The design of sustainable cities and buildings needs to include thoughts on circumstances influen... more The design of sustainable cities and buildings needs to include thoughts on circumstances influencing human satisfaction be it for thermal, visual, or other dimensions of human perception. While human satisfaction should be regarded as a dimension of sustainability alone, the provision of thermal and visual satisfaction is also a key driving force for energy use in buildings. Research on human perception of the built environment and their interactions with it has a long tradition. At the same time, open research questions especially with respect to the interaction between different dimensions of human perception, e.g. the effect of thermal stimuli on visual perception, are part of the current debate within the research community. In contrast, the amount of scientific knowledge related to human satisfaction transferred to architectural students is low and consequences of their decisions during design studio works for the later occupants are seldom addressed. This paper describes the ...
By applying multivariate analysis to survey data of a field study in 17 buildings, several correl... more By applying multivariate analysis to survey data of a field study in 17 buildings, several correlations between different parameters with regard to satisfaction at workplaces could be found and validated. A significant difference between winter and summer votes on the satisfaction with the indoor temperature could be shown; the dissatisfaction at neutral thermal sensation was considerably higher in summer. In total, only 30% of the occupants were very satisfied or satisfied with the temperature at their workplace in summer and winter. In most of the buildings momentary votes on thermal sensation appeared to be more positive than retrospective votes. The perceived effectiveness of attempted temperature changes proofed to be the dominant parameter for the satisfaction with the indoor temperature. By weighting single satisfaction parameters a matrix could be generated which provides a straightforward assessment of building performance by showing the optimisation potential for each parameter and the necessity to act for the building manager.
The two-day international conference "Climate and Constructions" covered the topics &qu... more The two-day international conference "Climate and Constructions" covered the topics "Building Science", "Construction Chemistry", "Urban Climate" and "Materials Technology and Construction Techniques". Beside invited lectures and a workshop part about the interactions between climate and the construction sector, there was an open call to submit abstracts. The abstracts were assessed by an international advisory board.
Zusammenfassung 2.1 Allgemeinverständliche Darstellung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und der erziel... more Zusammenfassung 2.1 Allgemeinverständliche Darstellung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und der erzielten Fortschritte gegenüber dem Stand des Wissens zum Zeitpunkt der Antragstellung. Fraunhofer ISE Im Rahmen der Testraumversuche konnten zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Fortschritte erzielt werden. Die durchgeführten Versuche bestätigen nicht nur die Blendungsbewertungskenngröße Daylight Glare Probability DGP, sondern ermöglichten auch, den DGP zu erweitern. Die Versuchsreihe mit streuenden Blendschutzsystemen zeigt, dass der DGP auch für diese Systeme ohne Modifikation anwendbar ist. Somit ist der DGP für alle marktrelevanten Blendschutzsysteme experimentell validiert. Der Einfluss des Alters auf die Blendungsbewertung konnte anhand der gewonnenen Versuchsdaten quantifiziert werden. Die Modifikation der DGP-Formel erfolgt durch einen Alterskorrekturfaktor. Für eine 60 jährige Person beträgt dieser Korrekturfaktor 1.25, für eine 20 jährige Person ist dieser 1.00. Ebenso konnte der Gültigkeitsbereich des DGP für Situationen mit geringer Blendungswahrscheinlichkeit erweitert werden. Der DGP war bislang für Werte < 0.2 nicht definiert. Auch hier erfolgt die Korrektur durch einen Faktor, der den DGP im Bereich zwischen 0.0 und 0.2 modifiziert.
Mosques are quite different from other building types in terms of occupant type and usage schedul... more Mosques are quite different from other building types in terms of occupant type and usage schedule. For this reason, they should be evaluated differently from other building types in terms of thermal comfort and energy consumption. It is difficult and probably not even necessary to create homogeneous thermal comfort in mosques’ entire usage area, which has large volumes and various areas for different activities. Nevertheless, energy consumption should be at a minimum level. In order to ensure that mosques are minimally affected by outdoor climatic changes, the improvement of the properties of the building envelope should have the highest priority. These optimal properties of the building envelope have to be in line with thermal comfort in mosques. The proposed method will be a guide for designers and occupants in the design process of new mosques or the use of existing mosques. The effect of the thermal properties of the building envelope on energy consumption was investigated to e...
