This pilot study aimed to characterize Riemerella anatipestifer from ducklings, testing their sus... more This pilot study aimed to characterize Riemerella anatipestifer from ducklings, testing their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and to detect their virulence markers. Seven R. anatipestifer isolates with 11.67% infection rate were identified out of sixty freshly dead ducklings and confirmed by PCR assay targeting gyrB gene. The gyrB gene sequences of R. anatipestifer isolates were 100% identical to each other and also showed 100% sequence similarity to the published gyrB genes. Four virulence genes namely ompA, prtC, hagA, and sspA were identified in all isolates except sspA was detected in 5 isolates. The antibiogram revealed higher sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, and rifampin, while, a remarkably high resistance was displayed against ampicillin, penicillin, cefipime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ceftazidime, streptomycin and cefoperazone. Proper and rapid identification of R. anatipestifer with detection of their antimicrobial susceptibility and its virulence potential is essential for understanding the epidemiology of R. anatipestifer and to apply the effective control strategies.
Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ... more Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ones, poses a persistent threat to human health. There is a dearth of information about the overlapping Escherichia coli (E. coli) lineages circulating among retail foods and humans in Egypt. This study aimed to determine the clonal diversity of 120 E. coli isolates from diarrheic patients (n = 32), retail chicken carcasses (n = 61) and ground beef (n = 27) from Mansoura, Egypt using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Simpson’s index of diversity was calculated to compare the results of both typing methods. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, genotypes and phylogrouping of the isolates were also determined. Higher frequencies of antimicrobial resistance were found among chicken isolates compared to beef and human isolates; regardless of isolate source, the predominant antimicrobial resistances were found against ampicillin (87/120, 72.5%), tet...
Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella ... more Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each)...
Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify mold species from poultry far... more Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify mold species from poultry farms with detection of their virulence potential, biofilm formation capability and to perform antifungal susceptibility testing to some representative isolates. Design: Observational study. Animals: Fifty freshly dead broiler chicks were included in this study. Procedures: A total of 250 samples were collected from 50 diseased chicks (5 samples each), including lung, liver, kidney, heart, and tracheal swap. In addition, litter samples were collected from 7 poultry farms and were subjected to mycological examination. The isolated mold species have been tested for hemolytic activity, catalase, amylase, lipase, and biofilm production activity; besides, detection of virulence genes (rhbA, fos-1, and pskB) using PCR assay. . Results: A total of 208 mold isolates were identified, with five genera; Aspergillus (84.6%), Zygomycetes (12.9%), Acremonium (0.96%), Penicillium (0.96%) and Alternaria (0...
Here, the role of the dairy-processing chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AR) dete... more Here, the role of the dairy-processing chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants and a source of novel biocontrol quorum-sensing inhibitors is assessed through a functional metagenomics approach. A metagenomic library comprising ∼22,000 recombinant clones was built from DNA isolated from raw milk, raw milk cheeses, and cheese-processing environment swab samples. The high-throughput sequencing of 9,216 recombinant clones showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) dominated the microbial communities of raw milk cheese, while Gram-negative microorganisms of animal or soil origin dominated the microbiota of raw milk and cheese-processing environments. Although functional screening of the metagenomic library did not recover potential quorum-sensing inhibitors, in silico analysis using an in-house database built specifically for this study identified homologues to several genes encoding proteins with predicted quorum-quenching activity, among which, the QsdH hydrolase...
Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella ... more Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each)...
Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica i... more Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in retail chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat, determine their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and their capability of biofilm formation in vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples (120 retail chicken meat, 30 ground beef, 30 beef burger, and 30 sausage samples) were collected from different retail chicken outlets and markets located at Mansoura city between December 2016 and April 2017. Meat samples were examined bacteriologically for the existence of Y. enterocolitica; bacterial colonies that displayed positive biochemical properties were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting 16 rRNA gene. Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Uniplex PCR was used for screening Y. enterocolitica isolate...
Avian pathogenic(APEC) is pathogenic strains ofthat are responsible for one of the most common ba... more Avian pathogenic(APEC) is pathogenic strains ofthat are responsible for one of the most common bacterial diseases affecting poultry worldwide. This study was designed to determine the occurrence, antibiotic resistance profile, and antibiotic resistance genes ofisolated from diseased and freshly dead broilers. In that context, a total of 200 broilers samples were examined by standard microbiological techniques for isolation of, and tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 15 antimicrobial agents using disc diffusion method. In addition,isolates were screened by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of a number of resistance genes includinggene encodes streptomycin/neomycin,encodes resistance to tetracycline, sul1 encodes sulfonamides, and β-lactamase encoding genes (blaand bla). A total of 73 (36.5%) isolates were biochemically identified asstrains. O78, O2, and O1 are the most prevalent serotypes detected.displayed a high resistance against penicillin (100%)...
