DESCRIPTION Using of smart materials in hydrofoils increases the efficiency of high-speed boats. ... more DESCRIPTION Using of smart materials in hydrofoils increases the efficiency of high-speed boats. The aim of this paper is development and simulation of flow around the smart hydrofoil and comparison of it with the conventional ones. Then, the effect of submerge distance (h/c), angle of flap (AOF) and Froude number (Fr) is studied. The free surface waves, generated by two types of hydrofoils, will be compared with together and the smart martial influence on the wavelength and amplitude is investigated for different submerge distance. To simulate the smart flap behavior, a parametric bending profile of a cantilever beam under a non-uniform load is considered so that it can simulate the smart martial treat very well. Moreover, a pressure-based implicit procedure is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is also utilized to simulate air and water. Phases. Results demonstrate that the smart hydrofoils increase the lift to drag ratio (L/D) when compar...
In this research, the plunging motion of an airfoil by a numerical method based on finite volume ... more In this research, the plunging motion of an airfoil by a numerical method based on finite volume in different Reynolds numbers is simulated and the thickness effect, amplitude and reduced frequency on the aerodynamic coefficients are investigated. In this process, SIMPLEC algorithm, implicit solver, high order scheme and dynamic mesh method is used in unsteady simulation and the flow is supposed viscous, incompressible and laminar. Simulations are in three Reynolds 1000, 11000 and 50000, respectively, in accordance with the flight of the insects, small birds and pigeons are done in two amplitudes and three reduced frequencies. The simulation results are compared with published data to confirm the validity of research. This comparison shows comprisable agreement. Pressure distribution and Vortex shedding around airfoils show that the thickness of the airfoils delays vortex shedding and changes time-averaged thrust coefficient. Reduced frequency and amplitude of oscillation are two im...
ABSTRACT There is a growing public concern about the potential accumulation of heavy metals in ag... more ABSTRACT There is a growing public concern about the potential accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Iran. This is mainly the result of rapid urban, mining and industrial discordant development over the last several decades, which has jeopardized the ecology, food safety, human health, and sustainable development of agriculture. To investigate the soil pollution, a total of 105 agricultural soil samples and 40 background soil samples were collected from the Isfahan industrial zone. Accordingly, total concentrations of 7 heavy metals (including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr), associated with Al, Fe, Mn and some physicochemical properties of soils were determined. The geochemical background and threshold was predicted using the Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) method. The median concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural soil were nearly similar to those of background soil, with some outlier data in the vicinity of the industrial and mining areas. Based on correlation coefficient and factor analyses, the primary source of Ni, Co, Cr, Fe and Al was determined to be geogenic, whereas the source of Pb, Zn and Cd is substantially controlled by anthropic activity. Our observations proved that in the Isfahan industrial zone, both human and natural sources affect the concentrations of Cu and Mn. Maps of heavy metal pollution indices in agricultural soils reveal high level of pollution in the vicinity of BamaPb-Zn mining area along with Esfahan and Mobarakeh Iron-Steel plants.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN, 2011
Aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a smart flap under the ground effect are studied throu... more Aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a smart flap under the ground effect are studied through the integration of computational fluid dynamics. A parametric bending profile of a smart flap is designed considering different types of beams. Here, a cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered. The shape of the smart flap is fixed and its advantage comes from its smooth connection to the main wing. In this research, a pressure-based implicit procedure is used to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is utilized to simulate flow around the wing under the ground effect. First, the method is validated against experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around a wing with smart and conventional flaps for different flap angles and ground clearance. The results of the two wings are compared. It is found that the pressure coefficient distribution for a wing with smart flaps is smoother than that of a wing with conventional flaps, and tip vortexes of the flap and wing diminish for low ground clearance. Finally, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) is obtained for a smart wing when the angle of flap (AOF)=7.5˚ and h/c=0.3.
External ear reconstruction for congenital deformity such as microtia or following trauma remains... more External ear reconstruction for congenital deformity such as microtia or following trauma remains one of the greatest challenges for reconstructive plastic surgeons. The problems faced in reconstructing the intricate ear framework are highly complex. A durable, inert material that is resistant to scar contracture is required. To date, no material, autologous or prosthetic, is available that perfectly mimics the shapely elastic cartilage found in the ear. Current procedure involves autologous costal cartilage that is sculpted to create a framework for the overlying soft tissues. However, this is associated with donor-site morbidity, and few surgeons worldwide are skilled in the techniques required to obtain excellent results. Various alloplastic materials have therefore been used as a framework. However, a degree of immunogenicity and infection and extrusion are inevitable, and results are often disappointing. Tissue-engineered cartilage is an alternative approach but, despite significant progress in this area, many problems remain. These need to be addressed before routine clinical application will become possible. The current tissue-engineered options are fragile and inflexible. The next generation of auricular cartilage engineering is promising, with smart materials to enhance cell growth and integration, and the application of stem cells in a clinical setting. More recently, the authors' team designed the world's first entirely synthetic trachea composed of a novel nanocomposite material seeded with the patient's own stem cells. This was successfully transplanted in a patient at the Karolinska Hospital in Sweden and may translate into a tissue-engineered auricle in the future. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg.