Despite the fact that buildings are designed for occupants in principle, evidence suggests buildi... more Despite the fact that buildings are designed for occupants in principle, evidence suggests buildings are often uncomfortable compared to the requirements of standards; difficult to control by occupants; and, operated inefficiently with regards to occupants' preferences and presence. Meanwhile, practitionersarchitects, engineers, and building managers-lack the knowledge, tools, and precedent to design and operate buildings optimally considering the complex and diverse nature of occupants. Building on the success of IEA EBC Annex 66 ("Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings"; 2013-2017), a follow-up IEA EBC Annex 79 ("Occupant-centric building design and operation"; 2018-2023) has been developed to address gaps in knowledge, practice, and technology. Annex 79 involves international researchers from diverse disciplines like engineering, architecture, computer science, psychology, and sociology. Annex 79 and this review paper have four main areas of focus: (1) multidomain environmental exposure, building interfaces, and human behavior; (2) data-driven occupant modeling strategies and digital tools; (3) occupant-centric building design; and (4) occupant-centric building operation. The objective of this paper is to succinctly establish the status quo of the above topics and articulate the most pressing research needs-planned to be addressed by Annex 79 and beyond.
In light of recent research, it is evident that occupants are playing an increasingly important r... more In light of recent research, it is evident that occupants are playing an increasingly important role in building energy performance. Around the world, a driving factor for how buildings are designed-and operated in some cases-is the local building codes. Yet, occupant-related aspects of building energy codes have traditionally been simple because: 1) occupants are often seen as a source of uncertainty that cannot be reconciled by current code methodologies and language, and 2) the codes have not kept up with the recent surge of interest and importance of occupants. This paper provides a review of 22 international building energy codes and standards by first comparing quantitative aspects and then analyzing rules and approaches mandated by the codes. The review of requirements for prescriptive and performance path requirements revealed a wide range of occupant-related values, approaches, and attitudes. For example, a key value such as occupant density varies by nearly a factor of three between countries' codes, which among other things underlines the need for development of locally tailored occupant behaviour models for future occupant-centric building performance standards and codes. Moreover, occupants are often referred to only implicitly; the level of optimism that occupants make energy-saving actions varies greatly; and, only a few codes address occupant feedback and system usability. Based on the findings, a set of initial recommendations for future building energy codes is made. The focus in this paper is offices, though the general recommendations are applicable to other building types.
Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transformação de edifícios de escritório b... more Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transformação de edifícios de escritório brasileiros em edifícios energia zero (EEZ) em diferentes climas. O estudo foi baseado em simulações computacionais, e o desenvolvimento do modelo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na avaliação do caso protótipo (edifício referencial), que representa uma tipologia de edifícios de escritórios no Brasil. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento do caso otimizado (edifício com baixo consumo de energia) de acordo com o regulamento de eficiência energética brasileiro. O comportamento dos dois casos foi determinado e comparado com o cálculo do balanço térmico e energético do edifício. Finalmente, o caso energia zero foi obtido por meio da aplicação de tecnologias solares (BIPV) na edificação. As simulações computacionais foram realizadas através dos programas EnergyPlus e Daysim para Fortaleza, CE, e Florianópolis, SC, cidades localizadas em diferentes zonas climáticas...
The paper describes the main features of the new simulation environment ColSim (15) and a special... more The paper describes the main features of the new simulation environment ColSim (15) and a special application for investigating ventilation strategies in buildings. ColSim was developed with the inten- tion of simulating and testing complex control strategies in different HVAC and thermal solar systems, coupled to a building model. It is based on a modular structure and a modified Euler algorithm was chosen for the numerical integration of the nonlinear differential equations. In contrast to existing programs, time steps ranging down to one second are used in order to receive an accurate response of the dynamic systems. An energy and mass flow balance is automatically executed within every time step. Current activities focus on the development of controllers to drive pumps and fans in various applications. All control routines and models within ColSim are implemented in ANSI-C code and can be operated on LINUX/UNIX platforms as well as in embedded system controllers. Different publi...
With the objective of monitoring and building performance analysis the German research initiative... more With the objective of monitoring and building performance analysis the German research initiative 'Research for Energy Optimized Building (EnOB)' has funded more than 70 buildings so far. The buildings comprise a large variety of new as well as refurbished examples of building types in the residential and commercial sectors. An important feature of all buildings was the integration of energy efficiency technologies into the architectural concept. The focus of this paper is on performance evaluation of nonresidential buildings, mostly office buildings, which are characterized by passive cooling strategies. The monitoring revealed very low total site energy consumptions outperforming the reference values in the German building code by far. First approaches for net zero energy concepts were investigated as well. A thorough analysis showed that the investment costs of energy-efficient buildings were in the same range as the costs of conventional buildings. Surveys in the buildings discovered that high energy efficiency does not necessarily coincide with higher occupant satisfaction. A significant correlation was found between indoor temperature and air quality and the occupants' possibilities to control them individually.
