This experiment was carried out in factorial complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 repli... more This experiment was carried out in factorial complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 replications and 12 treatment combinations at the College Research Farm, Banda University, of Agriculture & Technology, Banda (Uttar Pradesh) during the winter season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. The treatments consisted of three genotypes of Indian mustard namely, 1) 'PM 25', 2) 'NRCHB 101', and 3) 'DRMR 150-35' and four sulphur levels i.e. a) No Sulphur (0), b) 10 kg, c) 20 kg, and d) 30 kg per hectare. The results indicated that marked differences were observed among the Indian mustard's genotypes with regard to yields and crop biomass. The genotypes 'DRMR 150-35' produced the maximum seed yield of 1505 kg and 1560 kg ha -1 being a margin of 5.98% & 11.89% and 3.45% & 8.03% over remaining genotypes , respectively though it remained comparable with 'NRCHB 101 but proved distinct advantage over PM 25 during both the years. Similarly, genotype 'NRCHB 101' produced significantly higher dry matter production plant -1 , protein content and protein recovery as compared 'PM 25'. Increasing application of sulphur to the crop correspondingly enhanced a higher dry matter production plant -1 , siliquae plant -1 , seed yield, stover yield, oil content, oil yield, protein content, protein yield, nutrient (N and S) content and their nutrient uptake.
Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approach... more Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approaches have enabled the creation of diverse virtual organizations and enterprises coordinating their activities primarily online. The open innovation platform titled "International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce" (INPST) was established in 2018, to bring together in collaborative environment individuals and organizations interested in natural product scientific research, and to empower their interactions by using digital communication tools. Methods: In this work, we present a general overview of INPST activities and showcase the specific use of Twitter as a powerful networking tool that was used to host a one-week "2021 INPST Twitter Networking Event" (spanning from 31st May 2021 to 6th June 2021) based on the application of the Twitter hashtag #INPST. The use of this hashtag during the networking event period was analyzed with Symplur Signals (), revealing a total of 6,036 tweets, shared by 686 users, which generated a total of 65,004,773 impressions (views of the respective tweets). This networking event's achieved high visibility and participation rate showcases a convincing example of how this social media platform can be used as a highly effective tool to host virtual Twitter-based international biomedical research events.
Background: Chabro is a strain of poultry birds especially designed for backyard farming and is m... more Background: Chabro is a strain of poultry birds especially designed for backyard farming and is more adoptive to climatic variations in the tropics. The thyroid gland plays an important role in controlling basal metabolic rate. Histochemical changes of the gland in association with seasonal changes have not been studied so far in Chabro chicken. The present study describes the season related variations in the histochemistry of thyroid gland. Methods: The histochemical study was conducted on thyroid gland of eight to ten weeks old 24 apparently healthy Chabro chickens procured from Poultry Farm, DUVASU, Mathura. The birds were divided into two groups consisting of 12 chickens in each group reared in summer and winter seasons. Result: The capsule showed mild reaction for PAS, protein and glycogen. Follicular cells showed intense reaction for bound lipids, protein and alkaline phosphatase. The colloid in summer season showed strong reaction for PAS at periphery and very strong reaction...
Cultivars with efficient root systems play a major role in enhancing resource use efficiency, par... more Cultivars with efficient root systems play a major role in enhancing resource use efficiency, particularly water absorption, and thus in drought tolerance. In this study, a diverse wheat association panel of 136 wheat accessions including mini core subset was genotyped using Axiom 35k Breeders’ Array to identify genomic regions associated with seedling stage root architecture and shoot traits using multi-locus genome-wide association studies (ML-GWAS). The association panel revealed a wide variation of 1.5- to 50-fold and were grouped into six clusters based on 15 traits. Six different ML-GWAS models revealed 456 significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for various traits with phenotypic variance in the range of 0.12–38.60%. Of these, 87 QTNs were repeatedly detected by two or more models and were considered reliable genomic regions for the respective traits. Among these QTNs, eleven were associated with average diameter and nine each for second order lateral root number (S...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2021
An experiment was undertaken to examine the yield potential and genetic parameters of Indian must... more An experiment was undertaken to examine the yield potential and genetic parameters of Indian mustard through yield and yield contributing traits in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Twenty-five mustard genotypes were assessed for nine agro-morphological traits during Rabi 2018-19. Phenotypic data were subjected to analysis of variance, pairwise mean comparison, genetic parameter studies, and association analysis using R-Packages 1.5, STAR 2.0.1, and SPAR 2.0 Package. The evaluated germplasm had ample genetic variability for studied traits and trait-specific genotypes have been identified. The trait seed yield showed higher heritability coupled with higher genetic advance as percent of the mean (99% and 70.41) followed by the number of SB (98% and 65.57) and TSW (100% and 62.50) are more authentic for selecting the leading genotype. The association studies revealed a significant and positive correlation of seed yield with the number of siliquae per plant (0.346), siliquae len...
Animal biometrics is a frontier area of computer vision, pattern recognition and cognitive scienc... more Animal biometrics is a frontier area of computer vision, pattern recognition and cognitive science to plays the vital role for the registration, unique identification, and verification of livestock (cattle). The existing handcrafted texture feature extraction and appearance based feature representation techniques are unable to perform the animal recognition in the unconstrained environment. Recently deep learning approaches have achieved more attention for recognition of species or individual animal using visual features. In this research, we propose the deep learning based approach for identification of individual cattle based on their primary muzzle point (nose pattern) image pattern characteristics to addressing the problem of missed or swapped animals and false insurance claims. The major contributions of the work as follows: (1) preparation of muzzle point image database, which are not publically available, (2) extraction of the salient set of texture features and representation of muzzle point image of cattle using the deep learning based convolution neural network, deep belief neural network proposed approaches. The stacked denoising auto-encoder technique is applied to encode the extracted feature of muzzle point images and (3) experimental results and analysis of proposed approach. Extensive experimental results illustrate that the proposed deep learning approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods for recognition of cattle on muzzle point image database. The efficacy of the proposed deep learning approach is computed under different identification settings. With multiple test galleries, rank-1 identification accuracy of 98.99% is achieved.
