two isolates of L. brevis and one each of Lactobacillus viridescens and Lactobacillus lactis were selected. The sunXower oil (i.e., 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%; a rich source of linoleic acid) was added to skim milk as a substrate for CLA production by isolates at 37°C/ 12 h. L. brevis 02 was found to be the most potential CLA producer (10.53 mg CLA/g fat) at 0.25% concentration of sunXower oil followed by L. brevis 01 (8.27 mg CLA/g fat). However, at higher level of sunXower oil (i.e., 1.0%), L. lactis was the highest CLA producer (9.22 mg/g fat) when compared to L. brevis and L. viridescens. The results indicated that L. brevis and/or CLA production was inhibited with increasing concentration of sunXower oil in skim milk. In contrast, L. lactis and L. viridescens could tolerate the increasing concentrations of sunXower oil and produced higher CLA. Overall, L. brevis extends a possibility to be used as a direct-fed microbial for ruminants to increase the CLA content in milk, however, in vivo trials are needed for validation of results obtained.
In order to improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in rumen, wheat straw was subject... more In order to improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in rumen, wheat straw was subjected to solid state fermentation (SSF) with white-rot fungi (i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor) and the fermented biomass (called mycostraw) was evaluated for biochemical, enzymatic and nutritional parameters. The fungal treatment after 30 days led to significant decrease (P \ 0.05) in cell wall constituents viz, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose to the extent of 35.00, 38.88, 45.00, 37.48 and 37.86%, respectively in P. ostreatus fermented straw, while 30. 04, 33.85, 39.90, 31.29 and 34.00%, respectively in T. versicolor fermented straw. However, maximum efficiency of fermentation in terms of low carbohydrate consumption per unit of lignin degradation, favoring cattle feed production was observed for P. ostreatus on the 10th day (17.12%) as compared with T. versicolor on the 30th day (16.91%). The myco-straw was found to contain significantly high (P \ 0.05) crude protein (CP; 4.77% T. versicolor, 5.08% P. ostreatus) as compared to control straw (3.37%). Metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/ kg DM), percent organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; mmol) production also increased considerably from control straw (4.40, 29.91 and 0.292) to a maximum up to P. ostreatus fermented straw (4.92, 33.39 and 0.376 on 20th day) and T. versicolor fermented straw (4.66, 31.74 and 0.334 on 10th day), respectively. Moreover, the mycostraw had lower organic carbon and was rich in nitrogen with lower C/N ratio as compared to control wheat straw. Results suggest that the fungal fermentation of wheat straw effectively improved CP content, OM digestibility, SCFAs production, ME value and simultaneously lowered the C/N ratio, thus showing potential for bioconversion of lignin rich wheat straw into high energy cattle feed.
Fifteen Murrah buffalo calves (age about 10 months, 163-176 kg BW) were divided into three groups... more Fifteen Murrah buffalo calves (age about 10 months, 163-176 kg BW) were divided into three groups. Group I (Control) was fed a complete feed mixture consisted of 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate mixture (contained per kg: maize 330 g, groundnut cake 210 g, mustard cake 120 g, wheat bran 200 g, de-oiled rice bran 110 g, mineral mixture 20 g and common salt 10 g) along with 2 kg green oats per animal and day to meet the vitamin A requirements. Calves of Groups II and III were fed with the Control diet supplemented with Orpinomyces sp. C-14 and Piromyces sp. WNG-12 cultures, respectively. The digestibility of DM was significantly highest with Piromyces sp. WNG-12 in Group III (62.2%) followed by Orpinomyces sp. C-14 in Group II (60.3%), and Control (53.5%). A similar pattern of increase in digestibility of crude protein and cell-wall contents was observed in treatment groups. The digestible energy in terms of percent total digestible nutrients was also significantly enhanced in Groups II (56.6%) and III (59.9%) when compared to Control (49.2%). The rumen fermentation parameters such as pH and NH3-N were found to be lower, whereas total nitrogen, tricarboxylic acid precipitable-, nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and zoospore counts per millilitre of rumen liquor were significantly higher in fungal administered groups. After administration of fungal cultures, improvements of animal growth rate (i.e. body weight gain) and feed efficiency were also observed.
... Higher temperatures have adverse effects on progress of fermentation and lead to less lignin ... more ... Higher temperatures have adverse effects on progress of fermentation and lead to less lignin degradation and a decreased digestibility of wheat straw (Zadrazil and Brunnert, 1982; Zadrazil, 1985). A temperature of 35°C was found by Parveen et al. ...
Tanninprotein complex degrading bacteria after enrichment were isolated from unadapted goat faec... more Tanninprotein complex degrading bacteria after enrichment were isolated from unadapted goat faecal samples. Based on the morphological, hemolytic and biochemical characters, the isolates were categorized in two groups comprising GF1GF4 and GF5GF6. All the isolates were ...
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