Behavioural, physiological and psychological adaptive processes are presumed reasons for the disc... more Behavioural, physiological and psychological adaptive processes are presumed reasons for the discrepancies between predicted mean vote (PMV) and observed comfort votes during field studies. However, few is known about the individual portions of these processes to this effect. This paper describes the development of an experimental design which aims at identifying those portions and is meant for climate chambers with at least one façade connected to the exterior. The experimental design consists of distinctive settings with respect to variations in outside conditions and the number of control opportunities so that one or more of the three adaptive processes are blocked. The results of a first implementation of this experimental design presented show the ability to analyse the three processes individually with the data gathered by such procedures. As a result, the permission to interact with the built environment by means of using a fan or opening a window alone leads to an increased satisfaction with the thermal conditions. At the same time, the restriction of such behavioural reactions seems to be counterbalanced by an increased amount of physiological reactions such as an increased level of skin moisture and skin temperature. In conclusion, the developed experimental design looks promising in order to reveal the single effects leading to the phenomenon called adaptive comfort, while small adjustments are discussed for further improvements.
Schwerpunkt: Energetische Sanierung von Gebäuden, 2011
Die Energie-Zielwerte fur Demonstrationsvorhaben aus dem BMWi-Forderkonzept EnOB, Forschung fur E... more Die Energie-Zielwerte fur Demonstrationsvorhaben aus dem BMWi-Forderkonzept EnOB, Forschung fur Energie optimiertes Bauen, unterschreiten die Primarenergie-Anforderungen fur Nichtwohngebaude im Neubaubereich (EnBAU) und fur Sanierungen im Gebaudebestand (EnSan) um mindestens 50%. Diese Anforderungen stehen seit dem Inkrafttreten der EnEV 2007 in Verbindung mit dem Nachweisverfahren der DIN V 18599, das den Nutz-/ End- und Primarenergieaufwand fur Heizung, Kuhlung, Luftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung mitberucksichtigt. Im Rahmen der EnOB-Begleitforschung unter Beteiligung der Universitat Wuppertal, Universitat Dresden und dem Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie (KIT) wurden dazu 8 Demoprojekte aus den Forschungsfeldern EnSan (5) und EnBau (3) mit der Software EnEV+, Version 2.4.4 der ennovatis GmbH berechnet (Ausnahme: Das Projekt Stadtbibliothek Nurnberg wurde extern mit der Software 5S AG berechnet).
Low-temperature radiant heating systems can be considered as suitable candidates for the refurbis... more Low-temperature radiant heating systems can be considered as suitable candidates for the refurbishment of old heating systems. These systems are proven to save energy, however, their drawback is their impact on the creation of radiant temperature asymmetry and local thermal discomfort, especially in old buildings where the temperatures of surfaces (for example external walls with a low level of insulation and large windows) are low. This study aims to evaluate the potential application of low-temperature radiant ceiling heating systems (28–38 °C) in old and energy-renovated buildings, based on subjective experiments and thermal comfort criteria such as thermal sensation, comfort, satisfaction, and sensation asymmetry votes. Later, in the Discussion section, the guideline for the radiant temperature asymmetry for the warm ceiling presented in ASHRAE Standard-55 is corrected for relatively low air temperatures and different surface temperatures corresponding to “about neutral” conditi...
Resumo Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliar a influência do contexto urbano na ... more Resumo Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliar a influência do contexto urbano na radiação solar para geração de energia com uso de módulos fotovoltaicos na envoltória de edifícios verticais. A metodologia foi baseada em simulações computacionais pelos programas Diva-for-Rhino e EnergyPlus. Duas cidades brasileiras com diferentes tipos de clima foram selecionadas para o estudo: Florianópolis e Fortaleza. Foram definidos diferentes contextos urbanos considerando edifícios com alturas iguais (Elevação Uniforme) e alturas variadas (Elevação Aleatória). Através da análise de radiação solar na superfície para aplicação dos módulos fotovoltaicos analisou-se a influência do sombreamento do entorno na geração de energia de diferentes tipos de edifícios de escritório. Na sequência, foram desenvolvidas estratégias para a aplicação dos módulos fotovoltaicos na envoltória através da análise detalhada da radiação solar disponível. Os resultados mostraram que o contexto uniforme é ...
