2007 International Conference on Electrical Engineering, 2007
... Efficient Wavelength Utilization in WDM EPONs A. Rafiq, SMH Zaidi and M. Ramzan Nust Institut... more ... Efficient Wavelength Utilization in WDM EPONs A. Rafiq, SMH Zaidi and M. Ramzan Nust Institute of Information Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. ... [8] of the line rate and frame format[7]. While talking in terms of cost, the pure TDM approach is more ...
For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and... more For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and radio network crimes, digital forensic for radio networks provides foundations. The data transfer rate for the next-generation wireless networks would be much greater than today’s network in the coming years. The fifth-generation wireless systems are considering bands beyond 6 GHz. The network design of the next-generation wireless systems depends on propagation characteristics, frequency reuse, and bandwidth variation. This article declares the channel’s propagation characteristics of both line of sight (LoS) and non-LOS (NLoS) to construct and detect the path of rays coming from anomalies. The simulations were carried out to investigate the diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD). Indoor and outdoor measurements were taken with the omnidirectional circular dipole antenna with a transmitting frequency of 28 GHz and 60 GHz to compare the two bands of the 5th generation. Millimeter...
Access control mechanisms define the level of access to the resources among specified users. It d... more Access control mechanisms define the level of access to the resources among specified users. It distinguishes the users as authorized or unauthorized based on appropriate policies. Several traditional and hybrid access control models have been proposed in previous researches over the last few decades. In this study, we provide a detailed survey of access control models and compare the traditional and hybrid access control models based on their access control criteria. This survey focuses on the growing literature of access control models and summarizes it through comparative analysis, identifying limitations and illustrating the advantages of both traditional and hybrid models. This study will help the researchers to get a deep understanding of the traditional and hybrid access control models.
2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 2016
Although they have matured over previous years, there are some limitations to the Optical and Wir... more Although they have matured over previous years, there are some limitations to the Optical and Wireless access network technologies and therefore cannot deal with the increasing bandwidth requirements and quality of service demands. The complementary nature of these technologies favor their convergence which is an effective solution providing increased bandwidth and seamless connectivity. This paper briefly discusses related convergence architectures & in particular the Fi-WSN, its gateway design requirements with Message Prioritization as a gateway designing issue. We propose an algorithm consisting of three CoS priority queues and its performance is compared with the existing system consist of only two CoS priority queues. By using a simulation and randomly generated traffic. Analysis of the results show that the proposed algorithm have lesser end to end average delays for the event driven emergency data as well as for the frequently collected ambient data.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2022
In the article titled "Square-Framed T Shape mmwave Antenna Array at 28 GHz for Future 5G Devices... more In the article titled "Square-Framed T Shape mmwave Antenna Array at 28 GHz for Future 5G Devices" [1], the order of the author names has been incorrectly published and the correct order is found above.
In recent decades, agricultural goods demand has grown exponentially due to the growth of the hum... more In recent decades, agricultural goods demand has grown exponentially due to the growth of the human population. Agricultural production demands new and simple techniques. Moreover, safe, efficient, and cost-effective methods are required for monitoring agriculture crops. This research aims to provide a simple image processing technique that detects and distinguishes the object (agricultural goods) in dronebased agrarian imagery. We used cotton crop images as experimental data in this research due to its different spectral characteristics according to drone camera sensors, minimum weather constraints, and flight schedule timing-related constraints. The proposed method used fuzzy reasoning-based tactics combined with RGB and HSV color spaces by manipulating image color pixel values and setting the upper/lower limits values of the colors for detection and distinguishing the agricultural objects such as white cotton bolls from the rest of the image.
2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 2018
As rotor position sensors, the variable reluctance (VR) resolvers are playing critical roles in t... more As rotor position sensors, the variable reluctance (VR) resolvers are playing critical roles in the industrial electric machine drivers. The VR resolvers have a simple structure, therefore, they are reliable and durable under rough operation scenarios. However, the dedicated decoding system requires the voltage signal injection with high-frequency (HF), which must be much higher than the machine operation frequency. The HF injection increases the decoding computation and system cost, especially for the highspeed applications. To avoid applying the HF injection, this paper proposes a new category of VR resolvers by adopting the concept of the doubly salient permanent magnet (PM) motor. The doubly salient PM machines have the magnets and windings on the stator side, thus, they can keep simple and reliable rotors as the VR resolvers. A significant benefit is that the stator-PM can produce back-EMF, which provides the rotor position information. By this way, the HF injection-based VR resolver solution is only serving for low-speeds and can be shut down as long as the PM back-EMF can be detected by the analog circuit. Besides, the proposed linear counterpart is also a novel option for the mover position sensor in the high speed and long distance linear drive system. The modeled examples are analyzed by finite-element analysis (FEA).
