Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2019
This paper presents a numerical modeling of a circular submerged offset jet in a rectangular stor... more This paper presents a numerical modeling of a circular submerged offset jet in a rectangular stormwater pond and investigates various design parameters (inlet offset position, tailwater depth, bottom roughness, and basin width and length) on jet velocity decay and energy dissipation. Results from the numerical model suggest that the energy dissipation increases with a deeper pond tailwater depth, and decreases with offset height when the offset height is less than half of the tailwater depth. Additionally, the basin width and pond length will affect the velocity decay rate and energy dissipation. Riprap installed at the pond bottom has little influence on energy dissipation in the studied cases. Findings from this study can be useful in pond design for bottom erosion protection and improved energy dissipation. R ESUM E Cet article pr esente un mod ele num erique d'un jet d ecal e circulaire submerg e dans un bassin rectangulaire d'eaux pluviales et etudie divers param etres de conception (position du d ecalage d'entr ee, profondeur de la nappe phr eatique, rugosit e du fond, largeur et longueur du bassin) sur la d ecroissance de la vitesse du jet et la dissipation d' energie. Les r esultats du mod ele num erique sugg erent que la dissipation d' energie augmente lorsque la profondeur de l'eau de fond du bassin est plus profonde et diminue avec la hauteur
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landfills, and it h... more Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landfills, and it has many potential environmental issues, such as its major role in global warming. On the other hand, methane can be converted to liquid fuel or electricity using chemical conversion or gas turbine generators. Therefore, reusing such gases could be of great environmental and economic benefit. In this context, this study aims to estimate the emissions of methane gas from the landfills in Al-Hillah City, Iraq, from 2023 to 2070 and the producible electric energy from this amount. The estimating process was carried out using the Land GEM model and compared with traditional models. The obtained results demonstrated that the total estimated landfill methane emissions for 48 years are 875,217 tons, and the average annual methane emission is 18,234 tons based on a yearly waste accumulation rate of 1,046,413 tons and a total waste amount of 50,227,808 tons. The anticipated loads of methane gas ca...
Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study... more Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study is focused on water quality data monitoring analysis. of the Tigris River in Iraq by the application of the principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and water quality index (WQI). Twelve water quality parameters were taken from 14 stations along the river are Ca +2 , Mg +2 , Na +1 , K +1 , Cl-1 , SO 4-2 , HCO 3-1 , NO 3-1 , TH, TDS, BOD 5 , and EC to apply the PCA and CA. The results show that the mean of all the variables was under the boundaries. except for EC, Ca +2 , Mg +2 , SO 4-2, and TH. EC is the essential element impacting the consistency of the river water. The PCA has one major component which accounts for 97% of variance from various sources of pollution. The CA divided the river into three regions of sampling stations with similar water quality, the best in the north, and the worst in the far south. In this paper, the computer-automated tool (IraqWQI) was presented and evaluated, which has been developed by authors to classify and measure the quality of Iraqi surface water. The proposed index is of hundred degrees and includes six variables for drinking water quality are Cl-1 , TH, TDS, COD, DO, and total coliform (TC) according to the Iraqi speci cations. The result of the IraqWQI application showed decreasing in the water quality of the river and the suitability for drinking toward the south of the country. The best value of the index was (81.48, Good) in Fishkhabour during winter, and the worst value was (46.23, Bad) in Qurnah during summer. The study showed that the use of statistical technologies and WQI as useful instruments for the management, control, and protection of surface water has been effective and signi cant
Selecting landfill sites is considered a complicated task because its whole process is based upon... more Selecting landfill sites is considered a complicated task because its whole process is based upon several factors and restrictions. This study shows the present status of solid waste management, so ...
The selection of a landfill site is considered as a complicated task because the whole process is... more The selection of a landfill site is considered as a complicated task because the whole process is based on many factors and restrictions. This study shows the present status of solid waste manageme ...
In order to protect the human health as well as the environment from the solid waste negative imp... more In order to protect the human health as well as the environment from the solid waste negative impacts, landfill sites should be subjected to adopt the criteria that correspond to landfills international requirements. Fifteen criteria were approved of in an arid area like Babylon Governorate, Iraq for landfill siting. As a result, ten landfill sites were chosen in the governorate. A suitable design was suggested for the selected landfill sites. This design consisted of the base liner system and the final cover system. The results for the suggested landfill design (using the HELP model) showed that there was no leachate percolation from waste mass into groundwater.