In this research, a numerical procedure is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation on a submerge... more In this research, a numerical procedure is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation on a submerge hydrofoil and the estimation of hydrofoil performance is done by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model. A pressure-based implicit technique and a non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation are used to simulate flow around the hydrofoil. The procedure incorporates the k À e eddy-viscosity turbulence model and a Volume of Fluid (VOF) process has been utilized to simulate two-phase fluid (water and air). In the mentioned method, the analyses of thickness and camber effect of hydrofoil, submerge distance (h/c), and the angle of attack (AOA) make an impression on the hydrofoil performance. To verify the numerical simulation, a part of the presented results is compared with the published experimental data. This comparison confirms the numerical process. Moreover, the hydrofoil configuration and operating condition are assessed by ANFIS model. Consequently, the results prove that the ANFIS model can predicate the hydrofoil performance very well.
A pressure-based implicit finite-volume technique is used to solve the Navier-Stocks equation, si... more A pressure-based implicit finite-volume technique is used to solve the Navier-Stocks equation, simulating flow around a smart hydrofoil. The Volume of Fraction (VOF) method is applied to track the free surface. This simulation focuses two main goals. Initially, the equation of a free surface wave, generated by the moving submerge hydrofoil, is extracted, and the wavelength and amplitude of the wave are assessed in the different submerge distances (h/c) and angle of flap (AOF). It is found that the trochoid equation predicts the free surface wave very well. Secondly, the simulation of fluid flow around the smart hydrofoil is performed, and its results are compared with the conventional hydrofoil. For both hydrofoils (smart and conventional), the effect of submerge distance and flap angle is evaluated. The results indicate that smart hydrofoils produce higher lift to drag ratio (L/D) than that of the conventional ones. Besides, the wave amplitude of smart hydrofoil is greater than conventional ones.
A pressure-based implicit procedure is due to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mes... more A pressure-based implicit procedure is due to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is used to simulate flow around the smart and conventional flaps of airfoil under the ground effect. Cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered for smart flaps. The boundedness criteria for this procedure are determined by a normalised variable diagram (NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates the k -ε eddy-viscosity turbulence model. The method is first validated against experimental data. Then, the SIMPLE algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around airfoil with smart and conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground clearance where the results of two flaps are compared. It is found that the pressure coefficient distribution in a smart flap is smoother than a conventional one. The comparisons show that the quality of the solution is considerable.
In the light of progressive depletion of groundwater reservoir and water quality deterioration of... more In the light of progressive depletion of groundwater reservoir and water quality deterioration of the Neyveli basin, an investigation on dissolved major constituents in 25 groundwater samples was performed. The main objective was detection of processes for the geochemical assessment throughout the area. Neyveli aquifer is intensively inhabited during the last decenniums, leading to expansion of the residential and agricultural area. Besides semi-aridity, rapid social and economic development stimulates greater demand for water, which is gradually fulfilled by groundwater extraction. Groundwaters of the study area are characterized by the dominance of Na+K over Ca+Mg. HCO 3 was found to be the dominant anion followed by Cl and SO 4 . High positive correlation was obtained among the following ions: Ca-Mg, Cl-Ca,Mg, Na-K, HCO 3 -H 4 SiO 4 , and F-K. The hydrochemical types in the area can be divided into two major groups: the first group includes mixed Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Cl types. The second group comprises mixed Ca-Na-HCO 3 and Ca-HCO 3 types. Most of the groundwater samples are within the permissible limit of WHO standard. Interpretation of data suggests that weathering, ion exchange reactions, and evaporation to some extent are the dominant factors that determine the major ionic composition in the study area.
Aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional smart flap under the ground effect have been asses... more Aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional smart flap under the ground effect have been assessed by a numerical simulation. In this process, a pressure-based implicit procedure to solve Navier-Stokes equations on a nonorthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is used. The boundedness criteria for this procedure are determined from the Normalized Variable Diagram (NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates the k-ε eddy-viscosity turbulence model. Cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered for the configuration of the smart flap. The method is first validated against experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around airfoil with smart and conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground clearance where the results of two flaps are compared. The comparisons show that the quality of the solution is considerable.