Unintentional lane departure accidents are one of the biggest reasons for the causalities that oc... more Unintentional lane departure accidents are one of the biggest reasons for the causalities that occur due to human errors. By incorporating lane-keeping features in vehicles, many accidents can be avoided. The lane-keeping system operates by auto-steering the vehicle in order to keep it within the desired lane, despite of changes in road conditions and other interferences. Accurate steering angle prediction is crucial to keep the vehicle within the road boundaries, which is a challenging task. The main difficulty in this regard is to identify the drivable road area on heterogeneous road types varying in color, texture, illumination conditions, and lane marking types. This strenuous problem can be addressed by two approaches, namely, 'computer-vision-based approach' and 'imitation-learning-based approach'. To the best of our knowledge, at present, there is no such detailed review study covering both the approaches and their related optimization techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to provide a clear picture of both approaches of steering angle prediction in the form of step by step procedures. The taxonomy of steering angle prediction has been presented in the paper for a better comprehension of the problem. We have also discussed open research problems at the end of the paper to help the researchers of this area to discover new research horizons.
The development of multimedia content has resulted in a massive increase in network traffic for v... more The development of multimedia content has resulted in a massive increase in network traffic for video streaming. It demands such types of solutions that can be addressed to obtain the user's Quality-of-Experience (QoE). 360-degree videos have already taken up the user's behavior by storm. However, the users only focus on the part of 360-degree videos, known as a viewport. Despite the immense hype, 360-degree videos convey a loathsome side effect about viewport prediction, making viewers feel uncomfortable because user viewport needs to be pre-fetched in advance. Ideally, we can minimize the bandwidth consumption if we know what the user motion in advance. Looking into the problem definition, we propose an Encoder-Decoder based Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to more accurately capture the non-linear relationship between past and future viewport positions. This model takes the transforming data instead of taking the direct input to predict the future user movement. Then, this prediction model is combined with a rate adaptation approach that assigns the bitrates to various tiles for 360-degree video frames under a given network capacity. Hence, our proposed work aims to facilitate improved system performance when QoE parameters are jointly optimized. Some experiments were carried out and compared with existing work to prove the performance of the proposed model. Last but not least, the experiments implementation of our proposed work provides high user's QoE than its competitors.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES, 2020
Next generation ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is a promising technology to cater hug... more Next generation ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is a promising technology to cater huge bandwidth and efficient distribution demands of the future Internet services. IEEE working group has been doing efforts for the standardization of NG-EPON. Four wavelength channels of 25Gbps each are supported by NG-EPON for the transmission of optical network unit (ONU) traffic towards optical line terminal (OLT). Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of bandwidth resources between subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed a DWBA algorithm named as efficient bandwidth management algorithm (EBMA) for NG-EPON. EBMA has been designed to manage the diversified traffic requirements of different ONUs. EBMA performance is evaluated comparatively with modified IPACT (M-IPACT) and first fit (FF-DWBA) algorithms. EBMA for NG-EPON proves to be better on the basis of packet delay, packet drop ratio and grant utilization. Simulation results showed improved performance of EBMA in comparison with M-IPACT and FF-DWBA algorithms.
PON can be used by two technologies, which were developed APONs (ATM Passive Optical Networks) an... more PON can be used by two technologies, which were developed APONs (ATM Passive Optical Networks) and EPONs (Ethernet Passive Optical Networks).With the development of services offered by the Internet, the "last mile" bottleneck problems continue to increase day by day. Many algorithms were developed for making TDM EPON efficient like IPACT, Scheduling, Priority swapping etc. These all algorithms have problems like starvation, QoS, latency and channel underutilization. We focused the efficient bandwidth utilization in TDM EPON by managing time slots within ONUs and reducing latency, starvation and increasing quality of service. Our Fixed Innovative Bandwidth Algorithm is an intra-ONU bandwidth allocation algorithm, which is used to enhance the network performance by evaluating the parameters like channel underutilization, starvation, delay and Quality of Service. The issues which are lacking in the already made algorithms are being resolved with our proposed solution. The main problem is that the other solutions didn't use the time slots which are guaranteed to their classes efficiently. In FIB Algorithm this issue is being resolved.
