| This paper provides background to articles in the special issue. It is aimed at readers who are... more | This paper provides background to articles in the special issue. It is aimed at readers who are not experts in statistics and may not be familiar with sequence of developments in topics covered. Reader will find very non-technical material about the role of statistics in genetics, health, evolution, survival analysis, etc.
This paper seeks to develop a strategy based on analytics, for an individual Indian farmer to tac... more This paper seeks to develop a strategy based on analytics, for an individual Indian farmer to tackle market price fluctuations. The idea is to select a month (or a week or a day) on which to take the produce to market for a good return on the sale. The choice is based on the history of price data and associated variability. Market-wise price data for the last decade or so are used. These ideas are applied to three vegetable crops, tomato, onion, and coriander for some markets in the state of Maharashtra. It is proposed that similar work should be done cropwise and market-wise for different parts of India by local academic groups from any of the subjects such as statistics, analytics, data science, agriculture, business management, commerce, and economics. The objective is to mitigate the adverse impact of price fluctuation on farmers.
A new thrust has emerged under the leadership of Justice Dr. D Y Chandrachud of the Supreme Court... more A new thrust has emerged under the leadership of Justice Dr. D Y Chandrachud of the Supreme Court to digitize the work of courts [1]. Much progress has been made with consequent relief to plaintiffs and other participants. The possibility of using AI has also been mooted by (retired) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Mr. Sharad Bobade [2]. Fortunately, there is clarity that AI is to assist and not substitute judges. This aspect of technology does not seem to have made any serious inroads into the judicial system. Whatever the complexities involved in the courts of law, the judges needed to go through a set of rules and constitutional points before passing a judgment on a particular case. In the implementation of a set of rules through AI for passing a judgment for a specific case, there shouldn't be any scope for chance factors. Mathematical logical constructions are like having well-defined rules of law and no scope for subjectivity. Through the present article, we provide a p...
This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measu... more This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measurements at multiple time points. The key question is how to test if there is progressive unblinding. A related question is how to apportion extent of unblinding between primary cause (trial design) and secondary cause (AE or efficacy). It is indeed possible to answer these questions. Sections 2 to 5 develop the narrative. Section 6 addresses the basic question about testing for progressive unblinding. The strategy is to use various statistical methods available in literature. One method is generalized McNemar test for marginal homogeneity. Second is a weighted least squares approach described by Stokes et al (2000). Third is application of polytomous logistic regression. Fourth and last is a simulation approach. This is the key part of the report. Other questions are answered in Section 7. Numerical illustrations are given based on hypothetical data (since a trial is yet to be conducted)...
This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The metho... more This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The method is illustrated by application to data on 4 phase III clinical trials, two on breast cancer and two on diabetes mellitus.
This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent grou... more This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent groups of raters. It proposes two new methods.
This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measu... more This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measurements at multiple time points. The key question is how to test if there is progressive unblinding. A related question is how to apportion extent of unblinding between primary cause (trial design) and secondary cause (AE or efficacy). It is indeed possible to answer these questions. Sections 2 to 5 develop the narrative. Section 6 addresses the basic question about testing for progressive unblinding. The strategy is to use various statistical methods available in literature. One method is generalized McNemar test for marginal homogeneity. Second is a weighted least squares approach described by Stokes et al (2000). Third is application of polytomous logistic regression. Fourth and last is a simulation approach. This is the key part of the report. Other questions are answered in Section 7. Numerical illustrations are given based on hypothetical data (since a trial is yet to be conducted)...
This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent grou... more This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent groups of raters. It proposes two new methods.
This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The metho... more This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The method is illustrated by application to data on 4 phase III clinical trials, two on breast cancer and two on diabetes mellitus.