This study was undertaken to characterize antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genes encoding ... more This study was undertaken to characterize antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genes encoding extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) inisolated from retail chicken meat in Mansoura, Egypt. Three hundred sixty chicken meat samples from 120 eviscerated chicken carcasses (3 cuts each) collected randomly from local retail chicken shops in Mansoura, Egypt during the period from April to June 2015, were assayed for the presence ofby conventional bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity for 12 antimicrobials using disk diffusion, ESBL phenotypic confirmation and PCR characterization of ESBL-encoding genes (,,,and) were performed. was identified from 22.2% (80/360) of the samples. Of the 12 antimicrobials tested, multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 of the antimicrobial classes) was observed in 96.25% (77/80) of theisolates. All the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam. ESBL-producers were phenotypically confirmed in 48.75% (39/80) of the isol...
Aim: This study was designed to isolate and identify yeast species from milk and meat products, a... more Aim: This study was designed to isolate and identify yeast species from milk and meat products, and to test their antimicrobial activity against some bacterial species. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 milk and meat products samples were collected from random sellers and super markets in New Damietta city, Damietta, Egypt. Samples were subjected to yeast isolation procedures and tested for its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In addition, all yeast species isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of khs (kievitone hydratase) and pelA (pectate degrading enzyme) genes. Results: The recovery rate of yeasts from sausage was 20% (2/10) followed by kareish cheese, processed cheese, and butter 10% (1/10) each as well as raw milk 9% (9/100), and fruit yoghurt 30% (6/20). Different yeast species were recovered, namely, Candida kefyr (5 isolates), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4 isolates), Candida intermedia (3 isolates), Candida tropicalis (2 isolates), Candida lusitaniae (2 isolates), and Candida krusei (1 isolate). khs gene was detected in all S. cerevisiae isolates, however, pelA gene was not detected in all identified yeast species. Antimicrobial activity of recovered yeasts against the selected bacterial species showed high activity with C. intermedia against S. aureus and E. coli, C. kefyr against E. coli, and C. lusitaniae against S. aureus. Moderate activities were obtained with C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, and S. cerevisiae against E. coli; meanwhile, all the tested yeasts revealed a very low antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that some kinds of yeasts have the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds that could inhibit some pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and these antimicrobial activity of yeasts enables them to be one of the novel agents in controlling spoilage of food.
M ilk and its products are being nutritious food for human and they provide a favorable environme... more M ilk and its products are being nutritious food for human and they provide a favorable environment for the growth of various microorganisms. Yeast and moulds can grow in milk and different dairy products at suitable conditions of temperature and moisture (Barrois et al., 1997). Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by naturally occurring fungi in different kinds of foods and feed stuffs, particularly cereals, peanut, meat, meat products, milk, milk products or eggs (Brown et al., 2001). Mycotoxins can be found in dairy products from two origins, indirect contamination, which results when dairy cows ingest feed that contains mycotoxins which pass into the milk such as aflatoxin M 1 and direct contamination, which results from accidental growth of moulds secreting aflatoxins. (Sengun et al., 2008). Fungal metabolites have toxic effects when present in foods, their effects range from acute (for example, liver or kidney deterioration), to chronic (for example, liver cancer), mutagenic, and teratogenic; and resulting symptoms range from skin irritation to immunosuppression, birth defects, neurotoxicity or death (ICMSF, 1996). Mycotoxins have many economic impacts including reduced livestock production, increased health care and veterinary care costs, disposal of contaminated foods and feeds, and investment in research and applications to reduce severity of the mycotoxin problem (Zain, 2011). There are many mycotoxins of worldwide public health importance including, Aflatoxins, ochratoxins (OAs), fumonisins, zearalenone Short Communication Abstract | In this study, the occurrence of different mould species from milk samples, milk powder, roomy cheese and kariesh cheese samples in Mansoura city, Egypt was determined. Out of 200 randomly screened samples, 67(33.5%) were confirmed positive for the presence of different mould species. The overall incidence rate in raw milk, milk powder, roomy cheese and kariesh cheese were 20%, 38%, 48% and 28% respectively with a mean mould counts, 2.284 ± 0.488 × 10 2 cfu/mL, 1.416 ± 0.155 × 10 2 cfu/g, 2.727 ± 0.770×10 2 cfu/g and 1.950 ± 0.578 × 10 2 cfu/gmL respectively. Significant variation in the incidence of different mould species was detected among different examined samples. Various mould species were recovered from these examined samples including, Aspergillus spp.