The aim of this paper is to investigate possible patterns of the occupant behaviour in residentia... more The aim of this paper is to investigate possible patterns of the occupant behaviour in residential buildings. Measurements were taken in multifamily buildings where several occupantrelated variables were recorded. We chose and compared two different clustering methods: whole time series and features clustering (kmeans algorithm). The mentioned methods were performed selecting two variables (window opening and indoor temperature), and tested with supervised learning methods. Results suggest that features clustering can perform better than whole time series. The representation of the occupant behaviour through features is meant to be applied in future work regarding the optimization of control strategies in ventilation systems.
ABSTRACT Ventilation, cooling and air-conditioning contribute significantly to the energy consump... more ABSTRACT Ventilation, cooling and air-conditioning contribute significantly to the energy consumption of many existing office buildings, particularly when primary energy factors are taken into account. “Lean” building concepts however can diminish this energy consumption by natural ventilation and passive cooling strategies. Compared to fully air-conditioned buildings the resulting indoor temperatures float in a broader band during summer and might exceed the boundaries for thermal comfort for short periods. This paper presents the monitoring results of a naturally ventilated and passively cooled bank building in Germany and shows that, even during the very hot summer of 2003, the indoor climate could be held in an acceptable range by only passive means if the rooms were operated properly. The air quality was shown to be high with natural ventilation. Investigations on the night ventilation strategy revealed an incorrect implementation of design parameters in the building management system. Further optimization potential for nocturnal airflow was found by simulations based on recorded data. The low total primary energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting of 115 kWh m-2a-1 confirmed an excellent performance of the building. Monitoring proved to be a necessary and efficient way to optimize the building&#39; operation.
Zurück zu den Beiträgen 2009-01 Nachhaltige Gebä Abbildung 1: Ansicht des Haupthauses von West (Q... more Zurück zu den Beiträgen 2009-01 Nachhaltige Gebä Abbildung 1: Ansicht des Haupthauses von West (Quelle: RKW Architekten, Fotograf: Carsten Costard) Im Rahmen des Förderprogramms "Energieoptimiert Bauen" werden seit 1995 Demonstrationsgebäude gefördert, anhand derer innovative Energiekonzepte Technologien aufgezeigt und überprüft werden. Das Haupthaus der KfW Bankengruppe in Frankfurt a.M. eines davon. Revitalisierung des Haupthauses der KfW Bankengruppe in Frankf a.M. Energiekonzept und Messergebnisse Von Michael Kleber und Andreas Wagner * Dieses Bürogebäude wurde 1968 im Frankfurter Westend nahe des Palmengartens erbaut und von 2003 bis 2006 saniert. Im Rahmen Teilprogramms EnSan [1] wurde die Sanierung durch das Fachgeb Bauphysik und Technischer Ausbau (fbta) wissenschaftlich begleite und ein zweijähriges Monitoring durchgeführt. Das Gebäude besteht aus vier miteinander verbundenen Bürotürm mit zehn bis fünfzehn Geschoßen (Abbildung 1). Der vierte, nördlichste Turm wurde im Zuge der Sanierung um drei auf elf Geschoße erhöht. Das Gebäude hat heute eine Nettogeschoßfläch von 21.875 m² und bietet Platz für 575 Mitarbeiter. Das Regelgesch weist im Wesentlichen nach Osten und Westen orientierte Büroräum auf, die jeweils über einen Flur erschlossen werden. Zwischen den beiden Fluren befinden sich Treppenhäuser und Aufzüge, Sanitärräume, Teeküchen und Archivräume. Im neunten Obergesch zweier Türme gibt es Speiseräume mit einer angegliederten Küche das Erdgeschoß wurde erweitert, so dass dort heute ein großer Sitzungssaal, drei kleinere Sitzungsräume, eine Wandelhalle und e helles Eingangsfoyer das Raumprogramm ergänzen.
In buildings research Monte Carlo (MC) methods are used for uncertainty analyses. This paper pres... more In buildings research Monte Carlo (MC) methods are used for uncertainty analyses. This paper presents an alternative approach for uncertainty analysis in buildings, coined the internal method. Here, the joint probability density functions (pdfs) of model outputs are directly computed from pdfs of the inputs. This method needs only a single simulation run to compute the output pdfs compared to significantly higher number of runs for MC methods. The application of the two competing techniques (MC and internal method) to the most elemental building problem (1R1C) reveals that MC methods prove to be much more appropriate for building problems.