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and ... more Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% S...
Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 2016
Temporal bone dissection has important role in educating, and training the surgeons. Temporal bon... more Temporal bone dissection has important role in educating, and training the surgeons. Temporal bone has complicated three dimensional anatomy and it is challenging for young surgeons to understand and operate. Not knowing the anatomy may cause serious consequences to patient due to injury to vital structures. It is important to learn temporal bone harvesting techniques, preservation of specimens, fixation and to reduce the health hazards posed by these specimens by taking safety measures. Spending more time in temporal bone laboratory and repeated dissection of temporal bones provides the skills necessary in the operating room for future generation. All training institutes should establish temporal bone laboratory in their department to provide the necessary expertise to future generation while maintaining safe and secure environment.
Background & objectives: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India, and the emergence of mu... more Background & objectives: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India, and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has further complicated the situation. Though several studies characterizing drug sensitive and drug resistant strains are available in literature, almost all studies are done on unrelated strains. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the proteomic data of four sequential isolates of Mtb from a single patient who developed MDR-TB during the course of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT). Methods: In this study, using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we compared and analyzed the cell lysate proteins of Mtb sequential clinical isolates from a patient undergoing anti-TB treatment. The mRNA expression levels of selected identified proteins were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The genotypes of all four isolates remained homologous, indicating no re-infection. The initial isolate (before treatment) was sensitive to all first-line drugs, but the consecutive isolates were found to be resistant to isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and developed mutations in the katG, inhA and rpoB. The intensities of 27 protein spots were found to be consistently overexpressed in INH and RIF resistant isolates. The most prominent and overexpressed proteins found during the development of drug resistance were GarA (Rv1827), wag31 (Rv2145c), Rv1437 and Rv2970c. This preliminary proteomic study provides an insight about the proteins that are upregulated during drug resistance development. These upregulated proteins, identified here, could prove useful as immunodiagnostic and possibly drug resistant markers in future. However, more studies are required to confirm these findings.
International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2011
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a member of the family of mammalian heme peroxidases. It catalyzes the o... more Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a member of the family of mammalian heme peroxidases. It catalyzes the oxidation of halides and pseudohalides in presence of hydrogen peroxide. LPO has been co-crystallized with inorganic substrates, SCN(-), I(-), Br(-) and Cl(-). The structure determination of the complex of LPO with above four substrates showed that all of them occupied distinct positions in the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The bound substrate ions were separated from each other by one or more water molecules. The heme iron is coordinated to His-351 N(ϵ2) on the proximal side while it is coordinated to conserved water molecule W-1 on the distal heme side. W-1 is hydrogen bonded to Br(-) ion which is followed by Cl(-) ion with a hydrogen bonded water molecule W-5' between them. Next to Cl(-) ion is a hydrogen bonded water molecule W-7' which in turn is hydrogen bonded to…
The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multivitamin and micronutrient supplementati... more The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multivitamin and micronutrient supplementation in azoospermic patients with maturation arrest. A total of 35 azoospermic patients showing maturation arrest on testicular biopsy were recruited in this study. The patients were divided into two groups. Untreated group (n=11) without any treatment and treated group (n=24) who received multivitamins, micronutrients and co-enzyme Q10. The sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated at monthly interval. The results showed reduction in liquefaction time and relative viscosity of the semen in the treated group. Further, in treated group there was appearance of spermatozoa (4.0 million/ml) exhibiting progressive motility (7%) and normal morphology (6%), even in the first follow up visit. The sperm count, motility and normal morphology increased significantly on subsequent visits. Within 3 months (3 visits) 2 pregnancies were reported. These observations indicate that multivi...
2014 24th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 2014
The variety of applications for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is continuously growing, t... more The variety of applications for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is continuously growing, thus it is important to address power consumption issues during the operation. As technological node shrinks, leakage power becomes increasingly critical in overall power consumption of FPGA. The technique of configuration pre-fetching (loads configurations as soon as possible) adopted to achieve high performance is one of the major reasons of leakage waste since regions containing reconfiguration information cannot be powered down in between the time gap of reconfiguration and execution. In this work, we present a heuristic approach to minimize the leakage power consumption for twodimensional reconfigurable FPGA architectures. The heuristic scheduler is based on list scheduling and exploits dynamic priority for sorting the tasks into schedule order and a cost function for cell allocation. Farthest placement scheme is adopted for antifragmentation purpose. The cost function provides control to compromise between leakage dissipation and schedule length.