DESCRIPTION Using of smart materials in hydrofoils increases the efficiency of high-speed boats. ... more DESCRIPTION Using of smart materials in hydrofoils increases the efficiency of high-speed boats. The aim of this paper is development and simulation of flow around the smart hydrofoil and comparison of it with the conventional ones. Then, the effect of submerge distance (h/c), angle of flap (AOF) and Froude number (Fr) is studied. The free surface waves, generated by two types of hydrofoils, will be compared with together and the smart martial influence on the wavelength and amplitude is investigated for different submerge distance. To simulate the smart flap behavior, a parametric bending profile of a cantilever beam under a non-uniform load is considered so that it can simulate the smart martial treat very well. Moreover, a pressure-based implicit procedure is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is also utilized to simulate air and water. Phases. Results demonstrate that the smart hydrofoils increase the lift to drag ratio (L/D) when compar...
In this research, the plunging motion of an airfoil by a numerical method based on finite volume ... more In this research, the plunging motion of an airfoil by a numerical method based on finite volume in different Reynolds numbers is simulated and the thickness effect, amplitude and reduced frequency on the aerodynamic coefficients are investigated. In this process, SIMPLEC algorithm, implicit solver, high order scheme and dynamic mesh method is used in unsteady simulation and the flow is supposed viscous, incompressible and laminar. Simulations are in three Reynolds 1000, 11000 and 50000, respectively, in accordance with the flight of the insects, small birds and pigeons are done in two amplitudes and three reduced frequencies. The simulation results are compared with published data to confirm the validity of research. This comparison shows comprisable agreement. Pressure distribution and Vortex shedding around airfoils show that the thickness of the airfoils delays vortex shedding and changes time-averaged thrust coefficient. Reduced frequency and amplitude of oscillation are two im...
ABSTRACT There is a growing public concern about the potential accumulation of heavy metals in ag... more ABSTRACT There is a growing public concern about the potential accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Iran. This is mainly the result of rapid urban, mining and industrial discordant development over the last several decades, which has jeopardized the ecology, food safety, human health, and sustainable development of agriculture. To investigate the soil pollution, a total of 105 agricultural soil samples and 40 background soil samples were collected from the Isfahan industrial zone. Accordingly, total concentrations of 7 heavy metals (including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr), associated with Al, Fe, Mn and some physicochemical properties of soils were determined. The geochemical background and threshold was predicted using the Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) method. The median concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural soil were nearly similar to those of background soil, with some outlier data in the vicinity of the industrial and mining areas. Based on correlation coefficient and factor analyses, the primary source of Ni, Co, Cr, Fe and Al was determined to be geogenic, whereas the source of Pb, Zn and Cd is substantially controlled by anthropic activity. Our observations proved that in the Isfahan industrial zone, both human and natural sources affect the concentrations of Cu and Mn. Maps of heavy metal pollution indices in agricultural soils reveal high level of pollution in the vicinity of BamaPb-Zn mining area along with Esfahan and Mobarakeh Iron-Steel plants.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN, 2011
Aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a smart flap under the ground effect are studied throu... more Aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a smart flap under the ground effect are studied through the integration of computational fluid dynamics. A parametric bending profile of a smart flap is designed considering different types of beams. Here, a cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered. The shape of the smart flap is fixed and its advantage comes from its smooth connection to the main wing. In this research, a pressure-based implicit procedure is used to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is utilized to simulate flow around the wing under the ground effect. First, the method is validated against experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around a wing with smart and conventional flaps for different flap angles and ground clearance. The results of the two wings are compared. It is found that the pressure coefficient distribution for a wing with smart flaps is smoother than that of a wing with conventional flaps, and tip vortexes of the flap and wing diminish for low ground clearance. Finally, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) is obtained for a smart wing when the angle of flap (AOF)=7.5˚ and h/c=0.3.
External ear reconstruction for congenital deformity such as microtia or following trauma remains... more External ear reconstruction for congenital deformity such as microtia or following trauma remains one of the greatest challenges for reconstructive plastic surgeons. The problems faced in reconstructing the intricate ear framework are highly complex. A durable, inert material that is resistant to scar contracture is required. To date, no material, autologous or prosthetic, is available that perfectly mimics the shapely elastic cartilage found in the ear. Current procedure involves autologous costal cartilage that is sculpted to create a framework for the overlying soft tissues. However, this is associated with donor-site morbidity, and few surgeons worldwide are skilled in the techniques required to obtain excellent results. Various alloplastic materials have therefore been used as a framework. However, a degree of immunogenicity and infection and extrusion are inevitable, and results are often disappointing. Tissue-engineered cartilage is an alternative approach but, despite significant progress in this area, many problems remain. These need to be addressed before routine clinical application will become possible. The current tissue-engineered options are fragile and inflexible. The next generation of auricular cartilage engineering is promising, with smart materials to enhance cell growth and integration, and the application of stem cells in a clinical setting. More recently, the authors' team designed the world's first entirely synthetic trachea composed of a novel nanocomposite material seeded with the patient's own stem cells. This was successfully transplanted in a patient at the Karolinska Hospital in Sweden and may translate into a tissue-engineered auricle in the future. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg.