In this research, a novel T shape antenna is proposed for millimetre-wave (mmwave) 5G systems. De... more In this research, a novel T shape antenna is proposed for millimetre-wave (mmwave) 5G systems. Designed on 0.254 mm thin Roggers 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.3 and the loss tangent of 0.0009, the proposed antenna offers a wideband characteristics of nearly 8 GHz with gain of 4.25 dBi for single element. Based on these characteristics, the single element is further constructed into a four-element linear array with a compact size of 18.5 × 24 mm2 The proposed antenna array exhibited dual beam radiation patterns with a high realized gain of 11.5 dBi and 94% efficiency. The measured results from the fabricated prototype well agree with the simulated results and thus, therefore, make the proposed antenna system a well-suited candidate for future mmwave devices.
The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two a... more The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two architectures on the basis of the wavelength sharing by the optical network units (ONUs). The single scheduling domain (SSD) and multi-scheduling domain (MSD) EPON are the two different design architectures for NG-EPON. A vital task in NG-EPON is to design dynamic wavelength bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms that can meet the future demands of the network subscribers. A number of DWBA algorithms have been designed for time and wavelength division multiplex (TWDM) EPON. The existing DWBA algorithms for TWDM-EPON could be used in MSD-EPON by making necessary parametric changes. The design and implementation of new DWBA algorithms for MSD-EPON are still required specifically. In this paper, we have proposed a quality of service (QoS)-based DWBA algorithm for NG-EPON. We have comparatively analyzed our proposed DWBA with the existing algorithms like earlier finished time (EFT), weighted ...
NFC-IEFR Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2016
In the field of computer sciences such as graphics and also analyzing the image and its processin... more In the field of computer sciences such as graphics and also analyzing the image and its processing, face recognition is the most prominent problem due to the comprehensive variation of faces and the complexity of noises and image backgrounds. The purpose and working of this system is that it identifies the face of a person from the real time video and verifies the person from the images store in the database. This paper provides a review of the methodologies and techniques used for face detection and recognition. Firstly a brief introduction of Facial Recognition is given then the review of the face recognition's working which has been done until now, is briefly introduced. Then the next sections covered the approaches, methodologies, techniques and their comparison. Holistic, Feature based and Hybrid approaches are basically used for face recognition methodologies. Eigen Faces, Fisher Faces and LBP methodologies were introduced for recognition purpose. Eigen Faces is most frequently used because of its efficiencies. To observe the efficient techniques of facial recognition, there are many scenarios to measure its performance which are based on real time.
2007 International Symposium on High Capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies, 2007
Abstract We work to solve the problem of efficient wavelength utilization in WDM EPON. This probl... more Abstract We work to solve the problem of efficient wavelength utilization in WDM EPON. This problem is highlighted because it plays an important role for the up-gradation of WDM EPON implemented in the access. In WDM EPON we have multiple channels available. Channel ...
An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON... more An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON); to handle enormous bandwidth and effective distribution requirements for prospective Internet based services. Standardization procedures for NG-EPON are in progress. Transmission of data traffic from Optical Network Units (ONUs) towards Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in NG-EPON is carried out through four wavelengths each operating at a data rate of 25Gbps. Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of the bandwidth resources between the subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed two different DWBA algorithms for NG-EPON; DWBA-I and DWBA-II. DWBA-I is a Quality-of-Service based algorithm that has been designed to manage the different types of data traffic in NG-EPON. DWBA-I performs better than the different existing DBA algorithms in terms of packet delay, completion time and packet drop ratio. DWBA-II is an algorithm designed to meet the system requirement specifications of NG-EPON and handle traffic requirements of subscribers in a cost effective manner. DWBA-II algorithm is comparatively analyzed and evaluated with First-Fit-DWBA and Modified-IPACT algorithms. Performance of DWBA-II is better on the basis of average delay, grant utilization, completion time and packets drop ratio. Performance of DWBA-I and DWBA-II has been evaluated through simulation results.