Proceedings of the 24th edition of the great lakes symposium on VLSI, 2014
Shrinking size of transistors has enabled us to integrate more and more logic elements into FPGA ... more Shrinking size of transistors has enabled us to integrate more and more logic elements into FPGA chips leading to higher computing power. However, it also brings serious concern to the leakage power dissipation of the FPGA devices. One of the major reasons for leakage power dissipation in FPGA is the utilization of prefetching technique to minimize the reconfiguration overhead (delay) in Partially Reconfigurable (PR) FPGAs. This technique creates delays between the reconfiguration and execution parts of a task, which may lead up to 44% leakage power of FPGA since the SRAM-cells containing reconfiguration information cannot be powered down. In this work, a resource management approach containing scheduling, placement and post-placement stages has been proposed to address the aforementioned issue. In scheduling stage, a leakage-aware cost function is derived to cope with the leakage power. The placement stage uses a cost function that allows designers to decide a trade-off between performance and leakage-saving. The post-placement stage employs a heuristic approach and shows further improvements. Experiments show that our approach can achieve large leakage savings for both synthetic and real life applications with acceptable extended deadline. Furthermore, different variants of the proposed approach can reduce leakage power by 40-65% when compared to a performance-driven approach and by 15-43% when compared to state-of-the-art works.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006
The sudden increase in information derived from the completed Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) ... more The sudden increase in information derived from the completed Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) genome sequences has revealed the need for approaches capable of converting raw genome sequence data into functional information. To date, an experimental system for studying protein–protein association in mycobacteria is not available. We have developed a simple system, termed mycobacterial protein fragment complementation (M-PFC), that is based upon the functional reconstitution of two small murine dihydrofolate reductase domains independently fused to two interacting proteins. Using M-PFC, we have successfully demonstrated dimerization of yeast GCN4, interaction between Mtb KdpD and KdpE, and association between Esat-6 and Cfp-10. We established the association between the sensor kinase, DevS, and response regulator, DevR, thereby demonstrating the potential of M-PFC to study protein associations in the mycobacterial membrane. To validate our system, we screened an Mtb library for pro...
The binding and structural studies of bovine lactoperoxidase with three aromatic ligands, acetyls... more The binding and structural studies of bovine lactoperoxidase with three aromatic ligands, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), salicylhydoxamic acid (SHA), and benzylhydroxamic acid (BHA) show that all the three compounds bind to lactoperoxidase at the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The binding of ASA occurs without perturbing the position of conserved heme water molecule W-1, whereas both SHA and BHA displace it by the hydroxyl group of their hydroxamic acid moieties. The acetyl group carbonyl oxygen atom of ASA forms a hydrogen bond with W-1, which in turn makes three other hydrogen-bonds, one each with heme iron, His-109 N ⑀2 , and Gln-105 N ⑀2 . In contrast, in the complexes of SHA and BHA, the OH group of hydroxamic acid moiety in both complexes interacts with heme iron directly with Fe-OH distances of 3.0 and 3.2A ˚respectively. The OH is also hydrogen bonded to His-109 N ⑀2 and Gln-105N ⑀2 . The plane of benzene ring of ASA is inclined at 70.7°from the plane of heme moiety, whereas the aromatic planes of SHA and BHA are nearly parallel to the heme plane with inclinations of 15.7 and 6.2°, respectively. The mode of ASA binding provides the information about the mechanism of action of aromatic substrates, whereas the binding characteristics of SHA and BHA indicate the mode of inhibitor binding. Lactoperoxidase (LPO) 4 (EC 1.11.1.7) is a member of the family of glycosylated mammalian heme-containing peroxidase enzymes which also includes myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and thyroid peroxidase. These enzymes also show functional similarities to non-homologous plant and fungal peroxidases because they follow a similar scheme of reaction (1-3), but their modes of ligand binding differ considerably. Furthermore, the association of the prosthetic heme group in mammalian peroxidases is through covalent bonds (4 -9), whereas covalent linkages are absent in other peroxidases (10 -14). Among the four mammalian peroxidases, the prosthetic heme group is linked through three covalent bonds in MPO, whereas in LPO, EPO, and thyroid peroxidase only two covalent linkages are formed. So far the detailed crystal structures of only two mammalian peroxidases, MPO and LPO,. One of the most striking differences between these two mammalian peroxidases is concerned with the basic structural organization in which MPO exists as a covalently linked dimer, whereas LPO is a monomeric protein. At present the fundamental questions pertaining to mammalian heme peroxidases are (i) what distinguishes between the aromatic ligands that one ligand acts as a substrate, whereas the other ligand works as an inhibitor and (ii) how the substrate and inhibitor specificities differ between two enzymes lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase. Lactoperoxidase oxidizes inorganic ions, preferentially thiocyanate (SCN Ϫ ), and to a lesser extent, bromide (Br Ϫ ), whereas in the case of myeloperoxidase the chloride (Cl Ϫ ) ion is a preferred substrate . The mammalian peroxidases including LPO are also involved in catalyzing the single electron oxidation of various physiologically important organic aromatic substrates including phenols , catecholamines, and catechols (25-27) as well as other experimental model compounds such as aromatic amines (28), polychlorinated biphenyls (29), steroid hormones (30 -32), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (33). However, the mode of binding of aromatic ligands and associated functional implications are not yet clearly understood. Surprisingly, the structural data on the complexes of mammalian peroxidases with aromatic ligands are conspicuously lacking. The only available structural report is on the complex of MPO with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) (34). Even in this case, the coordinates of this structure are not available for a detailed analysis. In the case of non-homologous plant peroxidases, a few crystal structures of their complexes with aromatic compounds are available , but their modes of binding are not very similar to those of mammalian peroxidases because the distal ligand binding sites in mammalian and plant peroxidases differ markedly. In this regard it is pertinent to note