In this research, a numerical procedure is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation on a submerge... more In this research, a numerical procedure is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation on a submerge hydrofoil and the estimation of hydrofoil performance is done by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model. A pressure-based implicit technique and a non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation are used to simulate flow around the hydrofoil. The procedure incorporates the k À e eddy-viscosity turbulence model and a Volume of Fluid (VOF) process has been utilized to simulate two-phase fluid (water and air). In the mentioned method, the analyses of thickness and camber effect of hydrofoil, submerge distance (h/c), and the angle of attack (AOA) make an impression on the hydrofoil performance. To verify the numerical simulation, a part of the presented results is compared with the published experimental data. This comparison confirms the numerical process. Moreover, the hydrofoil configuration and operating condition are assessed by ANFIS model. Consequently, the results prove that the ANFIS model can predicate the hydrofoil performance very well.
A pressure-based implicit finite-volume technique is used to solve the Navier-Stocks equation, si... more A pressure-based implicit finite-volume technique is used to solve the Navier-Stocks equation, simulating flow around a smart hydrofoil. The Volume of Fraction (VOF) method is applied to track the free surface. This simulation focuses two main goals. Initially, the equation of a free surface wave, generated by the moving submerge hydrofoil, is extracted, and the wavelength and amplitude of the wave are assessed in the different submerge distances (h/c) and angle of flap (AOF). It is found that the trochoid equation predicts the free surface wave very well. Secondly, the simulation of fluid flow around the smart hydrofoil is performed, and its results are compared with the conventional hydrofoil. For both hydrofoils (smart and conventional), the effect of submerge distance and flap angle is evaluated. The results indicate that smart hydrofoils produce higher lift to drag ratio (L/D) than that of the conventional ones. Besides, the wave amplitude of smart hydrofoil is greater than conventional ones.
A pressure-based implicit procedure is due to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mes... more A pressure-based implicit procedure is due to solve Navier-Stokes equations. A non-orthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is used to simulate flow around the smart and conventional flaps of airfoil under the ground effect. Cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered for smart flaps. The boundedness criteria for this procedure are determined by a normalised variable diagram (NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates the k -ε eddy-viscosity turbulence model. The method is first validated against experimental data. Then, the SIMPLE algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around airfoil with smart and conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground clearance where the results of two flaps are compared. It is found that the pressure coefficient distribution in a smart flap is smoother than a conventional one. The comparisons show that the quality of the solution is considerable.
In the light of progressive depletion of groundwater reservoir and water quality deterioration of... more In the light of progressive depletion of groundwater reservoir and water quality deterioration of the Neyveli basin, an investigation on dissolved major constituents in 25 groundwater samples was performed. The main objective was detection of processes for the geochemical assessment throughout the area. Neyveli aquifer is intensively inhabited during the last decenniums, leading to expansion of the residential and agricultural area. Besides semi-aridity, rapid social and economic development stimulates greater demand for water, which is gradually fulfilled by groundwater extraction. Groundwaters of the study area are characterized by the dominance of Na+K over Ca+Mg. HCO 3 was found to be the dominant anion followed by Cl and SO 4 . High positive correlation was obtained among the following ions: Ca-Mg, Cl-Ca,Mg, Na-K, HCO 3 -H 4 SiO 4 , and F-K. The hydrochemical types in the area can be divided into two major groups: the first group includes mixed Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Cl types. The second group comprises mixed Ca-Na-HCO 3 and Ca-HCO 3 types. Most of the groundwater samples are within the permissible limit of WHO standard. Interpretation of data suggests that weathering, ion exchange reactions, and evaporation to some extent are the dominant factors that determine the major ionic composition in the study area.
Aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional smart flap under the ground effect have been asses... more Aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional smart flap under the ground effect have been assessed by a numerical simulation. In this process, a pressure-based implicit procedure to solve Navier-Stokes equations on a nonorthogonal mesh with collocated finite volume formulation is used. The boundedness criteria for this procedure are determined from the Normalized Variable Diagram (NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates the k-ε eddy-viscosity turbulence model. Cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered for the configuration of the smart flap. The method is first validated against experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent aerodynamic flows around airfoil with smart and conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground clearance where the results of two flaps are compared. The comparisons show that the quality of the solution is considerable.
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