Additional file 2 of Occupancy of avian foraging guilds in soybean fields and borders in Entre Ríos, Argentina: responses to vegetation structure and prey resources
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Sampling scheme in soybean fields and borders showing survey dates ... more Additional file 2: Figure S1. Sampling scheme in soybean fields and borders showing survey dates and insecticide applications over time. Figure S2. Detection and occupancy probabilities for bird groups in the interior of fields at different seasons. Figure S3. Total arthropod counts collected with vacuum, sweep net, and pooled in the interior of soybean fields. Figure S4. Total arthropod counts collected with vacuum, sweep net, and pooled in borders of soybean fields.
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a sendee ... more This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a sendee to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Additional file 1 of Occupancy of avian foraging guilds in soybean fields and borders in Entre Ríos, Argentina: responses to vegetation structure and prey resources
Additional file 1: Table S1. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in the interior of soy... more Additional file 1: Table S1. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in the interior of soybean fields. Table S2. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in borders of soybean fields. Table S3. Descriptive statistics of covariates used to model bird occupancy in the interior of fields. Table S4. Descriptive statistics of covariates used to model bird occupancy in borders of fields. Table S5. Descriptive statistics of main weather covariates during bird surveys in Entre Ríos. Table S6. Best models predicting avian occupancy and detection in the interior of soybean fields. Table S7. Best models predicting avian occupancy and detection in borders of soybean fields. Table S8. Poisson generalized linear mixed models predicting abundance of main arthropod orders consumed by birds.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Multi-Season Regional Analysis of Multi- Species Occupancy: Implications for Bird Conservation in Agricultural Lands in East
Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biod... more Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. In Argentina, the total row crop planted area has increased in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation, homoge-nizing the landscape. In 2003 we started the first long-term, large-scale bird monitoring pro-gram in agroecosystems of central Argentina, in portions of the Pampas and Espinal ecoregions. Using data from this program, we evaluated the effect of land use and cover extent on birds between 2003-2012, accounting for imperfect detection probabilities using a Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-season occupancy model. We tested predic-tions that species diversity is positively related to habitat heterogeneity, which in intensified agroecosystems is thought to be mediated by food availability; thus the extent of land use and cover is predicted to affect foraging guilds differently. We also infer about ecosystem se...
Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes [Conjunto de datos]
Supplementary information of Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets i... more Supplementary information of Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology (First published: 21 July 2020)
Efectos de la heterogeneidad del hábitat sobre la densidad y riqueza de aves en campos de soja en Entre Ríos, Argentina
Birds play several roles in agricultural lands and respond to habitat heterogeneity within the ag... more Birds play several roles in agricultural lands and respond to habitat heterogeneity within the agricultural landscape. Agricultural intensification in Argentina has increased the sown area, mainly with soybean, fragmenting landscapes in the pampas and mesopotamic region. In Entre Rios Province, the original Espinal forest has been fragmented, leaving remnant patches of natural vegetation, in cases modified by cattle grazing. These changes represent a potential threat for avian conservation. In Entre Rios, terraces may be a useful habitat in maintaining avian diversity, similar to other non-cropped linear habitats in agricultural landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that habitat heterogeneity created by terraces would maintain higher species richness and densities of avian species that use original or modified forests within cropped areas compared to fields without terraces. The study was carried out in soybean fields with an adjacent forest and either herbaceous, shrub or no terrace...
The theory of ecosystem services (ES) needs to be operationalized to contribute to practices lead... more The theory of ecosystem services (ES) needs to be operationalized to contribute to practices leading to sustainable use of ecosystems, which includes solving trade-offs between private and public benefits and incorporating monetary and non-monetary values to help inform decisions. We developed a framework to analyse the impacts of farmers' management alternatives on Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forst.) Oerst. forest in northern Patagonia, and analysed synergies and trade-offs between private and public benefits based on three conceptual and methodological approaches: a) a state-and-transition model of ecosystem dynamics, and b) indicators of values of ecosystem service benefits based on the cascade model, implemented as c) a decision support tool based on a Bayesian network. We optimized a utility function for short (0-10 yr) and long (70-140 yr) term management decisions (levels of grazing, logging and tree planting) based on monetary and non-monetary indicators of benefits that fulfilled "farmer's satisfaction" objectives. We then assessed the consequences of these decisions on the fulfilment of public benefits as defined by the National Forest Law when projected into short (0-10 yr), intermediate (10-40 yr) and long (70-140 yr) time horizons. We found that when short-term decisions are projected into a long-time horizon, they lead to high losses of benefits, mainly linked to "regulating and maintenance" ES. On the other hand, long-term decisions improved the level of benefits in degraded systems but resulted in the degradation of well-preserved forests. The decisions that optimize farmer's satisfaction did not change with different weights of "farm income" in the utility function, indicating the absence of trade-offs between monetary and non-monetary benefits considered in the utility function. The tool developed helps to show long-term impacts of management, and discloses cause-effect relationships between levels of use and multiple benefits. It can therefore support measures aiming to raise awareness about degradation trends, and improve the functional understanding of the system wich can help to identify solutions for socioeconomic and environmental sustainability.