The crystal structure of the complex of lactoperoxidase (LPO) with its physiological substrate th... more The crystal structure of the complex of lactoperoxidase (LPO) with its physiological substrate thiocyanate (SCN ؊ ) has been determined at 2.4 A ˚resolution. It revealed that the SCN ؊ ion is bound to LPO in the distal heme cavity. The observed orientation of the SCN ؊ ion shows that the sulfur atom is closer to the heme iron than the nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom of SCN ؊ forms a hydrogen bond with a water (Wat) molecule at position 6. This water molecule is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds with Gln 423 N ⑀2 and Phe 422 oxygen. In contrast, the placement of the SCN ؊ ion in the structure of myeloperoxidase (MPO) occurs with an opposite orientation, in which the nitrogen atom is closer to the heme iron than the sulfur atom. The site corresponding to the positions of Gln 423 , Phe 422 oxygen, and Wat 6 in LPO is occupied primarily by the side chain of Phe 407 in MPO due to an entirely different conformation of the loop corresponding to the segment Arg 418 -Phe 431 of LPO. This arrangement in MPO does not favor a similar orientation of the SCN ؊ ion. The orientation of the catalytic product OSCN ؊ as reported in the structure of LPO⅐OSCN ؊ is similar to the orientation of SCN ؊ in the structure of LPO⅐SCN ؊ . Similarly, in the structure of LPO⅐SCN ؊ ⅐CN ؊ , in which CN ؊ binds at Wat 1 , the position and orientation of the SCN ؊ ion are also identical to that observed in the structure of LPO⅐SCN.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase peroxidase (MtCP). We report here binding studies, an enzyme ... more Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase peroxidase (MtCP). We report here binding studies, an enzyme assay involving INH, and the crystal structure of the complex of bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) with INH to illuminate binding properties and INH activation as well as the mode of diffusion and interactions together with a detailed structural and functional comparison with MtCP. The structure determination shows that isoniazid binds to LPO at the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The substrate binding site is connected to the protein surface through a long hydrophobic channel. The acyl hydrazide moiety of isoniazid interacts with Phe 422 O, Gln 423 O ⑀1 , and Phe 254 O. In this arrangement, pyridinyl nitrogen forms a hydrogen bond with a water molecule, W-1, which in turn forms three hydrogen bonds with Fe 3؉ , His 109 N ⑀2 , and Gln 105 N ⑀2 . The remaining two sides of isoniazid form hydrophobic interactions with the atoms of heme pyrrole ring A, C  and C ␥ atoms of Glu 258 , and C ␥ and C ␦ atoms of Arg 255 . The binding studies indicate that INH binds to LPO with a value of 0.9 ؋ 10 ؊6 M for the dissociation constant. The nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay shows that INH is activated by the reaction of LPO-H 2 O 2 with INH. This suggests that LPO can be used for INH activation. It also indicates that the conversion of INH into isonicotinoyl radical by LPO may be the cause of INH toxicity.
A field experiment was conducted at Central Institute of Medicinal and aromatic Plants (CIMAP), L... more A field experiment was conducted at Central Institute of Medicinal and aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India in a sandy loam soil (entisol) during 2004 and 2005. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) was intercropped with transplanted menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) for green manuring (GM) and for fodder plus green manuring (F + GM) with four levels of urea N (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha -1 ). In GM, cowpea was incorporated in the soil 30 days after sowing (DAS), while in F + GM 50% (alternate) cow pea plants were used for fodder at 30 DAS and 50% were incorporated in soil at 35 DAS. No significant differences were found between GM and F + GM with respect to herb and oil yield of menthol mint and succeeding palmarosa crop and nitrogen economy. Fresh biomass yield of menthol mint increased by 23.4% and essential oil yield by 25.2% by cowpea green manure (mean of GM and F + GM) as compared to without GM across all N levels. The contribution of green manure, as a nitrogen source, was equivalent to 30 kg N ha -1 when no fertilizer nitrogen was applied in menthol mint. The residual effect of cowpea GM was studied in a succeeding crop of fast growing essential oil yielding palmarosa (Cymbopopogon martinii (Roxb.)Wats. var motia Burk.) over two harvests (July and December). Averaged across N levels green manure resulted in an increase of 18.5% in the fresh biomass and 17.7% in essential oil yield of palmarosa over no green manuring.
Background The present study evaluates the effects of extract of Musa sapientum fruit (MSE) on ul... more Background The present study evaluates the effects of extract of Musa sapientum fruit (MSE) on ulcer index, blood glucose level and gastric mucosal cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β and growth factor, TGF-α (affected in diabetes and chronic ulcer) in acetic acid (AA)-induced gastric ulcer (GU) in diabetic (DR) rat. Methods MSE (100 mg/kg, oral), omeprazole (OMZ, 2.0 mg/kg, oral), insulin (INS, 4 U/kg, sc) or pentoxyphylline (PTX, 10 mg/kg, oral) were given once daily for 10 days in 14 days post-streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal)-induced diabetic rats while, the normal/diabetic rats received CMC for the same period after induction of GU with AA. Ulcer index was calculated based upon the product of length and width (mm2/rat) of ulcers while, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-α were estimated in the gastric mucosal homogenate from the intact/ulcer region. Phytochemical screening and HPTLC analysis of MSE was done following standard procedures. Results An increase in ulcer index, TNF-α and IL-1β we...
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a multi functional protein that function... more Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a multi functional protein that functions as a PGD 2 synthesizing enzyme, a scavenger of various lipophilic ligands, and an amyloid b chaperone in the brain. L-PGDS is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and has the ability to bind various lipophilic molecules, such as prostanoid, retinoid, bile pigment, and amyloid b peptide. However, the molecular mechanism for this wide variety of ligand binding is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the NMR structures of recombinant mouse L-PGDS and a L-PGDS/PGH 2 analog. L-PGDS has a typical lipocalin fold, consisting of an eight-stranded b-barrel and a single a-helix. The interior of the barrel forms a hydrophobic cavity and the upper end of the barrel is open. The size of the barrel was found to be larger than those of other lipocalins and the cavity contained two pockets. The results of NMR titration, kinetic and molecular docking experiments revealed that PGH 2 and retinoic acid occupied the hydrophilic pockets 1 and 2, respectively. A structural comparison of the L-PGDS/PGH 2 analog complex with apo-L-PGDS showed that the H2helix, CD-loop, and EF-loop located at the upper end of the b-barrel undergo a conformational change and cover the entrance of the cavity upon U-46619 binding. These results indicate that the two binding sites in the large cavity are responsible for the broad ligand specificity of L-PGDS in its induced-fit mechanism.