This pilot study aimed to characterize Riemerella anatipestifer from ducklings, testing their sus... more This pilot study aimed to characterize Riemerella anatipestifer from ducklings, testing their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and to detect their virulence markers. Seven R. anatipestifer isolates with 11.67% infection rate were identified out of sixty freshly dead ducklings and confirmed by PCR assay targeting gyrB gene. The gyrB gene sequences of R. anatipestifer isolates were 100% identical to each other and also showed 100% sequence similarity to the published gyrB genes. Four virulence genes namely ompA, prtC, hagA, and sspA were identified in all isolates except sspA was detected in 5 isolates. The antibiogram revealed higher sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, and rifampin, while, a remarkably high resistance was displayed against ampicillin, penicillin, cefipime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ceftazidime, streptomycin and cefoperazone. Proper and rapid identification of R. anatipestifer with detection of their antimicrobial susceptibility and its virulence potential is essential for understanding the epidemiology of R. anatipestifer and to apply the effective control strategies.
Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ... more Contamination of retail foods with foodborne pathogens, particularly the antimicrobial resistant ones, poses a persistent threat to human health. There is a dearth of information about the overlapping Escherichia coli (E. coli) lineages circulating among retail foods and humans in Egypt. This study aimed to determine the clonal diversity of 120 E. coli isolates from diarrheic patients (n = 32), retail chicken carcasses (n = 61) and ground beef (n = 27) from Mansoura, Egypt using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Simpson’s index of diversity was calculated to compare the results of both typing methods. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, genotypes and phylogrouping of the isolates were also determined. Higher frequencies of antimicrobial resistance were found among chicken isolates compared to beef and human isolates; regardless of isolate source, the predominant antimicrobial resistances were found against ampicillin (87/120, 72.5%), tet...
Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella ... more Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each)...
Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify mold species from poultry far... more Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify mold species from poultry farms with detection of their virulence potential, biofilm formation capability and to perform antifungal susceptibility testing to some representative isolates. Design: Observational study. Animals: Fifty freshly dead broiler chicks were included in this study. Procedures: A total of 250 samples were collected from 50 diseased chicks (5 samples each), including lung, liver, kidney, heart, and tracheal swap. In addition, litter samples were collected from 7 poultry farms and were subjected to mycological examination. The isolated mold species have been tested for hemolytic activity, catalase, amylase, lipase, and biofilm production activity; besides, detection of virulence genes (rhbA, fos-1, and pskB) using PCR assay. . Results: A total of 208 mold isolates were identified, with five genera; Aspergillus (84.6%), Zygomycetes (12.9%), Acremonium (0.96%), Penicillium (0.96%) and Alternaria (0...
Here, the role of the dairy-processing chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AR) dete... more Here, the role of the dairy-processing chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants and a source of novel biocontrol quorum-sensing inhibitors is assessed through a functional metagenomics approach. A metagenomic library comprising ∼22,000 recombinant clones was built from DNA isolated from raw milk, raw milk cheeses, and cheese-processing environment swab samples. The high-throughput sequencing of 9,216 recombinant clones showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) dominated the microbial communities of raw milk cheese, while Gram-negative microorganisms of animal or soil origin dominated the microbiota of raw milk and cheese-processing environments. Although functional screening of the metagenomic library did not recover potential quorum-sensing inhibitors, in silico analysis using an in-house database built specifically for this study identified homologues to several genes encoding proteins with predicted quorum-quenching activity, among which, the QsdH hydrolase...
Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella ... more Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each)...
Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica i... more Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in retail chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat, determine their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and their capability of biofilm formation in vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples (120 retail chicken meat, 30 ground beef, 30 beef burger, and 30 sausage samples) were collected from different retail chicken outlets and markets located at Mansoura city between December 2016 and April 2017. Meat samples were examined bacteriologically for the existence of Y. enterocolitica; bacterial colonies that displayed positive biochemical properties were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting 16 rRNA gene. Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Uniplex PCR was used for screening Y. enterocolitica isolate...
Avian pathogenic(APEC) is pathogenic strains ofthat are responsible for one of the most common ba... more Avian pathogenic(APEC) is pathogenic strains ofthat are responsible for one of the most common bacterial diseases affecting poultry worldwide. This study was designed to determine the occurrence, antibiotic resistance profile, and antibiotic resistance genes ofisolated from diseased and freshly dead broilers. In that context, a total of 200 broilers samples were examined by standard microbiological techniques for isolation of, and tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 15 antimicrobial agents using disc diffusion method. In addition,isolates were screened by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of a number of resistance genes includinggene encodes streptomycin/neomycin,encodes resistance to tetracycline, sul1 encodes sulfonamides, and β-lactamase encoding genes (blaand bla). A total of 73 (36.5%) isolates were biochemically identified asstrains. O78, O2, and O1 are the most prevalent serotypes detected.displayed a high resistance against penicillin (100%)...