Background Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a challenge given the growing... more Background Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a challenge given the growing demand for agricultural products. In recent decades, Argentina has witnessed agricultural expansion and intensification affecting biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Within agroecosystems, the level of habitat quality is critical for birds, and may depend on vegetation structure, availability of invertebrate prey, and the use of pesticides. Although the relationship between vegetation structure and avian occurrence has been widely studied, to our knowledge, there are no studies that also incorporate prey availability throughout the cycle of soybean crops in Argentina. We estimated and predicted the effects of land cover and temporal variation on the occurrence of avian foraging guilds in Entre Ríos, Argentina, in order to guide management related to potential ecosystem services provided by birds. We also estimated temporal effects of vegetation structure and insecticides on ...
... consume invertebrates, herbaceous terraces may make a considerable contribution to pest manag... more ... consume invertebrates, herbaceous terraces may make a considerable contribution to pest management (Jones et al. 2005). ... Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,Córdoba. ... Harvey CA, Villanueva C, Villacís J, Chacón M, Muñoz D, López M, Ibrahim M ...
Bird conservation, and associated ecosystem services, is challenged by agricultural intensificati... more Bird conservation, and associated ecosystem services, is challenged by agricultural intensification and expansion. In Pampas grassland and Espinal forest ecoregions of east-central Argentina these processes have been ongoing and rapid, requiring the assessment of their impact on biodiversity so as to recommend management alternatives. The objective of this study was to gather evidence to inform decision-making for bird conservation in agroecosystems, focusing on foraging guilds and potential ecosystem services provided. I evaluated the effects of land use on birds at a regional scale in the Pampas and Espinal, using 10 years of a regional bird monitoring program, modeling occupancy with hierarchical multi-species dynamic models using a Bayesian approach. At a local scale, I evaluated factors influencing the use of soybean fields and borders by birds, using bird surveys and arthropod sampling in 78 borders and 20 soybean fields, in four crop stages for two years. I analyzed bird occupancy using multiple-groups singleseason models, separating field interior and edges, and fitting Poisson mixed models for counts of the orders of arthropods consumed by birds. I used structured decision making (SDM) to find optimal management strategies to integrate bird conservation with soybean agriculture. I demonstrated how the regional scale results can be used as a tool for decision-making, mapping species-based spatial distributions over time. Although potential ecosystem services offered by birds were distributed throughout the study area, few species could provide them in crop dominated areas. Most raptors, unlike other guilds, were associated with soybean. Most insectivore gleaners seemed unaffected by crops, suggesting their perception of landscape at smaller scales. Birds in soybean fields are mainly those common in agroecosystems, some likely providing pest control service, while most guilds benefited from native trees in borders. Counts of arthropods preyed by birds remained mostly constant throughout the soybean cycle. Finally, I identified the objectives of the SDM process: maximizing insectivorous birds and farmers' wellbeing, while minimizing management costs. Reducing insecticide applications in soybean, and either planting trees in borders or no management, were the best decisions dependent on constraints of cost allocation and percent of managed border.
Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biod... more Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. In Argentina, the total row crop planted area has increased in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation, homogenizing the landscape. In 2003 we started the first long-term, large-scale bird monitoring program in agroecosystems of central Argentina, in portions of the Pampas and Espinal ecoregions. Using data from this program, we evaluated the effect of land use and cover extent on birds between 2003-2012, accounting for imperfect detection probabilities using a Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-season occupancy model. We tested predictions that species diversity is positively related to habitat heterogeneity, which in intensified agroecosystems is thought to be mediated by food availability; thus the extent of land use and cover is predicted to affect foraging guilds differently. We also infer about ecosystem servi...