This experiment was carried out in factorial complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 repli... more This experiment was carried out in factorial complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 replications and 12 treatment combinations at the College Research Farm, Banda University, of Agriculture & Technology, Banda (Uttar Pradesh) during the winter season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. The treatments consisted of three genotypes of Indian mustard namely, 1) 'PM 25', 2) 'NRCHB 101', and 3) 'DRMR 150-35' and four sulphur levels i.e. a) No Sulphur (0), b) 10 kg, c) 20 kg, and d) 30 kg per hectare. The results indicated that marked differences were observed among the Indian mustard's genotypes with regard to yields and crop biomass. The genotypes 'DRMR 150-35' produced the maximum seed yield of 1505 kg and 1560 kg ha -1 being a margin of 5.98% & 11.89% and 3.45% & 8.03% over remaining genotypes , respectively though it remained comparable with 'NRCHB 101 but proved distinct advantage over PM 25 during both the years. Similarly, genotype 'NRCHB 101' produced significantly higher dry matter production plant -1 , protein content and protein recovery as compared 'PM 25'. Increasing application of sulphur to the crop correspondingly enhanced a higher dry matter production plant -1 , siliquae plant -1 , seed yield, stover yield, oil content, oil yield, protein content, protein yield, nutrient (N and S) content and their nutrient uptake.
Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approach... more Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approaches have enabled the creation of diverse virtual organizations and enterprises coordinating their activities primarily online. The open innovation platform titled "International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce" (INPST) was established in 2018, to bring together in collaborative environment individuals and organizations interested in natural product scientific research, and to empower their interactions by using digital communication tools. Methods: In this work, we present a general overview of INPST activities and showcase the specific use of Twitter as a powerful networking tool that was used to host a one-week "2021 INPST Twitter Networking Event" (spanning from 31st May 2021 to 6th June 2021) based on the application of the Twitter hashtag #INPST. The use of this hashtag during the networking event period was analyzed with Symplur Signals (), revealing a total of 6,036 tweets, shared by 686 users, which generated a total of 65,004,773 impressions (views of the respective tweets). This networking event's achieved high visibility and participation rate showcases a convincing example of how this social media platform can be used as a highly effective tool to host virtual Twitter-based international biomedical research events.
Background: Chabro is a strain of poultry birds especially designed for backyard farming and is m... more Background: Chabro is a strain of poultry birds especially designed for backyard farming and is more adoptive to climatic variations in the tropics. The thyroid gland plays an important role in controlling basal metabolic rate. Histochemical changes of the gland in association with seasonal changes have not been studied so far in Chabro chicken. The present study describes the season related variations in the histochemistry of thyroid gland. Methods: The histochemical study was conducted on thyroid gland of eight to ten weeks old 24 apparently healthy Chabro chickens procured from Poultry Farm, DUVASU, Mathura. The birds were divided into two groups consisting of 12 chickens in each group reared in summer and winter seasons. Result: The capsule showed mild reaction for PAS, protein and glycogen. Follicular cells showed intense reaction for bound lipids, protein and alkaline phosphatase. The colloid in summer season showed strong reaction for PAS at periphery and very strong reaction...
Cultivars with efficient root systems play a major role in enhancing resource use efficiency, par... more Cultivars with efficient root systems play a major role in enhancing resource use efficiency, particularly water absorption, and thus in drought tolerance. In this study, a diverse wheat association panel of 136 wheat accessions including mini core subset was genotyped using Axiom 35k Breeders’ Array to identify genomic regions associated with seedling stage root architecture and shoot traits using multi-locus genome-wide association studies (ML-GWAS). The association panel revealed a wide variation of 1.5- to 50-fold and were grouped into six clusters based on 15 traits. Six different ML-GWAS models revealed 456 significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for various traits with phenotypic variance in the range of 0.12–38.60%. Of these, 87 QTNs were repeatedly detected by two or more models and were considered reliable genomic regions for the respective traits. Among these QTNs, eleven were associated with average diameter and nine each for second order lateral root number (S...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2021
An experiment was undertaken to examine the yield potential and genetic parameters of Indian must... more An experiment was undertaken to examine the yield potential and genetic parameters of Indian mustard through yield and yield contributing traits in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Twenty-five mustard genotypes were assessed for nine agro-morphological traits during Rabi 2018-19. Phenotypic data were subjected to analysis of variance, pairwise mean comparison, genetic parameter studies, and association analysis using R-Packages 1.5, STAR 2.0.1, and SPAR 2.0 Package. The evaluated germplasm had ample genetic variability for studied traits and trait-specific genotypes have been identified. The trait seed yield showed higher heritability coupled with higher genetic advance as percent of the mean (99% and 70.41) followed by the number of SB (98% and 65.57) and TSW (100% and 62.50) are more authentic for selecting the leading genotype. The association studies revealed a significant and positive correlation of seed yield with the number of siliquae per plant (0.346), siliquae len...
Animal biometrics is a frontier area of computer vision, pattern recognition and cognitive scienc... more Animal biometrics is a frontier area of computer vision, pattern recognition and cognitive science to plays the vital role for the registration, unique identification, and verification of livestock (cattle). The existing handcrafted texture feature extraction and appearance based feature representation techniques are unable to perform the animal recognition in the unconstrained environment. Recently deep learning approaches have achieved more attention for recognition of species or individual animal using visual features. In this research, we propose the deep learning based approach for identification of individual cattle based on their primary muzzle point (nose pattern) image pattern characteristics to addressing the problem of missed or swapped animals and false insurance claims. The major contributions of the work as follows: (1) preparation of muzzle point image database, which are not publically available, (2) extraction of the salient set of texture features and representation of muzzle point image of cattle using the deep learning based convolution neural network, deep belief neural network proposed approaches. The stacked denoising auto-encoder technique is applied to encode the extracted feature of muzzle point images and (3) experimental results and analysis of proposed approach. Extensive experimental results illustrate that the proposed deep learning approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods for recognition of cattle on muzzle point image database. The efficacy of the proposed deep learning approach is computed under different identification settings. With multiple test galleries, rank-1 identification accuracy of 98.99% is achieved.