2007 International Conference on Electrical Engineering, 2007
... Efficient Wavelength Utilization in WDM EPONs A. Rafiq, SMH Zaidi and M. Ramzan Nust Institut... more ... Efficient Wavelength Utilization in WDM EPONs A. Rafiq, SMH Zaidi and M. Ramzan Nust Institute of Information Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. ... [8] of the line rate and frame format[7]. While talking in terms of cost, the pure TDM approach is more ...
For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and... more For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and radio network crimes, digital forensic for radio networks provides foundations. The data transfer rate for the next-generation wireless networks would be much greater than today’s network in the coming years. The fifth-generation wireless systems are considering bands beyond 6 GHz. The network design of the next-generation wireless systems depends on propagation characteristics, frequency reuse, and bandwidth variation. This article declares the channel’s propagation characteristics of both line of sight (LoS) and non-LOS (NLoS) to construct and detect the path of rays coming from anomalies. The simulations were carried out to investigate the diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD). Indoor and outdoor measurements were taken with the omnidirectional circular dipole antenna with a transmitting frequency of 28 GHz and 60 GHz to compare the two bands of the 5th generation. Millimeter...
Access control mechanisms define the level of access to the resources among specified users. It d... more Access control mechanisms define the level of access to the resources among specified users. It distinguishes the users as authorized or unauthorized based on appropriate policies. Several traditional and hybrid access control models have been proposed in previous researches over the last few decades. In this study, we provide a detailed survey of access control models and compare the traditional and hybrid access control models based on their access control criteria. This survey focuses on the growing literature of access control models and summarizes it through comparative analysis, identifying limitations and illustrating the advantages of both traditional and hybrid models. This study will help the researchers to get a deep understanding of the traditional and hybrid access control models.
2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 2016
Although they have matured over previous years, there are some limitations to the Optical and Wir... more Although they have matured over previous years, there are some limitations to the Optical and Wireless access network technologies and therefore cannot deal with the increasing bandwidth requirements and quality of service demands. The complementary nature of these technologies favor their convergence which is an effective solution providing increased bandwidth and seamless connectivity. This paper briefly discusses related convergence architectures & in particular the Fi-WSN, its gateway design requirements with Message Prioritization as a gateway designing issue. We propose an algorithm consisting of three CoS priority queues and its performance is compared with the existing system consist of only two CoS priority queues. By using a simulation and randomly generated traffic. Analysis of the results show that the proposed algorithm have lesser end to end average delays for the event driven emergency data as well as for the frequently collected ambient data.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2022
In the article titled "Square-Framed T Shape mmwave Antenna Array at 28 GHz for Future 5G Devices... more In the article titled "Square-Framed T Shape mmwave Antenna Array at 28 GHz for Future 5G Devices" [1], the order of the author names has been incorrectly published and the correct order is found above.
In recent decades, agricultural goods demand has grown exponentially due to the growth of the hum... more In recent decades, agricultural goods demand has grown exponentially due to the growth of the human population. Agricultural production demands new and simple techniques. Moreover, safe, efficient, and cost-effective methods are required for monitoring agriculture crops. This research aims to provide a simple image processing technique that detects and distinguishes the object (agricultural goods) in dronebased agrarian imagery. We used cotton crop images as experimental data in this research due to its different spectral characteristics according to drone camera sensors, minimum weather constraints, and flight schedule timing-related constraints. The proposed method used fuzzy reasoning-based tactics combined with RGB and HSV color spaces by manipulating image color pixel values and setting the upper/lower limits values of the colors for detection and distinguishing the agricultural objects such as white cotton bolls from the rest of the image.
2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 2018
As rotor position sensors, the variable reluctance (VR) resolvers are playing critical roles in t... more As rotor position sensors, the variable reluctance (VR) resolvers are playing critical roles in the industrial electric machine drivers. The VR resolvers have a simple structure, therefore, they are reliable and durable under rough operation scenarios. However, the dedicated decoding system requires the voltage signal injection with high-frequency (HF), which must be much higher than the machine operation frequency. The HF injection increases the decoding computation and system cost, especially for the highspeed applications. To avoid applying the HF injection, this paper proposes a new category of VR resolvers by adopting the concept of the doubly salient permanent magnet (PM) motor. The doubly salient PM machines have the magnets and windings on the stator side, thus, they can keep simple and reliable rotors as the VR resolvers. A significant benefit is that the stator-PM can produce back-EMF, which provides the rotor position information. By this way, the HF injection-based VR resolver solution is only serving for low-speeds and can be shut down as long as the PM back-EMF can be detected by the analog circuit. Besides, the proposed linear counterpart is also a novel option for the mover position sensor in the high speed and long distance linear drive system. The modeled examples are analyzed by finite-element analysis (FEA).