This study was undertaken to characterize antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genes encoding ... more This study was undertaken to characterize antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genes encoding extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) inisolated from retail chicken meat in Mansoura, Egypt. Three hundred sixty chicken meat samples from 120 eviscerated chicken carcasses (3 cuts each) collected randomly from local retail chicken shops in Mansoura, Egypt during the period from April to June 2015, were assayed for the presence ofby conventional bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity for 12 antimicrobials using disk diffusion, ESBL phenotypic confirmation and PCR characterization of ESBL-encoding genes (,,,and) were performed. was identified from 22.2% (80/360) of the samples. Of the 12 antimicrobials tested, multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 of the antimicrobial classes) was observed in 96.25% (77/80) of theisolates. All the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam. ESBL-producers were phenotypically confirmed in 48.75% (39/80) of the isol...
Aim: This study was designed to isolate and identify yeast species from milk and meat products, a... more Aim: This study was designed to isolate and identify yeast species from milk and meat products, and to test their antimicrobial activity against some bacterial species. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 milk and meat products samples were collected from random sellers and super markets in New Damietta city, Damietta, Egypt. Samples were subjected to yeast isolation procedures and tested for its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In addition, all yeast species isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of khs (kievitone hydratase) and pelA (pectate degrading enzyme) genes. Results: The recovery rate of yeasts from sausage was 20% (2/10) followed by kareish cheese, processed cheese, and butter 10% (1/10) each as well as raw milk 9% (9/100), and fruit yoghurt 30% (6/20). Different yeast species were recovered, namely, Candida kefyr (5 isolates), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4 isolates), Candida intermedia (3 isolates), Candida tropicalis (2 isolates), Candida lusitaniae (2 isolates), and Candida krusei (1 isolate). khs gene was detected in all S. cerevisiae isolates, however, pelA gene was not detected in all identified yeast species. Antimicrobial activity of recovered yeasts against the selected bacterial species showed high activity with C. intermedia against S. aureus and E. coli, C. kefyr against E. coli, and C. lusitaniae against S. aureus. Moderate activities were obtained with C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, and S. cerevisiae against E. coli; meanwhile, all the tested yeasts revealed a very low antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that some kinds of yeasts have the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds that could inhibit some pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and these antimicrobial activity of yeasts enables them to be one of the novel agents in controlling spoilage of food.
M ilk and its products are being nutritious food for human and they provide a favorable environme... more M ilk and its products are being nutritious food for human and they provide a favorable environment for the growth of various microorganisms. Yeast and moulds can grow in milk and different dairy products at suitable conditions of temperature and moisture (Barrois et al., 1997). Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by naturally occurring fungi in different kinds of foods and feed stuffs, particularly cereals, peanut, meat, meat products, milk, milk products or eggs (Brown et al., 2001). Mycotoxins can be found in dairy products from two origins, indirect contamination, which results when dairy cows ingest feed that contains mycotoxins which pass into the milk such as aflatoxin M 1 and direct contamination, which results from accidental growth of moulds secreting aflatoxins. (Sengun et al., 2008). Fungal metabolites have toxic effects when present in foods, their effects range from acute (for example, liver or kidney deterioration), to chronic (for example, liver cancer), mutagenic, and teratogenic; and resulting symptoms range from skin irritation to immunosuppression, birth defects, neurotoxicity or death (ICMSF, 1996). Mycotoxins have many economic impacts including reduced livestock production, increased health care and veterinary care costs, disposal of contaminated foods and feeds, and investment in research and applications to reduce severity of the mycotoxin problem (Zain, 2011). There are many mycotoxins of worldwide public health importance including, Aflatoxins, ochratoxins (OAs), fumonisins, zearalenone Short Communication Abstract | In this study, the occurrence of different mould species from milk samples, milk powder, roomy cheese and kariesh cheese samples in Mansoura city, Egypt was determined. Out of 200 randomly screened samples, 67(33.5%) were confirmed positive for the presence of different mould species. The overall incidence rate in raw milk, milk powder, roomy cheese and kariesh cheese were 20%, 38%, 48% and 28% respectively with a mean mould counts, 2.284 ± 0.488 × 10 2 cfu/mL, 1.416 ± 0.155 × 10 2 cfu/g, 2.727 ± 0.770×10 2 cfu/g and 1.950 ± 0.578 × 10 2 cfu/gmL respectively. Significant variation in the incidence of different mould species was detected among different examined samples. Various mould species were recovered from these examined samples including, Aspergillus spp.
Uploads
Papers by Amal Awad