This paper proposes that productivity growth in rain fed agriculture is possible with more intens... more This paper proposes that productivity growth in rain fed agriculture is possible with more intensive use of available information. This may be a way out of the productivity plateau experienced since the green revolution. Some illustrative examples are discussed to spell out the ideas. This is intended more to help students of statistics understand their subject as a tool of development, rather as a ready device to be put into immediate practice
Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics, 1971
This paper is concerned with selecting a single or a subset of p-variate populations having the h... more This paper is concerned with selecting a single or a subset of p-variate populations having the highest “association” from amongst a set of c populations. Asymptotic results are worked out in detail, for the case of bivariate populations. Extensions to multivariate case are obtained. In the bivariate problem, the procedures are based on the rank correlation coefficient τ, and the product moment correlation coefficient. Analogous procedures can be developed by considering different scoring functions. Asymptotic efficiency of procedures based on τ relative to the normal theory procedures is found to be equal to the asymptotic relative efficiency of the corresponding tests of independence.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a matter of great concern in drug research. This study focuses ... more Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a matter of great concern in drug research. This study focuses on drugs which have been banned or withdrawn, due to serious problem of adverse reactions. Our attempt is to develop insights through plotting of data on cumulative counts of ADR reports. These data have been sourced from www.vigiaccess.org. Our expectation is that once a drug is banned/withdrawn, its count of ADR reports should fall precipitously and remain there. Instead a variety of shapes is encountered. These include linear, exponential and sigmoidal. We suggest that these curves can be useful in comparing safety of drugs.
Annual ADR report counts of opioid drugs are examined to develop a candidate index of overall saf... more Annual ADR report counts of opioid drugs are examined to develop a candidate index of overall safety of a drug. Actual counts for various drugs have been sourced from www.vigiaccess.org. A feature found to be common to all drugs considered is that an exponential function adequately describes the pattern of cumulative counts. In the exponential model, the parameter in the exponent (rate constant) is robust and remains the same whether counts are corrected for exposure or not. We propose use of this rate constant as adversity index of a drug. Drugs in use can be ranked by value of adversity index, lower value suggesting safer drug.
| This paper provides background to articles in the special issue. It is aimed at readers who are... more | This paper provides background to articles in the special issue. It is aimed at readers who are not experts in statistics and may not be familiar with sequence of developments in topics covered. Reader will find very non-technical material about the role of statistics in genetics, health, evolution, survival analysis, etc.
This paper seeks to develop a strategy based on analytics, for an individual Indian farmer to tac... more This paper seeks to develop a strategy based on analytics, for an individual Indian farmer to tackle market price fluctuations. The idea is to select a month (or a week or a day) on which to take the produce to market for a good return on the sale. The choice is based on the history of price data and associated variability. Market-wise price data for the last decade or so are used. These ideas are applied to three vegetable crops, tomato, onion, and coriander for some markets in the state of Maharashtra. It is proposed that similar work should be done cropwise and market-wise for different parts of India by local academic groups from any of the subjects such as statistics, analytics, data science, agriculture, business management, commerce, and economics. The objective is to mitigate the adverse impact of price fluctuation on farmers.
A new thrust has emerged under the leadership of Justice Dr. D Y Chandrachud of the Supreme Court... more A new thrust has emerged under the leadership of Justice Dr. D Y Chandrachud of the Supreme Court to digitize the work of courts [1]. Much progress has been made with consequent relief to plaintiffs and other participants. The possibility of using AI has also been mooted by (retired) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Mr. Sharad Bobade [2]. Fortunately, there is clarity that AI is to assist and not substitute judges. This aspect of technology does not seem to have made any serious inroads into the judicial system. Whatever the complexities involved in the courts of law, the judges needed to go through a set of rules and constitutional points before passing a judgment on a particular case. In the implementation of a set of rules through AI for passing a judgment for a specific case, there shouldn't be any scope for chance factors. Mathematical logical constructions are like having well-defined rules of law and no scope for subjectivity. Through the present article, we provide a p...