Unintentional lane departure accidents are one of the biggest reasons for the causalities that oc... more Unintentional lane departure accidents are one of the biggest reasons for the causalities that occur due to human errors. By incorporating lane-keeping features in vehicles, many accidents can be avoided. The lane-keeping system operates by auto-steering the vehicle in order to keep it within the desired lane, despite of changes in road conditions and other interferences. Accurate steering angle prediction is crucial to keep the vehicle within the road boundaries, which is a challenging task. The main difficulty in this regard is to identify the drivable road area on heterogeneous road types varying in color, texture, illumination conditions, and lane marking types. This strenuous problem can be addressed by two approaches, namely, 'computer-vision-based approach' and 'imitation-learning-based approach'. To the best of our knowledge, at present, there is no such detailed review study covering both the approaches and their related optimization techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to provide a clear picture of both approaches of steering angle prediction in the form of step by step procedures. The taxonomy of steering angle prediction has been presented in the paper for a better comprehension of the problem. We have also discussed open research problems at the end of the paper to help the researchers of this area to discover new research horizons.
The development of multimedia content has resulted in a massive increase in network traffic for v... more The development of multimedia content has resulted in a massive increase in network traffic for video streaming. It demands such types of solutions that can be addressed to obtain the user's Quality-of-Experience (QoE). 360-degree videos have already taken up the user's behavior by storm. However, the users only focus on the part of 360-degree videos, known as a viewport. Despite the immense hype, 360-degree videos convey a loathsome side effect about viewport prediction, making viewers feel uncomfortable because user viewport needs to be pre-fetched in advance. Ideally, we can minimize the bandwidth consumption if we know what the user motion in advance. Looking into the problem definition, we propose an Encoder-Decoder based Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to more accurately capture the non-linear relationship between past and future viewport positions. This model takes the transforming data instead of taking the direct input to predict the future user movement. Then, this prediction model is combined with a rate adaptation approach that assigns the bitrates to various tiles for 360-degree video frames under a given network capacity. Hence, our proposed work aims to facilitate improved system performance when QoE parameters are jointly optimized. Some experiments were carried out and compared with existing work to prove the performance of the proposed model. Last but not least, the experiments implementation of our proposed work provides high user's QoE than its competitors.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES, 2020
Next generation ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is a promising technology to cater hug... more Next generation ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is a promising technology to cater huge bandwidth and efficient distribution demands of the future Internet services. IEEE working group has been doing efforts for the standardization of NG-EPON. Four wavelength channels of 25Gbps each are supported by NG-EPON for the transmission of optical network unit (ONU) traffic towards optical line terminal (OLT). Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of bandwidth resources between subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed a DWBA algorithm named as efficient bandwidth management algorithm (EBMA) for NG-EPON. EBMA has been designed to manage the diversified traffic requirements of different ONUs. EBMA performance is evaluated comparatively with modified IPACT (M-IPACT) and first fit (FF-DWBA) algorithms. EBMA for NG-EPON proves to be better on the basis of packet delay, packet drop ratio and grant utilization. Simulation results showed improved performance of EBMA in comparison with M-IPACT and FF-DWBA algorithms.
PON can be used by two technologies, which were developed APONs (ATM Passive Optical Networks) an... more PON can be used by two technologies, which were developed APONs (ATM Passive Optical Networks) and EPONs (Ethernet Passive Optical Networks).With the development of services offered by the Internet, the "last mile" bottleneck problems continue to increase day by day. Many algorithms were developed for making TDM EPON efficient like IPACT, Scheduling, Priority swapping etc. These all algorithms have problems like starvation, QoS, latency and channel underutilization. We focused the efficient bandwidth utilization in TDM EPON by managing time slots within ONUs and reducing latency, starvation and increasing quality of service. Our Fixed Innovative Bandwidth Algorithm is an intra-ONU bandwidth allocation algorithm, which is used to enhance the network performance by evaluating the parameters like channel underutilization, starvation, delay and Quality of Service. The issues which are lacking in the already made algorithms are being resolved with our proposed solution. The main problem is that the other solutions didn't use the time slots which are guaranteed to their classes efficiently. In FIB Algorithm this issue is being resolved.
