Main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the off-farm employment of the... more Main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the off-farm employment of the small farm of district Mardan. For this purpose data were collected from purposively selected villages in district Mardan, Pakistan 2012.The study showed that 90% of the sampled respondents of the area operating small farms were engaged in off-farm jobs. About 40.96% of sampled respondents in both villages were engaged in daily paid labor, nearly 30.12% of sampled respondents were engaged in part time employment, and 28.91 % were engaged in various businesses, respectively. In both villages, the pattern of off-farm employment was more or less the same. Negative relation was found between farm size and the off-farm employment. The effects of farm underemployment, working age group size (age of the farmer), income from other sources, and education were positive on the off-farm employment. It was also observed that for the sampled respondents operating on the different levels of farm size the magnitude of the off-farm employment was significantly different. It was also noticed that owners were relatively more involved in off-farm jobs, than the tenants and owner-cum-tenants. The study showed that in both villages, there exist a significant difference between off-farm employments. The sampled respondents of the Mado performed more off-farm work than the sampled respondents of the Matha. In Mado village, the farm income was mainly high due to high return of plum orchards, which were grown on large area. On the other hand, in Matha, the sample respondents were growing other cash crops and staple food but return on those crops was relatively low. In Mado, income from off-farm jobs was high than that of sampled respondents of Matha, because of the availability of more off-farm jobs in Mado. In Mado, income from other sources (other than farm) was higher due to the reason that the family members of the farm household were in better jobs in non-agriculture (farm) sectors and contributing more income to their family income. The study recommends therefore getting profitable off-farm employment and better income from that source; there should be better education facilities in the rural areas. To provide training and skills to the rural people in the village, skill enhancement programs should be launched based on agrarian professions similar to bee keeping, handicraft activities and poultry farming.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan kenaikan harga dan biaya kebutuhan produksi... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan kenaikan harga dan biaya kebutuhan produksi usaha tani padi di wilayah Kecamatan Barat Kabupaten Magetan. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa analisis R/C diperoleh 1,42, > 1. Artinya biaya yang dikeluarkan sebesar Rp. 1, dapat menghasilkan penerimaan Rp. 1,42. Oleh karena itu, kelayakan pada kenaikan harga dan biaya usaha tani padi di Kecamtan Barat Kabupaten Magetan dinilai masih layak karena masih memberikan keuntungan bagi petani padi.
In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network... more In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network while a topological descriptor correlates certain physico-chemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its chemical representation. Graph plays an vital role in modeling and designing any chemical network. F. Simonraj et al. derived new third type of Hex derived networks [27]. In our work, we discuss the third type of hex derived networks HDN 3(r), T HDN 3(r) and RHDN 3(r) and computed exact results for topological indices which are based on degrees of end vertices.
Topological indices are scientific details of graphs which represents its topology and of the mos... more Topological indices are scientific details of graphs which represents its topology and of the most part graph invariant. In QSAR/QSPR, physico-chemical characteristics and topological indices, for example, atom bond connectivity (ABC) and geometric-arithmetic (GA) indices are apply to foresee the bioactivity of concoction mixes. Graph theory discovered a significant practice in the region of investigation. In this paper, we are taking Planar Octahedron networks, produced by honeycomb structure of dimension n and obtain analytical closed results of Multiplicative topological indices for firstly and presents closed formulas of degree based indices.
In mathematical chemistry, molecular structure of any chemical substance can be expressed by a nu... more In mathematical chemistry, molecular structure of any chemical substance can be expressed by a numeric number or polynomial or sequence of numbers which represent the whole graph is called topological index. An important branch of graph theory is the chemical graph theory. Because of their worldwide uses, chemical networks have inspired researchers since their development. Determination of the expressions for topological indices of different derived graphs is a new and interesting problem in graph theory. In this article, some graphs which are derived from Honeycomb structure are studied and found their exact results for some neighbourhood degree-based topological indices. Additionally, a comparison is shown graphically among all the derived indices.
Swallow nest is a commodity originating from the Southeast Asian region, this commodity has a ver... more Swallow nest is a commodity originating from the Southeast Asian region, this commodity has a very specific market that is China, this interest took place since the Ming Dynasty. Until now, there are only two countries that capable of producing swallow nest commodities at a industrial scale, the expensive price of swallow nest that can reach a thousand dollars a kilogram makes this commodity very exclusive. In 2011, China which is the main destination of swallow nest decided to stop importing swallow nest because of health security concern and trust the the inspection to hongkong. The issue of H5N1 brought by Chinese goverment succeeded in making the price of a swallow nest drop drastically, in this paper the researcher use mercantilism and the article summarized by WTO to review phenomenon of chinese import discrimination, researcher open this topic with question “What is the motive behind the discrimination import of swallow nest in China? “. This research is important to examine ...
Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara, atau disingkat Rupbasan adalah tempat benda yang disita ol... more Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara, atau disingkat Rupbasan adalah tempat benda yang disita oleh Negara untuk keperluan proses peradilan. Hal ini ditegaskan dalam pasal 44 ayat (1) KUHAP yang berbunyi “Benda Sitaan Negara disimpan di dalam Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara”. Tidak sedikit dalam suatu kasus pidana yang sedang ditangani oleh penyidik banyak barang bukti yang rusak bahkan hilang, hal ini bisa terjadi karena berbagai penyebab, diantaranya kurang baiknya pemeliharaan barang bukti yang dilakukan oleh pihak Rupbasan dan juga adanya penyalahgunaan barang bukti yang telah disita seperti digunakan untuk kepentingan oknum individu ataupun dijual oleh aparat penegak hukum. Oleh karena itu permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian skripsi ini adalah : Pertama, apakah pengelolaan benda sitaan negara di rumah penyimpanan benda sitaan negara yogyakarta sudah sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan? Kedua, apakah pengelolaan benda sitaan negara di rumah penyimpanan benda si...
Corn is one of staple food and influential commodity driving Indonesia’s economy. Indonesia curre... more Corn is one of staple food and influential commodity driving Indonesia’s economy. Indonesia currently produces as high as 19 million tons of corn which contains 50% of biomass in the form of cob. Waste from harvesting and consumption of corn, namely, corn cob (CC) is left as waste. This CC is actually a sustainable, easily accessible, and renewable biomass energy source as an alternative to Indonesia’s depleting fossil fuel reserves. Hydrothermal treatment is a conversion method that has some consequential advantages compared to other methods; e.g. the ability to treat high-moisture biomass like CC and the possibility to use lower temperature. This research aims to produce and characterize liquid and solid fuel subsequent to hydrothermal treatment of CC obtained from Sleman, Yogyakarta. After size reduction, fine particles were mixed with water to form slurry. Slurry was heated in an autoclave for hydrothermal treatment at initial pressure of 2.0 MPa and was held for 200°C, 240°C, a...
Open Journal of Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2019
Topological indices are real numbers associated with molecular graphs of compounds that help to g... more Topological indices are real numbers associated with molecular graphs of compounds that help to guess properties of compounds. Hex-Derived networks has an assortment of valuable applications in drug store, hardware, and systems administration. Imran et al. [1] computed the general Randić, first Zagreb, ABC, GA, ABC 4 , and GA 5 indices for these hex-derived networks. In this article, we extend the work of [1] and compute some new topological indices of these networks.
In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network... more In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network, while a topological descriptor correlates certain physicochemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its chemical representation. The graph plays a vital role in modeling and designing any chemical network. Simonraj et al. derived a new type of graphs, which is named a third type of hex-derived networks. In our work, we discuss the third type of hex-derived networks H D N 3 ( r ) , T H D N 3 ( r ) , R H D N 3 ( r ) , C H D N 3 ( r ) , and compute exact results for topological indices which are based on degrees of end vertices.
A topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical structure, while a topological de... more A topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical structure, while a topological descriptor correlates certain physico-chemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its numerical representation. A large number of properties like physico-chemical properties, thermodynamic properties, chemical activity, and biological activity are determined by the chemical applications of graph theory. The biological activity of chemical compounds can be constructed by the help of topological indices such as atom-bond connectivity (ABC), Randić, and geometric arithmetic (GA). In this paper, Randić, atom bond connectivity (ABC), Zagreb, geometric arithmetic (GA), ABC4, and GA5 indices of the mth chain silicate S L ( m , n ) network are determined.
A Topological index also known as connectivity index is a type of a molecular descriptor that is ... more A Topological index also known as connectivity index is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. Topological indices are numerical parameters of a graph which characterize its topology and are usually graph invariant. In QSAR/QSPR study, physico-chemical properties and topological indices such as Randić, atom-bond connectivity (ABC) and geometric-arithmetic (GA) index are used to predict the bioactivity of chemical compounds. Graph theory has found a considerable use in this area of research. In this paper, we study HDCN1(m,n) and HDCN2(m,n) of dimension m , n and derive analytical closed results of general Randić index R α ( G ) for different values of α . We also compute the general first Zagreb, ABC, GA, A B C 4 and G A 5 indices for these Hex derived cage networks for the first time and give closed formulas of these degree-based indices.