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and ... more Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% S...
Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 2016
Temporal bone dissection has important role in educating, and training the surgeons. Temporal bon... more Temporal bone dissection has important role in educating, and training the surgeons. Temporal bone has complicated three dimensional anatomy and it is challenging for young surgeons to understand and operate. Not knowing the anatomy may cause serious consequences to patient due to injury to vital structures. It is important to learn temporal bone harvesting techniques, preservation of specimens, fixation and to reduce the health hazards posed by these specimens by taking safety measures. Spending more time in temporal bone laboratory and repeated dissection of temporal bones provides the skills necessary in the operating room for future generation. All training institutes should establish temporal bone laboratory in their department to provide the necessary expertise to future generation while maintaining safe and secure environment.
Background & objectives: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India, and the emergence of mu... more Background & objectives: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India, and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has further complicated the situation. Though several studies characterizing drug sensitive and drug resistant strains are available in literature, almost all studies are done on unrelated strains. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the proteomic data of four sequential isolates of Mtb from a single patient who developed MDR-TB during the course of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT). Methods: In this study, using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we compared and analyzed the cell lysate proteins of Mtb sequential clinical isolates from a patient undergoing anti-TB treatment. The mRNA expression levels of selected identified proteins were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The genotypes of all four isolates remained homologous, indicating no re-infection. The initial isolate (before treatment) was sensitive to all first-line drugs, but the consecutive isolates were found to be resistant to isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and developed mutations in the katG, inhA and rpoB. The intensities of 27 protein spots were found to be consistently overexpressed in INH and RIF resistant isolates. The most prominent and overexpressed proteins found during the development of drug resistance were GarA (Rv1827), wag31 (Rv2145c), Rv1437 and Rv2970c. This preliminary proteomic study provides an insight about the proteins that are upregulated during drug resistance development. These upregulated proteins, identified here, could prove useful as immunodiagnostic and possibly drug resistant markers in future. However, more studies are required to confirm these findings.
International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2011
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a member of the family of mammalian heme peroxidases. It catalyzes the o... more Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a member of the family of mammalian heme peroxidases. It catalyzes the oxidation of halides and pseudohalides in presence of hydrogen peroxide. LPO has been co-crystallized with inorganic substrates, SCN(-), I(-), Br(-) and Cl(-). The structure determination of the complex of LPO with above four substrates showed that all of them occupied distinct positions in the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The bound substrate ions were separated from each other by one or more water molecules. The heme iron is coordinated to His-351 N(ϵ2) on the proximal side while it is coordinated to conserved water molecule W-1 on the distal heme side. W-1 is hydrogen bonded to Br(-) ion which is followed by Cl(-) ion with a hydrogen bonded water molecule W-5' between them. Next to Cl(-) ion is a hydrogen bonded water molecule W-7' which in turn is hydrogen bonded to…
The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multivitamin and micronutrient supplementati... more The study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multivitamin and micronutrient supplementation in azoospermic patients with maturation arrest. A total of 35 azoospermic patients showing maturation arrest on testicular biopsy were recruited in this study. The patients were divided into two groups. Untreated group (n=11) without any treatment and treated group (n=24) who received multivitamins, micronutrients and co-enzyme Q10. The sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated at monthly interval. The results showed reduction in liquefaction time and relative viscosity of the semen in the treated group. Further, in treated group there was appearance of spermatozoa (4.0 million/ml) exhibiting progressive motility (7%) and normal morphology (6%), even in the first follow up visit. The sperm count, motility and normal morphology increased significantly on subsequent visits. Within 3 months (3 visits) 2 pregnancies were reported. These observations indicate that multivi...
2014 24th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 2014
The variety of applications for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is continuously growing, t... more The variety of applications for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is continuously growing, thus it is important to address power consumption issues during the operation. As technological node shrinks, leakage power becomes increasingly critical in overall power consumption of FPGA. The technique of configuration pre-fetching (loads configurations as soon as possible) adopted to achieve high performance is one of the major reasons of leakage waste since regions containing reconfiguration information cannot be powered down in between the time gap of reconfiguration and execution. In this work, we present a heuristic approach to minimize the leakage power consumption for twodimensional reconfigurable FPGA architectures. The heuristic scheduler is based on list scheduling and exploits dynamic priority for sorting the tasks into schedule order and a cost function for cell allocation. Farthest placement scheme is adopted for antifragmentation purpose. The cost function provides control to compromise between leakage dissipation and schedule length.