This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measu... more This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measurements at multiple time points. The key question is how to test if there is progressive unblinding. A related question is how to apportion extent of unblinding between primary cause (trial design) and secondary cause (AE or efficacy). It is indeed possible to answer these questions. Sections 2 to 5 develop the narrative. Section 6 addresses the basic question about testing for progressive unblinding. The strategy is to use various statistical methods available in literature. One method is generalized McNemar test for marginal homogeneity. Second is a weighted least squares approach described by Stokes et al (2000). Third is application of polytomous logistic regression. Fourth and last is a simulation approach. This is the key part of the report. Other questions are answered in Section 7. Numerical illustrations are given based on hypothetical data (since a trial is yet to be conducted)...
This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The metho... more This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The method is illustrated by application to data on 4 phase III clinical trials, two on breast cancer and two on diabetes mellitus.
This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent grou... more This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent groups of raters. It proposes two new methods.
This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measu... more This report answers queries about extending the blinding index approach to a situation with measurements at multiple time points. The key question is how to test if there is progressive unblinding. A related question is how to apportion extent of unblinding between primary cause (trial design) and secondary cause (AE or efficacy). It is indeed possible to answer these questions. Sections 2 to 5 develop the narrative. Section 6 addresses the basic question about testing for progressive unblinding. The strategy is to use various statistical methods available in literature. One method is generalized McNemar test for marginal homogeneity. Second is a weighted least squares approach described by Stokes et al (2000). Third is application of polytomous logistic regression. Fourth and last is a simulation approach. This is the key part of the report. Other questions are answered in Section 7. Numerical illustrations are given based on hypothetical data (since a trial is yet to be conducted)...
This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent grou... more This work is motivated by the need to assess the degree of agreement between two independent groups of raters. It proposes two new methods.
This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The metho... more This paper proposes a new method for analysis of adverse event data in clinical trials. The method is illustrated by application to data on 4 phase III clinical trials, two on breast cancer and two on diabetes mellitus.
This paper proposes that productivity growth in rain fed agriculture is possible with more intens... more This paper proposes that productivity growth in rain fed agriculture is possible with more intensive use of available information. This may be a way out of the productivity plateau experienced since the green revolution. Some illustrative examples are discussed to spell out the ideas. This is intended more to help students of statistics understand their subject as a tool of development, rather as a ready device to be put into immediate practice
Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics, 1971
This paper is concerned with selecting a single or a subset of p-variate populations having the h... more This paper is concerned with selecting a single or a subset of p-variate populations having the highest “association” from amongst a set of c populations. Asymptotic results are worked out in detail, for the case of bivariate populations. Extensions to multivariate case are obtained. In the bivariate problem, the procedures are based on the rank correlation coefficient τ, and the product moment correlation coefficient. Analogous procedures can be developed by considering different scoring functions. Asymptotic efficiency of procedures based on τ relative to the normal theory procedures is found to be equal to the asymptotic relative efficiency of the corresponding tests of independence.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a matter of great concern in drug research. This study focuses ... more Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a matter of great concern in drug research. This study focuses on drugs which have been banned or withdrawn, due to serious problem of adverse reactions. Our attempt is to develop insights through plotting of data on cumulative counts of ADR reports. These data have been sourced from www.vigiaccess.org. Our expectation is that once a drug is banned/withdrawn, its count of ADR reports should fall precipitously and remain there. Instead a variety of shapes is encountered. These include linear, exponential and sigmoidal. We suggest that these curves can be useful in comparing safety of drugs.
Annual ADR report counts of opioid drugs are examined to develop a candidate index of overall saf... more Annual ADR report counts of opioid drugs are examined to develop a candidate index of overall safety of a drug. Actual counts for various drugs have been sourced from www.vigiaccess.org. A feature found to be common to all drugs considered is that an exponential function adequately describes the pattern of cumulative counts. In the exponential model, the parameter in the exponent (rate constant) is robust and remains the same whether counts are corrected for exposure or not. We propose use of this rate constant as adversity index of a drug. Drugs in use can be ranked by value of adversity index, lower value suggesting safer drug.
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