Main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the off-farm employment of the... more Main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the off-farm employment of the small farm of district Mardan. For this purpose data were collected from purposively selected villages in district Mardan, Pakistan 2012.The study showed that 90% of the sampled respondents of the area operating small farms were engaged in off-farm jobs. About 40.96% of sampled respondents in both villages were engaged in daily paid labor, nearly 30.12% of sampled respondents were engaged in part time employment, and 28.91 % were engaged in various businesses, respectively. In both villages, the pattern of off-farm employment was more or less the same. Negative relation was found between farm size and the off-farm employment. The effects of farm underemployment, working age group size (age of the farmer), income from other sources, and education were positive on the off-farm employment. It was also observed that for the sampled respondents operating on the different levels of farm size the magnitude of the off-farm employment was significantly different. It was also noticed that owners were relatively more involved in off-farm jobs, than the tenants and owner-cum-tenants. The study showed that in both villages, there exist a significant difference between off-farm employments. The sampled respondents of the Mado performed more off-farm work than the sampled respondents of the Matha. In Mado village, the farm income was mainly high due to high return of plum orchards, which were grown on large area. On the other hand, in Matha, the sample respondents were growing other cash crops and staple food but return on those crops was relatively low. In Mado, income from off-farm jobs was high than that of sampled respondents of Matha, because of the availability of more off-farm jobs in Mado. In Mado, income from other sources (other than farm) was higher due to the reason that the family members of the farm household were in better jobs in non-agriculture (farm) sectors and contributing more income to their family income. The study recommends therefore getting profitable off-farm employment and better income from that source; there should be better education facilities in the rural areas. To provide training and skills to the rural people in the village, skill enhancement programs should be launched based on agrarian professions similar to bee keeping, handicraft activities and poultry farming.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan kenaikan harga dan biaya kebutuhan produksi... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan kenaikan harga dan biaya kebutuhan produksi usaha tani padi di wilayah Kecamatan Barat Kabupaten Magetan. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa analisis R/C diperoleh 1,42, > 1. Artinya biaya yang dikeluarkan sebesar Rp. 1, dapat menghasilkan penerimaan Rp. 1,42. Oleh karena itu, kelayakan pada kenaikan harga dan biaya usaha tani padi di Kecamtan Barat Kabupaten Magetan dinilai masih layak karena masih memberikan keuntungan bagi petani padi.
In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network... more In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network while a topological descriptor correlates certain physico-chemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its chemical representation. Graph plays an vital role in modeling and designing any chemical network. F. Simonraj et al. derived new third type of Hex derived networks [27]. In our work, we discuss the third type of hex derived networks HDN 3(r), T HDN 3(r) and RHDN 3(r) and computed exact results for topological indices which are based on degrees of end vertices.
Topological indices are scientific details of graphs which represents its topology and of the mos... more Topological indices are scientific details of graphs which represents its topology and of the most part graph invariant. In QSAR/QSPR, physico-chemical characteristics and topological indices, for example, atom bond connectivity (ABC) and geometric-arithmetic (GA) indices are apply to foresee the bioactivity of concoction mixes. Graph theory discovered a significant practice in the region of investigation. In this paper, we are taking Planar Octahedron networks, produced by honeycomb structure of dimension n and obtain analytical closed results of Multiplicative topological indices for firstly and presents closed formulas of degree based indices.
In mathematical chemistry, molecular structure of any chemical substance can be expressed by a nu... more In mathematical chemistry, molecular structure of any chemical substance can be expressed by a numeric number or polynomial or sequence of numbers which represent the whole graph is called topological index. An important branch of graph theory is the chemical graph theory. Because of their worldwide uses, chemical networks have inspired researchers since their development. Determination of the expressions for topological indices of different derived graphs is a new and interesting problem in graph theory. In this article, some graphs which are derived from Honeycomb structure are studied and found their exact results for some neighbourhood degree-based topological indices. Additionally, a comparison is shown graphically among all the derived indices.
Swallow nest is a commodity originating from the Southeast Asian region, this commodity has a ver... more Swallow nest is a commodity originating from the Southeast Asian region, this commodity has a very specific market that is China, this interest took place since the Ming Dynasty. Until now, there are only two countries that capable of producing swallow nest commodities at a industrial scale, the expensive price of swallow nest that can reach a thousand dollars a kilogram makes this commodity very exclusive. In 2011, China which is the main destination of swallow nest decided to stop importing swallow nest because of health security concern and trust the the inspection to hongkong. The issue of H5N1 brought by Chinese goverment succeeded in making the price of a swallow nest drop drastically, in this paper the researcher use mercantilism and the article summarized by WTO to review phenomenon of chinese import discrimination, researcher open this topic with question “What is the motive behind the discrimination import of swallow nest in China? “. This research is important to examine ...
Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara, atau disingkat Rupbasan adalah tempat benda yang disita ol... more Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara, atau disingkat Rupbasan adalah tempat benda yang disita oleh Negara untuk keperluan proses peradilan. Hal ini ditegaskan dalam pasal 44 ayat (1) KUHAP yang berbunyi “Benda Sitaan Negara disimpan di dalam Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara”. Tidak sedikit dalam suatu kasus pidana yang sedang ditangani oleh penyidik banyak barang bukti yang rusak bahkan hilang, hal ini bisa terjadi karena berbagai penyebab, diantaranya kurang baiknya pemeliharaan barang bukti yang dilakukan oleh pihak Rupbasan dan juga adanya penyalahgunaan barang bukti yang telah disita seperti digunakan untuk kepentingan oknum individu ataupun dijual oleh aparat penegak hukum. Oleh karena itu permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian skripsi ini adalah : Pertama, apakah pengelolaan benda sitaan negara di rumah penyimpanan benda sitaan negara yogyakarta sudah sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan? Kedua, apakah pengelolaan benda sitaan negara di rumah penyimpanan benda si...
Corn is one of staple food and influential commodity driving Indonesia’s economy. Indonesia curre... more Corn is one of staple food and influential commodity driving Indonesia’s economy. Indonesia currently produces as high as 19 million tons of corn which contains 50% of biomass in the form of cob. Waste from harvesting and consumption of corn, namely, corn cob (CC) is left as waste. This CC is actually a sustainable, easily accessible, and renewable biomass energy source as an alternative to Indonesia’s depleting fossil fuel reserves. Hydrothermal treatment is a conversion method that has some consequential advantages compared to other methods; e.g. the ability to treat high-moisture biomass like CC and the possibility to use lower temperature. This research aims to produce and characterize liquid and solid fuel subsequent to hydrothermal treatment of CC obtained from Sleman, Yogyakarta. After size reduction, fine particles were mixed with water to form slurry. Slurry was heated in an autoclave for hydrothermal treatment at initial pressure of 2.0 MPa and was held for 200°C, 240°C, a...
Open Journal of Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2019
Topological indices are real numbers associated with molecular graphs of compounds that help to g... more Topological indices are real numbers associated with molecular graphs of compounds that help to guess properties of compounds. Hex-Derived networks has an assortment of valuable applications in drug store, hardware, and systems administration. Imran et al. [1] computed the general Randić, first Zagreb, ABC, GA, ABC 4 , and GA 5 indices for these hex-derived networks. In this article, we extend the work of [1] and compute some new topological indices of these networks.
In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network... more In chemical graph theory, a topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical network, while a topological descriptor correlates certain physicochemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its chemical representation. The graph plays a vital role in modeling and designing any chemical network. Simonraj et al. derived a new type of graphs, which is named a third type of hex-derived networks. In our work, we discuss the third type of hex-derived networks H D N 3 ( r ) , T H D N 3 ( r ) , R H D N 3 ( r ) , C H D N 3 ( r ) , and compute exact results for topological indices which are based on degrees of end vertices.
A topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical structure, while a topological de... more A topological index is a numerical representation of a chemical structure, while a topological descriptor correlates certain physico-chemical characteristics of underlying chemical compounds besides its numerical representation. A large number of properties like physico-chemical properties, thermodynamic properties, chemical activity, and biological activity are determined by the chemical applications of graph theory. The biological activity of chemical compounds can be constructed by the help of topological indices such as atom-bond connectivity (ABC), Randić, and geometric arithmetic (GA). In this paper, Randić, atom bond connectivity (ABC), Zagreb, geometric arithmetic (GA), ABC4, and GA5 indices of the mth chain silicate S L ( m , n ) network are determined.
A Topological index also known as connectivity index is a type of a molecular descriptor that is ... more A Topological index also known as connectivity index is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. Topological indices are numerical parameters of a graph which characterize its topology and are usually graph invariant. In QSAR/QSPR study, physico-chemical properties and topological indices such as Randić, atom-bond connectivity (ABC) and geometric-arithmetic (GA) index are used to predict the bioactivity of chemical compounds. Graph theory has found a considerable use in this area of research. In this paper, we study HDCN1(m,n) and HDCN2(m,n) of dimension m , n and derive analytical closed results of general Randić index R α ( G ) for different values of α . We also compute the general first Zagreb, ABC, GA, A B C 4 and G A 5 indices for these Hex derived cage networks for the first time and give closed formulas of these degree-based indices.
Uploads
Papers by M.Haidar Ali