Proceedings of the 24th edition of the great lakes symposium on VLSI, 2014
Shrinking size of transistors has enabled us to integrate more and more logic elements into FPGA ... more Shrinking size of transistors has enabled us to integrate more and more logic elements into FPGA chips leading to higher computing power. However, it also brings serious concern to the leakage power dissipation of the FPGA devices. One of the major reasons for leakage power dissipation in FPGA is the utilization of prefetching technique to minimize the reconfiguration overhead (delay) in Partially Reconfigurable (PR) FPGAs. This technique creates delays between the reconfiguration and execution parts of a task, which may lead up to 44% leakage power of FPGA since the SRAM-cells containing reconfiguration information cannot be powered down. In this work, a resource management approach containing scheduling, placement and post-placement stages has been proposed to address the aforementioned issue. In scheduling stage, a leakage-aware cost function is derived to cope with the leakage power. The placement stage uses a cost function that allows designers to decide a trade-off between performance and leakage-saving. The post-placement stage employs a heuristic approach and shows further improvements. Experiments show that our approach can achieve large leakage savings for both synthetic and real life applications with acceptable extended deadline. Furthermore, different variants of the proposed approach can reduce leakage power by 40-65% when compared to a performance-driven approach and by 15-43% when compared to state-of-the-art works.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006
The sudden increase in information derived from the completed Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) ... more The sudden increase in information derived from the completed Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) genome sequences has revealed the need for approaches capable of converting raw genome sequence data into functional information. To date, an experimental system for studying protein–protein association in mycobacteria is not available. We have developed a simple system, termed mycobacterial protein fragment complementation (M-PFC), that is based upon the functional reconstitution of two small murine dihydrofolate reductase domains independently fused to two interacting proteins. Using M-PFC, we have successfully demonstrated dimerization of yeast GCN4, interaction between Mtb KdpD and KdpE, and association between Esat-6 and Cfp-10. We established the association between the sensor kinase, DevS, and response regulator, DevR, thereby demonstrating the potential of M-PFC to study protein associations in the mycobacterial membrane. To validate our system, we screened an Mtb library for pro...
The binding and structural studies of bovine lactoperoxidase with three aromatic ligands, acetyls... more The binding and structural studies of bovine lactoperoxidase with three aromatic ligands, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), salicylhydoxamic acid (SHA), and benzylhydroxamic acid (BHA) show that all the three compounds bind to lactoperoxidase at the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The binding of ASA occurs without perturbing the position of conserved heme water molecule W-1, whereas both SHA and BHA displace it by the hydroxyl group of their hydroxamic acid moieties. The acetyl group carbonyl oxygen atom of ASA forms a hydrogen bond with W-1, which in turn makes three other hydrogen-bonds, one each with heme iron, His-109 N ⑀2 , and Gln-105 N ⑀2 . In contrast, in the complexes of SHA and BHA, the OH group of hydroxamic acid moiety in both complexes interacts with heme iron directly with Fe-OH distances of 3.0 and 3.2A ˚respectively. The OH is also hydrogen bonded to His-109 N ⑀2 and Gln-105N ⑀2 . The plane of benzene ring of ASA is inclined at 70.7°from the plane of heme moiety, whereas the aromatic planes of SHA and BHA are nearly parallel to the heme plane with inclinations of 15.7 and 6.2°, respectively. The mode of ASA binding provides the information about the mechanism of action of aromatic substrates, whereas the binding characteristics of SHA and BHA indicate the mode of inhibitor binding. Lactoperoxidase (LPO) 4 (EC 1.11.1.7) is a member of the family of glycosylated mammalian heme-containing peroxidase enzymes which also includes myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and thyroid peroxidase. These enzymes also show functional similarities to non-homologous plant and fungal peroxidases because they follow a similar scheme of reaction (1-3), but their modes of ligand binding differ considerably. Furthermore, the association of the prosthetic heme group in mammalian peroxidases is through covalent bonds (4 -9), whereas covalent linkages are absent in other peroxidases (10 -14). Among the four mammalian peroxidases, the prosthetic heme group is linked through three covalent bonds in MPO, whereas in LPO, EPO, and thyroid peroxidase only two covalent linkages are formed. So far the detailed crystal structures of only two mammalian peroxidases, MPO and LPO,. One of the most striking differences between these two mammalian peroxidases is concerned with the basic structural organization in which MPO exists as a covalently linked dimer, whereas LPO is a monomeric protein. At present the fundamental questions pertaining to mammalian heme peroxidases are (i) what distinguishes between the aromatic ligands that one ligand acts as a substrate, whereas the other ligand works as an inhibitor and (ii) how the substrate and inhibitor specificities differ between two enzymes lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase. Lactoperoxidase oxidizes inorganic ions, preferentially thiocyanate (SCN Ϫ ), and to a lesser extent, bromide (Br Ϫ ), whereas in the case of myeloperoxidase the chloride (Cl Ϫ ) ion is a preferred substrate . The mammalian peroxidases including LPO are also involved in catalyzing the single electron oxidation of various physiologically important organic aromatic substrates including phenols , catecholamines, and catechols (25-27) as well as other experimental model compounds such as aromatic amines (28), polychlorinated biphenyls (29), steroid hormones (30 -32), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (33). However, the mode of binding of aromatic ligands and associated functional implications are not yet clearly understood. Surprisingly, the structural data on the complexes of mammalian peroxidases with aromatic ligands are conspicuously lacking. The only available structural report is on the complex of MPO with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) (34). Even in this case, the coordinates of this structure are not available for a detailed analysis. In the case of non-homologous plant peroxidases, a few crystal structures of their complexes with aromatic compounds are available , but their modes of binding are not very similar to those of mammalian peroxidases because the distal ligand binding sites in mammalian and plant peroxidases differ markedly. In this regard it is pertinent to note