El logo de La Alianza del Pastizal con la imagen el Tordo amarillo (ave en preligro de extinción ... more El logo de La Alianza del Pastizal con la imagen el Tordo amarillo (ave en preligro de extinción en cuatro países de la región) representa la iniciativa para la conservación de los pastizales del Cono Sur durante más de diez años desde su fundación. Durante su trayectoria, esta iniciativa plasma sus resultados en el uso del mismo tanto en tranqueras de establecimientos ganaderos como en publicaciones, congresos o en la web. En la imagen queda asociado al alcance de la Alianza del Pastizal con el proyecto "PASTIZALES Y SABANAS DEL CONO SUR DE SUDAMÉRICA: Iniciativas para su conservación en la Argentina" presentado en este capítulo. Tomado del portal de la web: facebook.
Bird population trends (2003-2011) and landscape and climate change in agroecosystems of Central Argentina: an approach using density estimation from distance sampling and mixed linear modeling
Agricultural expansion and intensification recently occurring in Argentina, particularly in the P... more Agricultural expansion and intensification recently occurring in Argentina, particularly in the Pampas region, has resulted in important changes in the agricultural landscape. Consequently, biotic populations may have experienced changes on abundance and distribution. In this work, we analyzed the relationship between changes in the density of four bird species (Eared Dove, Monk Parakeet, Fork-tailed Flycatcher and White-browed Blackbird) and environmental variables associated to climate, vegetation cover and productivity for the 2003-2011 period in Central Argentina. The study area consisted of three agricultural sub-regions (predominantly agricultural, agricultural-rangeland and agricultural-forested rangeland). Bird populations were sampled yearly in 48 30-point routes located on secondary roads. Points were separated by 1 km and sampled for 3 minutes, using distance sampling. Density was estimated using three models (uniform, halfnormal and hazard rate) and two adjustment terms ...
Additional file 2 of Occupancy of avian foraging guilds in soybean fields and borders in Entre Ríos, Argentina: responses to vegetation structure and prey resources
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Sampling scheme in soybean fields and borders showing survey dates ... more Additional file 2: Figure S1. Sampling scheme in soybean fields and borders showing survey dates and insecticide applications over time. Figure S2. Detection and occupancy probabilities for bird groups in the interior of fields at different seasons. Figure S3. Total arthropod counts collected with vacuum, sweep net, and pooled in the interior of soybean fields. Figure S4. Total arthropod counts collected with vacuum, sweep net, and pooled in borders of soybean fields.
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a sendee ... more This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a sendee to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Additional file 1 of Occupancy of avian foraging guilds in soybean fields and borders in Entre Ríos, Argentina: responses to vegetation structure and prey resources
Additional file 1: Table S1. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in the interior of soy... more Additional file 1: Table S1. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in the interior of soybean fields. Table S2. A priori avian occupancy and detection models in borders of soybean fields. Table S3. Descriptive statistics of covariates used to model bird occupancy in the interior of fields. Table S4. Descriptive statistics of covariates used to model bird occupancy in borders of fields. Table S5. Descriptive statistics of main weather covariates during bird surveys in Entre Ríos. Table S6. Best models predicting avian occupancy and detection in the interior of soybean fields. Table S7. Best models predicting avian occupancy and detection in borders of soybean fields. Table S8. Poisson generalized linear mixed models predicting abundance of main arthropod orders consumed by birds.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Multi-Season Regional Analysis of Multi- Species Occupancy: Implications for Bird Conservation in Agricultural Lands in East
Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biod... more Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. In Argentina, the total row crop planted area has increased in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation, homoge-nizing the landscape. In 2003 we started the first long-term, large-scale bird monitoring pro-gram in agroecosystems of central Argentina, in portions of the Pampas and Espinal ecoregions. Using data from this program, we evaluated the effect of land use and cover extent on birds between 2003-2012, accounting for imperfect detection probabilities using a Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-season occupancy model. We tested predic-tions that species diversity is positively related to habitat heterogeneity, which in intensified agroecosystems is thought to be mediated by food availability; thus the extent of land use and cover is predicted to affect foraging guilds differently. We also infer about ecosystem se...
Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes [Conjunto de datos]
Supplementary information of Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets i... more Supplementary information of Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology (First published: 21 July 2020)
Efectos de la heterogeneidad del hábitat sobre la densidad y riqueza de aves en campos de soja en Entre Ríos, Argentina
Birds play several roles in agricultural lands and respond to habitat heterogeneity within the ag... more Birds play several roles in agricultural lands and respond to habitat heterogeneity within the agricultural landscape. Agricultural intensification in Argentina has increased the sown area, mainly with soybean, fragmenting landscapes in the pampas and mesopotamic region. In Entre Rios Province, the original Espinal forest has been fragmented, leaving remnant patches of natural vegetation, in cases modified by cattle grazing. These changes represent a potential threat for avian conservation. In Entre Rios, terraces may be a useful habitat in maintaining avian diversity, similar to other non-cropped linear habitats in agricultural landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that habitat heterogeneity created by terraces would maintain higher species richness and densities of avian species that use original or modified forests within cropped areas compared to fields without terraces. The study was carried out in soybean fields with an adjacent forest and either herbaceous, shrub or no terrace...