In this research, a novel T shape antenna is proposed for millimetre-wave (mmwave) 5G systems. De... more In this research, a novel T shape antenna is proposed for millimetre-wave (mmwave) 5G systems. Designed on 0.254 mm thin Roggers 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.3 and the loss tangent of 0.0009, the proposed antenna offers a wideband characteristics of nearly 8 GHz with gain of 4.25 dBi for single element. Based on these characteristics, the single element is further constructed into a four-element linear array with a compact size of 18.5 × 24 mm2 The proposed antenna array exhibited dual beam radiation patterns with a high realized gain of 11.5 dBi and 94% efficiency. The measured results from the fabricated prototype well agree with the simulated results and thus, therefore, make the proposed antenna system a well-suited candidate for future mmwave devices.
The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two a... more The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two architectures on the basis of the wavelength sharing by the optical network units (ONUs). The single scheduling domain (SSD) and multi-scheduling domain (MSD) EPON are the two different design architectures for NG-EPON. A vital task in NG-EPON is to design dynamic wavelength bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms that can meet the future demands of the network subscribers. A number of DWBA algorithms have been designed for time and wavelength division multiplex (TWDM) EPON. The existing DWBA algorithms for TWDM-EPON could be used in MSD-EPON by making necessary parametric changes. The design and implementation of new DWBA algorithms for MSD-EPON are still required specifically. In this paper, we have proposed a quality of service (QoS)-based DWBA algorithm for NG-EPON. We have comparatively analyzed our proposed DWBA with the existing algorithms like earlier finished time (EFT), weighted ...
NFC-IEFR Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2016
In the field of computer sciences such as graphics and also analyzing the image and its processin... more In the field of computer sciences such as graphics and also analyzing the image and its processing, face recognition is the most prominent problem due to the comprehensive variation of faces and the complexity of noises and image backgrounds. The purpose and working of this system is that it identifies the face of a person from the real time video and verifies the person from the images store in the database. This paper provides a review of the methodologies and techniques used for face detection and recognition. Firstly a brief introduction of Facial Recognition is given then the review of the face recognition's working which has been done until now, is briefly introduced. Then the next sections covered the approaches, methodologies, techniques and their comparison. Holistic, Feature based and Hybrid approaches are basically used for face recognition methodologies. Eigen Faces, Fisher Faces and LBP methodologies were introduced for recognition purpose. Eigen Faces is most frequently used because of its efficiencies. To observe the efficient techniques of facial recognition, there are many scenarios to measure its performance which are based on real time.
2007 International Symposium on High Capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies, 2007
Abstract We work to solve the problem of efficient wavelength utilization in WDM EPON. This probl... more Abstract We work to solve the problem of efficient wavelength utilization in WDM EPON. This problem is highlighted because it plays an important role for the up-gradation of WDM EPON implemented in the access. In WDM EPON we have multiple channels available. Channel ...
An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON... more An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON); to handle enormous bandwidth and effective distribution requirements for prospective Internet based services. Standardization procedures for NG-EPON are in progress. Transmission of data traffic from Optical Network Units (ONUs) towards Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in NG-EPON is carried out through four wavelengths each operating at a data rate of 25Gbps. Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of the bandwidth resources between the subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed two different DWBA algorithms for NG-EPON; DWBA-I and DWBA-II. DWBA-I is a Quality-of-Service based algorithm that has been designed to manage the different types of data traffic in NG-EPON. DWBA-I performs better than the different existing DBA algorithms in terms of packet delay, completion time and packet drop ratio. DWBA-II is an algorithm designed to meet the system requirement specifications of NG-EPON and handle traffic requirements of subscribers in a cost effective manner. DWBA-II algorithm is comparatively analyzed and evaluated with First-Fit-DWBA and Modified-IPACT algorithms. Performance of DWBA-II is better on the basis of average delay, grant utilization, completion time and packets drop ratio. Performance of DWBA-I and DWBA-II has been evaluated through simulation results.
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Papers by Ammar Rafiq