The design of sustainable cities and buildings needs to include thoughts on circumstances influen... more The design of sustainable cities and buildings needs to include thoughts on circumstances influencing human satisfaction be it for thermal, visual, or other dimensions of human perception. While human satisfaction should be regarded as a dimension of sustainability alone, the provision of thermal and visual satisfaction is also a key driving force for energy use in buildings. Research on human perception of the built environment and their interactions with it has a long tradition. At the same time, open research questions especially with respect to the interaction between different dimensions of human perception, e.g. the effect of thermal stimuli on visual perception, are part of the current debate within the research community. In contrast, the amount of scientific knowledge related to human satisfaction transferred to architectural students is low and consequences of their decisions during design studio works for the later occupants are seldom addressed. This paper describes the ...
By applying multivariate analysis to survey data of a field study in 17 buildings, several correl... more By applying multivariate analysis to survey data of a field study in 17 buildings, several correlations between different parameters with regard to satisfaction at workplaces could be found and validated. A significant difference between winter and summer votes on the satisfaction with the indoor temperature could be shown; the dissatisfaction at neutral thermal sensation was considerably higher in summer. In total, only 30% of the occupants were very satisfied or satisfied with the temperature at their workplace in summer and winter. In most of the buildings momentary votes on thermal sensation appeared to be more positive than retrospective votes. The perceived effectiveness of attempted temperature changes proofed to be the dominant parameter for the satisfaction with the indoor temperature. By weighting single satisfaction parameters a matrix could be generated which provides a straightforward assessment of building performance by showing the optimisation potential for each parameter and the necessity to act for the building manager.
The two-day international conference "Climate and Constructions" covered the topics &qu... more The two-day international conference "Climate and Constructions" covered the topics "Building Science", "Construction Chemistry", "Urban Climate" and "Materials Technology and Construction Techniques". Beside invited lectures and a workshop part about the interactions between climate and the construction sector, there was an open call to submit abstracts. The abstracts were assessed by an international advisory board.
Zusammenfassung 2.1 Allgemeinverständliche Darstellung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und der erziel... more Zusammenfassung 2.1 Allgemeinverständliche Darstellung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und der erzielten Fortschritte gegenüber dem Stand des Wissens zum Zeitpunkt der Antragstellung. Fraunhofer ISE Im Rahmen der Testraumversuche konnten zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Fortschritte erzielt werden. Die durchgeführten Versuche bestätigen nicht nur die Blendungsbewertungskenngröße Daylight Glare Probability DGP, sondern ermöglichten auch, den DGP zu erweitern. Die Versuchsreihe mit streuenden Blendschutzsystemen zeigt, dass der DGP auch für diese Systeme ohne Modifikation anwendbar ist. Somit ist der DGP für alle marktrelevanten Blendschutzsysteme experimentell validiert. Der Einfluss des Alters auf die Blendungsbewertung konnte anhand der gewonnenen Versuchsdaten quantifiziert werden. Die Modifikation der DGP-Formel erfolgt durch einen Alterskorrekturfaktor. Für eine 60 jährige Person beträgt dieser Korrekturfaktor 1.25, für eine 20 jährige Person ist dieser 1.00. Ebenso konnte der Gültigkeitsbereich des DGP für Situationen mit geringer Blendungswahrscheinlichkeit erweitert werden. Der DGP war bislang für Werte < 0.2 nicht definiert. Auch hier erfolgt die Korrektur durch einen Faktor, der den DGP im Bereich zwischen 0.0 und 0.2 modifiziert.
Mosques are quite different from other building types in terms of occupant type and usage schedul... more Mosques are quite different from other building types in terms of occupant type and usage schedule. For this reason, they should be evaluated differently from other building types in terms of thermal comfort and energy consumption. It is difficult and probably not even necessary to create homogeneous thermal comfort in mosques’ entire usage area, which has large volumes and various areas for different activities. Nevertheless, energy consumption should be at a minimum level. In order to ensure that mosques are minimally affected by outdoor climatic changes, the improvement of the properties of the building envelope should have the highest priority. These optimal properties of the building envelope have to be in line with thermal comfort in mosques. The proposed method will be a guide for designers and occupants in the design process of new mosques or the use of existing mosques. The effect of the thermal properties of the building envelope on energy consumption was investigated to e...