The theory of ecosystem services (ES) needs to be operationalized to contribute to practices lead... more The theory of ecosystem services (ES) needs to be operationalized to contribute to practices leading to sustainable use of ecosystems, which includes solving trade-offs between private and public benefits and incorporating monetary and non-monetary values to help inform decisions. We developed a framework to analyse the impacts of farmers' management alternatives on Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forst.) Oerst. forest in northern Patagonia, and analysed synergies and trade-offs between private and public benefits based on three conceptual and methodological approaches: a) a state-and-transition model of ecosystem dynamics, and b) indicators of values of ecosystem service benefits based on the cascade model, implemented as c) a decision support tool based on a Bayesian network. We optimized a utility function for short (0-10 yr) and long (70-140 yr) term management decisions (levels of grazing, logging and tree planting) based on monetary and non-monetary indicators of benefits that fulfilled "farmer's satisfaction" objectives. We then assessed the consequences of these decisions on the fulfilment of public benefits as defined by the National Forest Law when projected into short (0-10 yr), intermediate (10-40 yr) and long (70-140 yr) time horizons. We found that when short-term decisions are projected into a long-time horizon, they lead to high losses of benefits, mainly linked to "regulating and maintenance" ES. On the other hand, long-term decisions improved the level of benefits in degraded systems but resulted in the degradation of well-preserved forests. The decisions that optimize farmer's satisfaction did not change with different weights of "farm income" in the utility function, indicating the absence of trade-offs between monetary and non-monetary benefits considered in the utility function. The tool developed helps to show long-term impacts of management, and discloses cause-effect relationships between levels of use and multiple benefits. It can therefore support measures aiming to raise awareness about degradation trends, and improve the functional understanding of the system wich can help to identify solutions for socioeconomic and environmental sustainability.
Background Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a challenge given the growing... more Background Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a challenge given the growing demand for agricultural products. In recent decades, Argentina has witnessed agricultural expansion and intensification affecting biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Within agroecosystems, the level of habitat quality is critical for birds, and may depend on vegetation structure, availability of invertebrate prey, and the use of pesticides. Although the relationship between vegetation structure and avian occurrence has been widely studied, to our knowledge, there are no studies that also incorporate prey availability throughout the cycle of soybean crops in Argentina. We estimated and predicted the effects of land cover and temporal variation on the occurrence of avian foraging guilds in Entre Ríos, Argentina, in order to guide management related to potential ecosystem services provided by birds. We also estimated temporal effects of vegetation structure and insecticides on ...
... consume invertebrates, herbaceous terraces may make a considerable contribution to pest manag... more ... consume invertebrates, herbaceous terraces may make a considerable contribution to pest management (Jones et al. 2005). ... Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,Córdoba. ... Harvey CA, Villanueva C, Villacís J, Chacón M, Muñoz D, López M, Ibrahim M ...
Bird conservation, and associated ecosystem services, is challenged by agricultural intensificati... more Bird conservation, and associated ecosystem services, is challenged by agricultural intensification and expansion. In Pampas grassland and Espinal forest ecoregions of east-central Argentina these processes have been ongoing and rapid, requiring the assessment of their impact on biodiversity so as to recommend management alternatives. The objective of this study was to gather evidence to inform decision-making for bird conservation in agroecosystems, focusing on foraging guilds and potential ecosystem services provided. I evaluated the effects of land use on birds at a regional scale in the Pampas and Espinal, using 10 years of a regional bird monitoring program, modeling occupancy with hierarchical multi-species dynamic models using a Bayesian approach. At a local scale, I evaluated factors influencing the use of soybean fields and borders by birds, using bird surveys and arthropod sampling in 78 borders and 20 soybean fields, in four crop stages for two years. I analyzed bird occupancy using multiple-groups singleseason models, separating field interior and edges, and fitting Poisson mixed models for counts of the orders of arthropods consumed by birds. I used structured decision making (SDM) to find optimal management strategies to integrate bird conservation with soybean agriculture. I demonstrated how the regional scale results can be used as a tool for decision-making, mapping species-based spatial distributions over time. Although potential ecosystem services offered by birds were distributed throughout the study area, few species could provide them in crop dominated areas. Most raptors, unlike other guilds, were associated with soybean. Most insectivore gleaners seemed unaffected by crops, suggesting their perception of landscape at smaller scales. Birds in soybean fields are mainly those common in agroecosystems, some likely providing pest control service, while most guilds benefited from native trees in borders. Counts of arthropods preyed by birds remained mostly constant throughout the soybean cycle. Finally, I identified the objectives of the SDM process: maximizing insectivorous birds and farmers' wellbeing, while minimizing management costs. Reducing insecticide applications in soybean, and either planting trees in borders or no management, were the best decisions dependent on constraints of cost allocation and percent of managed border.
Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biod... more Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. In Argentina, the total row crop planted area has increased in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation, homogenizing the landscape. In 2003 we started the first long-term, large-scale bird monitoring program in agroecosystems of central Argentina, in portions of the Pampas and Espinal ecoregions. Using data from this program, we evaluated the effect of land use and cover extent on birds between 2003-2012, accounting for imperfect detection probabilities using a Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-season occupancy model. We tested predictions that species diversity is positively related to habitat heterogeneity, which in intensified agroecosystems is thought to be mediated by food availability; thus the extent of land use and cover is predicted to affect foraging guilds differently. We also infer about ecosystem servi...
El logo de La Alianza del Pastizal con la imagen el Tordo amarillo (ave en preligro de extinción ... more El logo de La Alianza del Pastizal con la imagen el Tordo amarillo (ave en preligro de extinción en cuatro países de la región) representa la iniciativa para la conservación de los pastizales del Cono Sur durante más de diez años desde su fundación. Durante su trayectoria, esta iniciativa plasma sus resultados en el uso del mismo tanto en tranqueras de establecimientos ganaderos como en publicaciones, congresos o en la web. En la imagen queda asociado al alcance de la Alianza del Pastizal con el proyecto "PASTIZALES Y SABANAS DEL CONO SUR DE SUDAMÉRICA: Iniciativas para su conservación en la Argentina" presentado en este capítulo. Tomado del portal de la web: facebook.
Bird population trends (2003-2011) and landscape and climate change in agroecosystems of Central Argentina: an approach using density estimation from distance sampling and mixed linear modeling
Agricultural expansion and intensification recently occurring in Argentina, particularly in the P... more Agricultural expansion and intensification recently occurring in Argentina, particularly in the Pampas region, has resulted in important changes in the agricultural landscape. Consequently, biotic populations may have experienced changes on abundance and distribution. In this work, we analyzed the relationship between changes in the density of four bird species (Eared Dove, Monk Parakeet, Fork-tailed Flycatcher and White-browed Blackbird) and environmental variables associated to climate, vegetation cover and productivity for the 2003-2011 period in Central Argentina. The study area consisted of three agricultural sub-regions (predominantly agricultural, agricultural-rangeland and agricultural-forested rangeland). Bird populations were sampled yearly in 48 30-point routes located on secondary roads. Points were separated by 1 km and sampled for 3 minutes, using distance sampling. Density was estimated using three models (uniform, halfnormal and hazard rate) and two adjustment terms ...
The rapid expansion of agriculture in recent decades in Argentina poses challenges for conservati... more The rapid expansion of agriculture in recent decades in Argentina poses challenges for conservation of bird diversity because many species that provide ecosystems services to agriculture are sensitive to these changes. Several regional drivers, such as climatic conditions or production systems, could affect bird’s persistence and modify distribution patterns. We evaluated relationships between bird occupancy and richness and land use-cover, and explored temporal trends in three sub-regions based on predominant agricultural production activities in an area comprising 255,000 km2 of Espinal and Pampas ecoregions, which contains the main agricultural areas in Argentina. Between 2003-2012, we conducted yearly surveys using point counts along secondary roads in two heterogeneous sub-regions, one with native forest, agriculture and cattle activities (“Entre Rios”, n=120 sites) and another with a combination grazing grasslands and crops (“Inland Pampas”, n=168); and an area with a predominance of annual crops(mostly soybean and corn, “Soybean”,n=192). We accounted for imperfect detection using Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-season occupancy models. Richness, species occupancy and temporal trends differed between subregions. A higher number of species were negatively affected by soybean proportion in the Soybean sub-region (Beta community -0.701, CRI95% (-1.39;-0.04)). Landscape heterogeneity in Entre Rios and Inland benefit birds, mitigating agricultural land use effects (Beta community -0.201 (CRI95% -0.75;0.35); -0.24 (CRI95% -0.87;0.39)). Richness was low and stable in Inland, while in Entre Ríos, increased in time. We found no clear trends in richness in the Soybean sub-region. Our results provide baseline information for decision making, to reconcile bird conservation with agriculture at regional scales.
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