All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natur... more All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natural resources of water. However, this valuable resource is becoming increasingly threatened by the increasing population as well as the growing demand for quality water for domestic and economic purposes. Hence the requirement for ongoing river water quality monitoring and assessment. In this research, the water quality (WQ) of the Al-Abbasiyah River was assessed for drinking uses in the dry and wet seasons using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and GIS software. Eighteen physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured in 2022 (dry season) and 2023 (wet season) by collecting samples from eight locations along the river. These parameters are: Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD 5 , alkalinity, NO 3
Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. ... more Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.
It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of... more It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of the hydraulic performance of each regime. The present study investigates the effect of downstream slope and rock fill materials on flow regimes in gabion stepped weirs. Nine physical models of gabion weirs were used in the experiments. The models' downstream slopes ranged from 1:05 to 1:4 V:H. In addition, two types of rockfill materials: crushed stone of 0.42 porosity and rounded gravel of 0.38 porosity were used to study the effect of rockfill materials on flow regimes. The nominal size of the crushed stone was (37.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 23 mm and the nominal size of the rounded gravel was (26.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 16 mm. Each model has been tested with ten runs for discharge per unit width ranging (from 0.006 to 0.105 m 3 /sec. m) to cover all flow conditions and flow regimes. The onset of each flow regime for all physical models has been observed. The experimental data of the gabion stepped weirs have been used to develop equations to estimate the onset of each flow regime. The coefficient of correlation (R) of the developed equations ranged between 0.95 to 0.97. The results indicated on the steeper downstream slope models (1:0.5, 1:0.83), there is interference between the nappe and transition flow regimes. The nappe flow regime has not appeared on all steps at the same
Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. ... more Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.
A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) mod... more A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) model. In this study, the WQI was generated to classify the water flowing in the Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province. To develop analytical models, a connection between the findings and satellite images was developed. It is possible to determine what category a river's water quality for domestic use will fall into. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WWQI), Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI), and Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) were used to evaluate and examine the suitability of the Euphrates River in the city by analysing the water quality of samples taken from the five locations (Muhanawia (L1), Salahia (L2), Shamiyah (L3), Shamiyah (L4), Gammas (L5)). The hydrogen ions pH, temperature T, dissolved oxygen DO, nitrate NO 3 , calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, total hardness TH, potassium K, sodium Na, sulfate SO 4 , chlorine Cl, total dissolved solids TDS, and electrical conductivity ECvalues are provided for 2020 and 2021. Results showed the Euphrates River was deemed severely contaminated at location Gammas (L5) but acceptable at location Muhanawia (L1). During the research phase, the water quality for the Euphrates achieved a maximum of 87.43 using the CWQI for Muhanawia (L1) in 2021 and a minimum of 15.6 using the BWQI for Gammas (L5) in 2021. The excessive sulphate, total dissolved solids, calcium, and total hardness concentrations led to the low WQI. The results are analysed using a GIS, and a network database connected to the GIS is required to utilize its analytical capabilities and the geographically scattered data throughout the study region. The
In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of ... more In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of water for human consumption. In Iraq, the quality of rivers has been greatly affected by climate change and the dwindling availability of surface water. Examining and classifying the groundwater in this region is now vital. The present study sought to incorporate the groundwater property data (drinking purpose) with a geographic information system (GIS). Eleven variables were measured in 25 wells to investigate the physio-chemical properties around the Babylon province of Iraq. On the basis of the acceptability of groundwater for drinking, GWQI was categorized into four primary groups in the results. Approximately 28% of the twenty-five wells (1811.04 km 2) are of excellent quality, 24% are of good quality (1552.3 km 2), 44% are of low quality (2845.9 km 2), and 4% are extremely contaminated (2587.2 km 2). The average GWQI for the entire study region was 110.7, making it inappropriate for human consumption. It has been determined that approximately 52% of the groundwater from the examined wells can be deemed safe for consumption, although certain measurements surpass the permissible limits. To guarantee that the residents in these areas are supplied with water of superior quality and safety, treatment of the tested groundwater is recommended before use.
This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables ... more This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables of physical, chemical, and heavy metal elements. The samples have been taken at six sites along the river in 2020 (from January to December). The water quality index has been determined by using the weighted-arithmetic method which is including a series of equations. Also, the model of Inverse-Distance-Weighting in the Geographic information system was applied to create a map of the water quality in the study area. Eleven physicochemical variables and five elements of heavy metals were comprised of calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, electric conductivity, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The results showed the values of the water quality index ranged from 245 to 253 (with a category of 200–300). The water quality index was rated as very poor for the selected locations along the Shatt...
Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb... more Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model...
International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics
Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved O... more Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration helps indicate the water quality. This study investigated the effects of varying step shape and chute slope on the aeration efficiency for stepped spillways. The measured parameters were DO, the inception point of the free surface, and the water surface profile above the crest to evaluate the geometry variation impacts. Several experiments were conducted on a six-step configuration over a stepped spillway with chute angle (θ = 26.6°, 21.8°, and 8.9°). The discharges up to 0.055 m3/s. The step configurations were including flat step, normal end sill, and quarter circle end sill. The results showed when the chute angle changed from 26.6° to 8.9°, the aeration efficiency of E20 improved with 11.51% at the lowest discharge and 6.05% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 10 steps. Also, E20 improved 11.39% at the lowest discharge and 6.50% at the highe...
Methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are only a few of the greenhouse gases that are significa... more Methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are only a few of the greenhouse gases that are significantly produced by humans and are found in landfills. This study presents an application of the Land GEM model to determine the environmental loads of dumping waste sites gases released from the landfill in Al-Hillah city, Iraq. The expected quantity of waste for the period (2023–2070) was used to calculate the environmental loads of dumping site gases. The quantified emission findings from loads of dumping site gases were contrasted with those from the model's default. The estimated landfill methane emissions from 2023 to 2070 total 874,904 tons of CH4, or an average of 18,227 tons of CH4 each year. The findings of the gas emissions demonstrated that local elements significantly influenced the output of loads of landfill gases. The anticipated loads of total landfill gases, methane, and carbon dioxide can be utilized as supporting data for policies on landfill-derived renewable energy...
Intensive agriculture by indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, sewage water, and polluted drain wa... more Intensive agriculture by indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, sewage water, and polluted drain water has posed a serious threat to groundwater quality in some peri-urban areas of Delhi like Najafgarh block. The objective of the study was to determine the groundwater quality and to map their spatial variation in terms of suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Ordinary kriging method was
Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2019
This paper presents a numerical modeling of a circular submerged offset jet in a rectangular stor... more This paper presents a numerical modeling of a circular submerged offset jet in a rectangular stormwater pond and investigates various design parameters (inlet offset position, tailwater depth, bottom roughness, and basin width and length) on jet velocity decay and energy dissipation. Results from the numerical model suggest that the energy dissipation increases with a deeper pond tailwater depth, and decreases with offset height when the offset height is less than half of the tailwater depth. Additionally, the basin width and pond length will affect the velocity decay rate and energy dissipation. Riprap installed at the pond bottom has little influence on energy dissipation in the studied cases. Findings from this study can be useful in pond design for bottom erosion protection and improved energy dissipation. R ESUM E Cet article pr esente un mod ele num erique d'un jet d ecal e circulaire submerg e dans un bassin rectangulaire d'eaux pluviales et etudie divers param etres de conception (position du d ecalage d'entr ee, profondeur de la nappe phr eatique, rugosit e du fond, largeur et longueur du bassin) sur la d ecroissance de la vitesse du jet et la dissipation d' energie. Les r esultats du mod ele num erique sugg erent que la dissipation d' energie augmente lorsque la profondeur de l'eau de fond du bassin est plus profonde et diminue avec la hauteur
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landfills, and it h... more Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landfills, and it has many potential environmental issues, such as its major role in global warming. On the other hand, methane can be converted to liquid fuel or electricity using chemical conversion or gas turbine generators. Therefore, reusing such gases could be of great environmental and economic benefit. In this context, this study aims to estimate the emissions of methane gas from the landfills in Al-Hillah City, Iraq, from 2023 to 2070 and the producible electric energy from this amount. The estimating process was carried out using the Land GEM model and compared with traditional models. The obtained results demonstrated that the total estimated landfill methane emissions for 48 years are 875,217 tons, and the average annual methane emission is 18,234 tons based on a yearly waste accumulation rate of 1,046,413 tons and a total waste amount of 50,227,808 tons. The anticipated loads of methane gas ca...
Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study... more Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study is focused on water quality data monitoring analysis. of the Tigris River in Iraq by the application of the principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and water quality index (WQI). Twelve water quality parameters were taken from 14 stations along the river are Ca +2 , Mg +2 , Na +1 , K +1 , Cl-1 , SO 4-2 , HCO 3-1 , NO 3-1 , TH, TDS, BOD 5 , and EC to apply the PCA and CA. The results show that the mean of all the variables was under the boundaries. except for EC, Ca +2 , Mg +2 , SO 4-2, and TH. EC is the essential element impacting the consistency of the river water. The PCA has one major component which accounts for 97% of variance from various sources of pollution. The CA divided the river into three regions of sampling stations with similar water quality, the best in the north, and the worst in the far south. In this paper, the computer-automated tool (IraqWQI) was presented and evaluated, which has been developed by authors to classify and measure the quality of Iraqi surface water. The proposed index is of hundred degrees and includes six variables for drinking water quality are Cl-1 , TH, TDS, COD, DO, and total coliform (TC) according to the Iraqi speci cations. The result of the IraqWQI application showed decreasing in the water quality of the river and the suitability for drinking toward the south of the country. The best value of the index was (81.48, Good) in Fishkhabour during winter, and the worst value was (46.23, Bad) in Qurnah during summer. The study showed that the use of statistical technologies and WQI as useful instruments for the management, control, and protection of surface water has been effective and signi cant
Selecting landfill sites is considered a complicated task because its whole process is based upon... more Selecting landfill sites is considered a complicated task because its whole process is based upon several factors and restrictions. This study shows the present status of solid waste management, so ...
The selection of a landfill site is considered as a complicated task because the whole process is... more The selection of a landfill site is considered as a complicated task because the whole process is based on many factors and restrictions. This study shows the present status of solid waste manageme ...
In order to protect the human health as well as the environment from the solid waste negative imp... more In order to protect the human health as well as the environment from the solid waste negative impacts, landfill sites should be subjected to adopt the criteria that correspond to landfills international requirements. Fifteen criteria were approved of in an arid area like Babylon Governorate, Iraq for landfill siting. As a result, ten landfill sites were chosen in the governorate. A suitable design was suggested for the selected landfill sites. This design consisted of the base liner system and the final cover system. The results for the suggested landfill design (using the HELP model) showed that there was no leachate percolation from waste mass into groundwater.
All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natur... more All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natural resources of water. However, this valuable resource is becoming increasingly threatened by the increasing population as well as the growing demand for quality water for domestic and economic purposes. Hence the requirement for ongoing river water quality monitoring and assessment. In this research, the water quality (WQ) of the Al-Abbasiyah River was assessed for drinking uses in the dry and wet seasons using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and GIS software. Eighteen physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured in 2022 (dry season) and 2023 (wet season) by collecting samples from eight locations along the river. These parameters are: Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD 5 , alkalinity, NO 3
Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. ... more Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.
It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of... more It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of the hydraulic performance of each regime. The present study investigates the effect of downstream slope and rock fill materials on flow regimes in gabion stepped weirs. Nine physical models of gabion weirs were used in the experiments. The models' downstream slopes ranged from 1:05 to 1:4 V:H. In addition, two types of rockfill materials: crushed stone of 0.42 porosity and rounded gravel of 0.38 porosity were used to study the effect of rockfill materials on flow regimes. The nominal size of the crushed stone was (37.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 23 mm and the nominal size of the rounded gravel was (26.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 16 mm. Each model has been tested with ten runs for discharge per unit width ranging (from 0.006 to 0.105 m 3 /sec. m) to cover all flow conditions and flow regimes. The onset of each flow regime for all physical models has been observed. The experimental data of the gabion stepped weirs have been used to develop equations to estimate the onset of each flow regime. The coefficient of correlation (R) of the developed equations ranged between 0.95 to 0.97. The results indicated on the steeper downstream slope models (1:0.5, 1:0.83), there is interference between the nappe and transition flow regimes. The nappe flow regime has not appeared on all steps at the same
Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. ... more Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.