Despite the fact that buildings are designed for occupants in principle, evidence suggests buildi... more Despite the fact that buildings are designed for occupants in principle, evidence suggests buildings are often uncomfortable compared to the requirements of standards; difficult to control by occupants; and, operated inefficiently with regards to occupants' preferences and presence. Meanwhile, practitionersarchitects, engineers, and building managers-lack the knowledge, tools, and precedent to design and operate buildings optimally considering the complex and diverse nature of occupants. Building on the success of IEA EBC Annex 66 ("Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings"; 2013-2017), a follow-up IEA EBC Annex 79 ("Occupant-centric building design and operation"; 2018-2023) has been developed to address gaps in knowledge, practice, and technology. Annex 79 involves international researchers from diverse disciplines like engineering, architecture, computer science, psychology, and sociology. Annex 79 and this review paper have four main areas of focus: (1) multidomain environmental exposure, building interfaces, and human behavior; (2) data-driven occupant modeling strategies and digital tools; (3) occupant-centric building design; and (4) occupant-centric building operation. The objective of this paper is to succinctly establish the status quo of the above topics and articulate the most pressing research needs-planned to be addressed by Annex 79 and beyond.
In light of recent research, it is evident that occupants are playing an increasingly important r... more In light of recent research, it is evident that occupants are playing an increasingly important role in building energy performance. Around the world, a driving factor for how buildings are designed-and operated in some cases-is the local building codes. Yet, occupant-related aspects of building energy codes have traditionally been simple because: 1) occupants are often seen as a source of uncertainty that cannot be reconciled by current code methodologies and language, and 2) the codes have not kept up with the recent surge of interest and importance of occupants. This paper provides a review of 22 international building energy codes and standards by first comparing quantitative aspects and then analyzing rules and approaches mandated by the codes. The review of requirements for prescriptive and performance path requirements revealed a wide range of occupant-related values, approaches, and attitudes. For example, a key value such as occupant density varies by nearly a factor of three between countries' codes, which among other things underlines the need for development of locally tailored occupant behaviour models for future occupant-centric building performance standards and codes. Moreover, occupants are often referred to only implicitly; the level of optimism that occupants make energy-saving actions varies greatly; and, only a few codes address occupant feedback and system usability. Based on the findings, a set of initial recommendations for future building energy codes is made. The focus in this paper is offices, though the general recommendations are applicable to other building types.
Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transformação de edifícios de escritório b... more Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transformação de edifícios de escritório brasileiros em edifícios energia zero (EEZ) em diferentes climas. O estudo foi baseado em simulações computacionais, e o desenvolvimento do modelo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na avaliação do caso protótipo (edifício referencial), que representa uma tipologia de edifícios de escritórios no Brasil. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento do caso otimizado (edifício com baixo consumo de energia) de acordo com o regulamento de eficiência energética brasileiro. O comportamento dos dois casos foi determinado e comparado com o cálculo do balanço térmico e energético do edifício. Finalmente, o caso energia zero foi obtido por meio da aplicação de tecnologias solares (BIPV) na edificação. As simulações computacionais foram realizadas através dos programas EnergyPlus e Daysim para Fortaleza, CE, e Florianópolis, SC, cidades localizadas em diferentes zonas climáticas...
The paper describes the main features of the new simulation environment ColSim (15) and a special... more The paper describes the main features of the new simulation environment ColSim (15) and a special application for investigating ventilation strategies in buildings. ColSim was developed with the inten- tion of simulating and testing complex control strategies in different HVAC and thermal solar systems, coupled to a building model. It is based on a modular structure and a modified Euler algorithm was chosen for the numerical integration of the nonlinear differential equations. In contrast to existing programs, time steps ranging down to one second are used in order to receive an accurate response of the dynamic systems. An energy and mass flow balance is automatically executed within every time step. Current activities focus on the development of controllers to drive pumps and fans in various applications. All control routines and models within ColSim are implemented in ANSI-C code and can be operated on LINUX/UNIX platforms as well as in embedded system controllers. Different publi...
With the objective of monitoring and building performance analysis the German research initiative... more With the objective of monitoring and building performance analysis the German research initiative 'Research for Energy Optimized Building (EnOB)' has funded more than 70 buildings so far. The buildings comprise a large variety of new as well as refurbished examples of building types in the residential and commercial sectors. An important feature of all buildings was the integration of energy efficiency technologies into the architectural concept. The focus of this paper is on performance evaluation of nonresidential buildings, mostly office buildings, which are characterized by passive cooling strategies. The monitoring revealed very low total site energy consumptions outperforming the reference values in the German building code by far. First approaches for net zero energy concepts were investigated as well. A thorough analysis showed that the investment costs of energy-efficient buildings were in the same range as the costs of conventional buildings. Surveys in the buildings discovered that high energy efficiency does not necessarily coincide with higher occupant satisfaction. A significant correlation was found between indoor temperature and air quality and the occupants' possibilities to control them individually.