The crystal structure of the complex of lactoperoxidase (LPO) with its physiological substrate th... more The crystal structure of the complex of lactoperoxidase (LPO) with its physiological substrate thiocyanate (SCN ؊ ) has been determined at 2.4 A ˚resolution. It revealed that the SCN ؊ ion is bound to LPO in the distal heme cavity. The observed orientation of the SCN ؊ ion shows that the sulfur atom is closer to the heme iron than the nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom of SCN ؊ forms a hydrogen bond with a water (Wat) molecule at position 6. This water molecule is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds with Gln 423 N ⑀2 and Phe 422 oxygen. In contrast, the placement of the SCN ؊ ion in the structure of myeloperoxidase (MPO) occurs with an opposite orientation, in which the nitrogen atom is closer to the heme iron than the sulfur atom. The site corresponding to the positions of Gln 423 , Phe 422 oxygen, and Wat 6 in LPO is occupied primarily by the side chain of Phe 407 in MPO due to an entirely different conformation of the loop corresponding to the segment Arg 418 -Phe 431 of LPO. This arrangement in MPO does not favor a similar orientation of the SCN ؊ ion. The orientation of the catalytic product OSCN ؊ as reported in the structure of LPO⅐OSCN ؊ is similar to the orientation of SCN ؊ in the structure of LPO⅐SCN ؊ . Similarly, in the structure of LPO⅐SCN ؊ ⅐CN ؊ , in which CN ؊ binds at Wat 1 , the position and orientation of the SCN ؊ ion are also identical to that observed in the structure of LPO⅐SCN.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase peroxidase (MtCP). We report here binding studies, an enzyme ... more Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase peroxidase (MtCP). We report here binding studies, an enzyme assay involving INH, and the crystal structure of the complex of bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) with INH to illuminate binding properties and INH activation as well as the mode of diffusion and interactions together with a detailed structural and functional comparison with MtCP. The structure determination shows that isoniazid binds to LPO at the substrate binding site on the distal heme side. The substrate binding site is connected to the protein surface through a long hydrophobic channel. The acyl hydrazide moiety of isoniazid interacts with Phe 422 O, Gln 423 O ⑀1 , and Phe 254 O. In this arrangement, pyridinyl nitrogen forms a hydrogen bond with a water molecule, W-1, which in turn forms three hydrogen bonds with Fe 3؉ , His 109 N ⑀2 , and Gln 105 N ⑀2 . The remaining two sides of isoniazid form hydrophobic interactions with the atoms of heme pyrrole ring A, C  and C ␥ atoms of Glu 258 , and C ␥ and C ␦ atoms of Arg 255 . The binding studies indicate that INH binds to LPO with a value of 0.9 ؋ 10 ؊6 M for the dissociation constant. The nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay shows that INH is activated by the reaction of LPO-H 2 O 2 with INH. This suggests that LPO can be used for INH activation. It also indicates that the conversion of INH into isonicotinoyl radical by LPO may be the cause of INH toxicity.
A field experiment was conducted at Central Institute of Medicinal and aromatic Plants (CIMAP), L... more A field experiment was conducted at Central Institute of Medicinal and aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India in a sandy loam soil (entisol) during 2004 and 2005. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) was intercropped with transplanted menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) for green manuring (GM) and for fodder plus green manuring (F + GM) with four levels of urea N (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha -1 ). In GM, cowpea was incorporated in the soil 30 days after sowing (DAS), while in F + GM 50% (alternate) cow pea plants were used for fodder at 30 DAS and 50% were incorporated in soil at 35 DAS. No significant differences were found between GM and F + GM with respect to herb and oil yield of menthol mint and succeeding palmarosa crop and nitrogen economy. Fresh biomass yield of menthol mint increased by 23.4% and essential oil yield by 25.2% by cowpea green manure (mean of GM and F + GM) as compared to without GM across all N levels. The contribution of green manure, as a nitrogen source, was equivalent to 30 kg N ha -1 when no fertilizer nitrogen was applied in menthol mint. The residual effect of cowpea GM was studied in a succeeding crop of fast growing essential oil yielding palmarosa (Cymbopopogon martinii (Roxb.)Wats. var motia Burk.) over two harvests (July and December). Averaged across N levels green manure resulted in an increase of 18.5% in the fresh biomass and 17.7% in essential oil yield of palmarosa over no green manuring.
Background The present study evaluates the effects of extract of Musa sapientum fruit (MSE) on ul... more Background The present study evaluates the effects of extract of Musa sapientum fruit (MSE) on ulcer index, blood glucose level and gastric mucosal cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β and growth factor, TGF-α (affected in diabetes and chronic ulcer) in acetic acid (AA)-induced gastric ulcer (GU) in diabetic (DR) rat. Methods MSE (100 mg/kg, oral), omeprazole (OMZ, 2.0 mg/kg, oral), insulin (INS, 4 U/kg, sc) or pentoxyphylline (PTX, 10 mg/kg, oral) were given once daily for 10 days in 14 days post-streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal)-induced diabetic rats while, the normal/diabetic rats received CMC for the same period after induction of GU with AA. Ulcer index was calculated based upon the product of length and width (mm2/rat) of ulcers while, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-α were estimated in the gastric mucosal homogenate from the intact/ulcer region. Phytochemical screening and HPTLC analysis of MSE was done following standard procedures. Results An increase in ulcer index, TNF-α and IL-1β we...
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a multi functional protein that function... more Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is a multi functional protein that functions as a PGD 2 synthesizing enzyme, a scavenger of various lipophilic ligands, and an amyloid b chaperone in the brain. L-PGDS is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and has the ability to bind various lipophilic molecules, such as prostanoid, retinoid, bile pigment, and amyloid b peptide. However, the molecular mechanism for this wide variety of ligand binding is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the NMR structures of recombinant mouse L-PGDS and a L-PGDS/PGH 2 analog. L-PGDS has a typical lipocalin fold, consisting of an eight-stranded b-barrel and a single a-helix. The interior of the barrel forms a hydrophobic cavity and the upper end of the barrel is open. The size of the barrel was found to be larger than those of other lipocalins and the cavity contained two pockets. The results of NMR titration, kinetic and molecular docking experiments revealed that PGH 2 and retinoic acid occupied the hydrophilic pockets 1 and 2, respectively. A structural comparison of the L-PGDS/PGH 2 analog complex with apo-L-PGDS showed that the H2helix, CD-loop, and EF-loop located at the upper end of the b-barrel undergo a conformational change and cover the entrance of the cavity upon U-46619 binding. These results indicate that the two binding sites in the large cavity are responsible for the broad ligand specificity of L-PGDS in its induced-fit mechanism.
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Papers by Amit singh