A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) mod... more A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) model. In this study, the WQI was generated to classify the water flowing in the Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province. To develop analytical models, a connection between the findings and satellite images was developed. It is possible to determine what category a river's water quality for domestic use will fall into. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WWQI), Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI), and Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) were used to evaluate and examine the suitability of the Euphrates River in the city by analysing the water quality of samples taken from the five locations (Muhanawia (L1), Salahia (L2), Shamiyah (L3), Shamiyah (L4), Gammas (L5)). The hydrogen ions pH, temperature T, dissolved oxygen DO, nitrate NO 3 , calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, total hardness TH, potassium K, sodium Na, sulfate SO 4 , chlorine Cl, total dissolved solids TDS, and electrical conductivity ECvalues are provided for 2020 and 2021. Results showed the Euphrates River was deemed severely contaminated at location Gammas (L5) but acceptable at location Muhanawia (L1). During the research phase, the water quality for the Euphrates achieved a maximum of 87.43 using the CWQI for Muhanawia (L1) in 2021 and a minimum of 15.6 using the BWQI for Gammas (L5) in 2021. The excessive sulphate, total dissolved solids, calcium, and total hardness concentrations led to the low WQI. The results are analysed using a GIS, and a network database connected to the GIS is required to utilize its analytical capabilities and the geographically scattered data throughout the study region. The
In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of ... more In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of water for human consumption. In Iraq, the quality of rivers has been greatly affected by climate change and the dwindling availability of surface water. Examining and classifying the groundwater in this region is now vital. The present study sought to incorporate the groundwater property data (drinking purpose) with a geographic information system (GIS). Eleven variables were measured in 25 wells to investigate the physio-chemical properties around the Babylon province of Iraq. On the basis of the acceptability of groundwater for drinking, GWQI was categorized into four primary groups in the results. Approximately 28% of the twenty-five wells (1811.04 km 2) are of excellent quality, 24% are of good quality (1552.3 km 2), 44% are of low quality (2845.9 km 2), and 4% are extremely contaminated (2587.2 km 2). The average GWQI for the entire study region was 110.7, making it inappropriate for human consumption. It has been determined that approximately 52% of the groundwater from the examined wells can be deemed safe for consumption, although certain measurements surpass the permissible limits. To guarantee that the residents in these areas are supplied with water of superior quality and safety, treatment of the tested groundwater is recommended before use.
This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables ... more This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables of physical, chemical, and heavy metal elements. The samples have been taken at six sites along the river in 2020 (from January to December). The water quality index has been determined by using the weighted-arithmetic method which is including a series of equations. Also, the model of Inverse-Distance-Weighting in the Geographic information system was applied to create a map of the water quality in the study area. Eleven physicochemical variables and five elements of heavy metals were comprised of calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, electric conductivity, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The results showed the values of the water quality index ranged from 245 to 253 (with a category of 200–300). The water quality index was rated as very poor for the selected locations along the Shatt...
Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb... more Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model...
International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics
Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved O... more Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration helps indicate the water quality. This study investigated the effects of varying step shape and chute slope on the aeration efficiency for stepped spillways. The measured parameters were DO, the inception point of the free surface, and the water surface profile above the crest to evaluate the geometry variation impacts. Several experiments were conducted on a six-step configuration over a stepped spillway with chute angle (θ = 26.6°, 21.8°, and 8.9°). The discharges up to 0.055 m3/s. The step configurations were including flat step, normal end sill, and quarter circle end sill. The results showed when the chute angle changed from 26.6° to 8.9°, the aeration efficiency of E20 improved with 11.51% at the lowest discharge and 6.05% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 10 steps. Also, E20 improved 11.39% at the lowest discharge and 6.50% at the highe...
Methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are only a few of the greenhouse gases that are significa... more Methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are only a few of the greenhouse gases that are significantly produced by humans and are found in landfills. This study presents an application of the Land GEM model to determine the environmental loads of dumping waste sites gases released from the landfill in Al-Hillah city, Iraq. The expected quantity of waste for the period (2023–2070) was used to calculate the environmental loads of dumping site gases. The quantified emission findings from loads of dumping site gases were contrasted with those from the model's default. The estimated landfill methane emissions from 2023 to 2070 total 874,904 tons of CH4, or an average of 18,227 tons of CH4 each year. The findings of the gas emissions demonstrated that local elements significantly influenced the output of loads of landfill gases. The anticipated loads of total landfill gases, methane, and carbon dioxide can be utilized as supporting data for policies on landfill-derived renewable energy...
Intensive agriculture by indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, sewage water, and polluted drain wa... more Intensive agriculture by indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, sewage water, and polluted drain water has posed a serious threat to groundwater quality in some peri-urban areas of Delhi like Najafgarh block. The objective of the study was to determine the groundwater quality and to map their spatial variation in terms of suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Ordinary kriging method was
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