Behavioural, physiological and psychological adaptive processes are presumed reasons for the disc... more Behavioural, physiological and psychological adaptive processes are presumed reasons for the discrepancies between predicted mean vote (PMV) and observed comfort votes during field studies. However, few is known about the individual portions of these processes to this effect. This paper describes the development of an experimental design which aims at identifying those portions and is meant for climate chambers with at least one façade connected to the exterior. The experimental design consists of distinctive settings with respect to variations in outside conditions and the number of control opportunities so that one or more of the three adaptive processes are blocked. The results of a first implementation of this experimental design presented show the ability to analyse the three processes individually with the data gathered by such procedures. As a result, the permission to interact with the built environment by means of using a fan or opening a window alone leads to an increased satisfaction with the thermal conditions. At the same time, the restriction of such behavioural reactions seems to be counterbalanced by an increased amount of physiological reactions such as an increased level of skin moisture and skin temperature. In conclusion, the developed experimental design looks promising in order to reveal the single effects leading to the phenomenon called adaptive comfort, while small adjustments are discussed for further improvements.
Schwerpunkt: Energetische Sanierung von Gebäuden, 2011
Die Energie-Zielwerte fur Demonstrationsvorhaben aus dem BMWi-Forderkonzept EnOB, Forschung fur E... more Die Energie-Zielwerte fur Demonstrationsvorhaben aus dem BMWi-Forderkonzept EnOB, Forschung fur Energie optimiertes Bauen, unterschreiten die Primarenergie-Anforderungen fur Nichtwohngebaude im Neubaubereich (EnBAU) und fur Sanierungen im Gebaudebestand (EnSan) um mindestens 50%. Diese Anforderungen stehen seit dem Inkrafttreten der EnEV 2007 in Verbindung mit dem Nachweisverfahren der DIN V 18599, das den Nutz-/ End- und Primarenergieaufwand fur Heizung, Kuhlung, Luftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung mitberucksichtigt. Im Rahmen der EnOB-Begleitforschung unter Beteiligung der Universitat Wuppertal, Universitat Dresden und dem Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie (KIT) wurden dazu 8 Demoprojekte aus den Forschungsfeldern EnSan (5) und EnBau (3) mit der Software EnEV+, Version 2.4.4 der ennovatis GmbH berechnet (Ausnahme: Das Projekt Stadtbibliothek Nurnberg wurde extern mit der Software 5S AG berechnet).
Low-temperature radiant heating systems can be considered as suitable candidates for the refurbis... more Low-temperature radiant heating systems can be considered as suitable candidates for the refurbishment of old heating systems. These systems are proven to save energy, however, their drawback is their impact on the creation of radiant temperature asymmetry and local thermal discomfort, especially in old buildings where the temperatures of surfaces (for example external walls with a low level of insulation and large windows) are low. This study aims to evaluate the potential application of low-temperature radiant ceiling heating systems (28–38 °C) in old and energy-renovated buildings, based on subjective experiments and thermal comfort criteria such as thermal sensation, comfort, satisfaction, and sensation asymmetry votes. Later, in the Discussion section, the guideline for the radiant temperature asymmetry for the warm ceiling presented in ASHRAE Standard-55 is corrected for relatively low air temperatures and different surface temperatures corresponding to “about neutral” conditi...
Resumo Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliar a influência do contexto urbano na ... more Resumo Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliar a influência do contexto urbano na radiação solar para geração de energia com uso de módulos fotovoltaicos na envoltória de edifícios verticais. A metodologia foi baseada em simulações computacionais pelos programas Diva-for-Rhino e EnergyPlus. Duas cidades brasileiras com diferentes tipos de clima foram selecionadas para o estudo: Florianópolis e Fortaleza. Foram definidos diferentes contextos urbanos considerando edifícios com alturas iguais (Elevação Uniforme) e alturas variadas (Elevação Aleatória). Através da análise de radiação solar na superfície para aplicação dos módulos fotovoltaicos analisou-se a influência do sombreamento do entorno na geração de energia de diferentes tipos de edifícios de escritório. Na sequência, foram desenvolvidas estratégias para a aplicação dos módulos fotovoltaicos na envoltória através da análise detalhada da radiação solar disponível. Os resultados mostraram que o contexto uniforme é ...
The aim of this paper is to investigate possible patterns of the occupant behaviour in residentia... more The aim of this paper is to investigate possible patterns of the occupant behaviour in residential buildings. Measurements were taken in multifamily buildings where several occupantrelated variables were recorded. We chose and compared two different clustering methods: whole time series and features clustering (kmeans algorithm). The mentioned methods were performed selecting two variables (window opening and indoor temperature), and tested with supervised learning methods. Results suggest that features clustering can perform better than whole time series. The representation of the occupant behaviour through features is meant to be applied in future work regarding the optimization of control strategies in ventilation systems.
ABSTRACT Ventilation, cooling and air-conditioning contribute significantly to the energy consump... more ABSTRACT Ventilation, cooling and air-conditioning contribute significantly to the energy consumption of many existing office buildings, particularly when primary energy factors are taken into account. “Lean” building concepts however can diminish this energy consumption by natural ventilation and passive cooling strategies. Compared to fully air-conditioned buildings the resulting indoor temperatures float in a broader band during summer and might exceed the boundaries for thermal comfort for short periods. This paper presents the monitoring results of a naturally ventilated and passively cooled bank building in Germany and shows that, even during the very hot summer of 2003, the indoor climate could be held in an acceptable range by only passive means if the rooms were operated properly. The air quality was shown to be high with natural ventilation. Investigations on the night ventilation strategy revealed an incorrect implementation of design parameters in the building management system. Further optimization potential for nocturnal airflow was found by simulations based on recorded data. The low total primary energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting of 115 kWh m-2a-1 confirmed an excellent performance of the building. Monitoring proved to be a necessary and efficient way to optimize the building&#39; operation.
Zurück zu den Beiträgen 2009-01 Nachhaltige Gebä Abbildung 1: Ansicht des Haupthauses von West (Q... more Zurück zu den Beiträgen 2009-01 Nachhaltige Gebä Abbildung 1: Ansicht des Haupthauses von West (Quelle: RKW Architekten, Fotograf: Carsten Costard) Im Rahmen des Förderprogramms "Energieoptimiert Bauen" werden seit 1995 Demonstrationsgebäude gefördert, anhand derer innovative Energiekonzepte Technologien aufgezeigt und überprüft werden. Das Haupthaus der KfW Bankengruppe in Frankfurt a.M. eines davon. Revitalisierung des Haupthauses der KfW Bankengruppe in Frankf a.M. Energiekonzept und Messergebnisse Von Michael Kleber und Andreas Wagner * Dieses Bürogebäude wurde 1968 im Frankfurter Westend nahe des Palmengartens erbaut und von 2003 bis 2006 saniert. Im Rahmen Teilprogramms EnSan [1] wurde die Sanierung durch das Fachgeb Bauphysik und Technischer Ausbau (fbta) wissenschaftlich begleite und ein zweijähriges Monitoring durchgeführt. Das Gebäude besteht aus vier miteinander verbundenen Bürotürm mit zehn bis fünfzehn Geschoßen (Abbildung 1). Der vierte, nördlichste Turm wurde im Zuge der Sanierung um drei auf elf Geschoße erhöht. Das Gebäude hat heute eine Nettogeschoßfläch von 21.875 m² und bietet Platz für 575 Mitarbeiter. Das Regelgesch weist im Wesentlichen nach Osten und Westen orientierte Büroräum auf, die jeweils über einen Flur erschlossen werden. Zwischen den beiden Fluren befinden sich Treppenhäuser und Aufzüge, Sanitärräume, Teeküchen und Archivräume. Im neunten Obergesch zweier Türme gibt es Speiseräume mit einer angegliederten Küche das Erdgeschoß wurde erweitert, so dass dort heute ein großer Sitzungssaal, drei kleinere Sitzungsräume, eine Wandelhalle und e helles Eingangsfoyer das Raumprogramm ergänzen.
In buildings research Monte Carlo (MC) methods are used for uncertainty analyses. This paper pres... more In buildings research Monte Carlo (MC) methods are used for uncertainty analyses. This paper presents an alternative approach for uncertainty analysis in buildings, coined the internal method. Here, the joint probability density functions (pdfs) of model outputs are directly computed from pdfs of the inputs. This method needs only a single simulation run to compute the output pdfs compared to significantly higher number of runs for MC methods. The application of the two competing techniques (MC and internal method) to the most elemental building problem (1R1C) reveals that MC methods prove to be much more appropriate for building problems.
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Papers by Andreas Wagner