Papers by Alberto Brugnoli
In recent years EU exports to Mercosur have been growing at a faster rate (an annual average high... more In recent years EU exports to Mercosur have been growing at a faster rate (an annual average higher than 13 percent from 1995 to 1998) than to any other external markets. Mercosur exports to the EU, however, increased by just 6 percent annually. Consequently, Mercosur countries have accumulated a large trade deficit with the EU (6.4 billion euros in 1998). In the manufacturing sector, EU exports to Mercosur deeply involved industries characterised by presence of small and medium enterprises (SME), which account for no less than 35% of European exports to the region. EU foreign direct investment (FDI) into Mercosur grew exponentially during the 1990s, from 597 million euros in 1993 to 6,684 million euros in 1997. As a matter of fact, up to now, capital inflows have been driven mainly by privatisation processes which have attracted many large multinationals in the infrastructure, telecommunication, energy and banking sectors. Time for a change seems to have come if one considers the privatisation processes are quickly running to their end and Mercosur members need to further develop the still young network of SME which only may assure a process of widespread industrialisation. Negotiations should accelerate the integration process above all in the traditional and technical progress diffusing sectors. In these sectors, EU counts the majority of its innovative SME, which do not only wish to export goods but also to create international joint-ventures capable of exploiting the many opportunities offered by the global economy.
Efficient air transportation services can potentially boost regional economic development by allo... more Efficient air transportation services can potentially boost regional economic development by allowing access to world market, facilitating integration and labor mobility, and fostering local industries. In this regard, aviation can act as a means of both transporting traded “goods” and providing complementary services of labor mobility. Lombardy is an interesting case to study since it is one of Europe's wealthiest and most industrialized regions with almost 10 million inhabitants. It has three of the top four Italian airports – namely Milan Malpensa (MXP), Bergamo Orio al Serio (BGY), and Milan Linate (LIN) – plus a smaller airport in Brescia Montichiari (VBS) mainly used for cargo flights. From 31st March 2008, Malpensa airport experienced the de-hubbing of former Italian flag carrier Alitalia. This allows to study the relation between international trade and civil aviation exploiting a quasi-natural experiment of the effects of an exogenous variation in air transportation, and to observed its effects without endogeneity problems. We investigate this relation by estimating a before/after econometric model applied to a panel dataset for the period 2004-2014 containing, for each the 28 European countries, data on trade flows divided by commodities sector, distance from Lombardy, GDP per capita, population, transport infrastructures and a set of other control variables. We provide evidence that civil aviation has a positive impact on international trade and that this effect is stronger in high-tech and medium-tech manufacturing sectors.
This chapter examines the dominant features of the MFA and its impact on Eastern Europe's Exp... more This chapter examines the dominant features of the MFA and its impact on Eastern Europe's Exports in the EU market. We wonder whether this protection is effective or not and to what extent it is able to slow down the restructuring process in East Europe. We concentrate on the five conuntries that have signed Association Agreements with the EU (hereafter EE5). Sections II and III give some background on the MFA and the Association Agreements negotiated betweeen the EU and EE5. Section IV briefly reviews the relevant literature on the impact of the MFA on EE5 trade in textiles and clothing. Section V analyses hisorical and future MFA quota growth for the EE5. In section VI and VII we look at the recent EE5 export trends both for the direct trade and the Outward Processing Traffic (OPT) and we compute several restrictiveness indexes, some of which are commonly used in the literature on MFA. A concluding sectino sums up our findings.
The 20th birthday of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) took place in concomitance with the conclus... more The 20th birthday of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) took place in concomitance with the conclusion of a fundamental GATT negotiating round, the Uruguay Round, that after long and difficult negotiations brought it to an end with the Arrangement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). Notwithstanding, the implementation of the first step of the integration process seems to have driven by the desire to further postpone the liberalization of the Sector. In the meanwhile, the rank of preferences of the EU has changed. Our empirical analysis shows that, if after 1991 Europe Agreements have assured a potential better market access to MFA products coming from CEECs, these countries have been able to increase their share in the European Union MFA imports only in the outward processing traffic regime, while direct trade is still dominated by the presence of the Asian countries.
Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, Jun 1, 2018
Efficient air transportation services can boost regional economic development by allowing access ... more Efficient air transportation services can boost regional economic development by allowing access to the world market, facilitating integration and labor mobility, and fostering local industries. In this regard, aviation can act as a means of both transporting traded "goods" and providing complementary services of labor mobility. The Lombardy region in Italy is an interesting case, as it is one of Europe's wealthiest and most industrialized areas with almost 10 million inhabitants. It has three of the top four Italian airports-Milan Malpensa (MXP), Bergamo Orio al Serio (BGY), and Milan Linate (LIN)-as well as a small airport in Brescia Montichiari (VBS) mainly used for cargo flights. On March 31, 2008, Malpensa Airport experienced the de-hubbing of Alitalia. This exogenous event allows us to study the relation between international trade and civil aviation by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment without endogeneity problems. We investigate this relation by estimating a before/after augmented gravity-econometric model applied to a panel data set for the period of 2004-2014. The data set includes, for each of the considered 30 European countries, information on trade flows divided by commodities sector, distance from Lombardy, GDP per capita, population, transport infrastructures and a set of other control variables. We estimate the gravity model under three different econometric specifications: random effect panel data, PPML, and PPML with fixed effects to include countries' multilateral resistance. Furthermore we estimate a DID model as a robustness check for possible endogeneity among trade and aviation, using the region of Veneto (similar to Lombardy but not affected by the de-hubbing) as a control case. We find that civil aviation has a positive impact on international trade, with elasticity ranging from +0.003% to 0.13% in the different econometric specifications, and that this effect is stronger in high tech-and medium-tech manufacturing sectors.
Efficient air transportation services can potentially boost regional economic development by allo... more Efficient air transportation services can potentially boost regional economic development by allowing access to world market, facilitating integration and labor mobility, and fostering local industries. In this regard, aviation can act as a means of both transporting traded “goods” and providing complementary services of labor mobility. Lombardy is an interesting case to study since it is one of Europe's wealthiest and most industrialized regions with almost 10 million inhabitants. It has three of the top four Italian airports – namely Milan Malpensa (MXP), Bergamo Orio al Serio (BGY), and Milan Linate (LIN) – plus a smaller airport in Brescia Montichiari (VBS) mainly used for cargo flights. From 31st March 2008, Malpensa airport experienced the de-hubbing of former Italian flag carrier Alitalia. This allows to study the relation between international trade and civil aviation exploiting a quasi-natural experiment of the effects of an exogenous variation in air transportation, and to observed its effects without endogeneity problems. We investigate this relation by estimating a before/after econometric model applied to a panel dataset for the period 2004-2014 containing, for each the 28 European countries, data on trade flows divided by commodities sector, distance from Lombardy, GDP per capita, population, transport infrastructures and a set of other control variables. We provide evidence that civil aviation has a positive impact on international trade and that this effect is stronger in high-tech and medium-tech manufacturing sectors.
In this paper, we document how geographical, political, and cultural factors affect international... more In this paper, we document how geographical, political, and cultural factors affect international business. In particular, we investigate the determinants of bilateral trade and foreign direct investments (FDI) for a large sample of countries. We use standard sources for the data on bilateral trade, while we use an unexplored dataset for FDI, including a large number of developing countries. Our analyses provide the following results. First, geography is a significant determinant for both trade flows and FDI. The physical distance between two countries is negatively correlated with the amount of bilateral trade flows and FDI. Second, preferential trade agreements, such as Custom Unions and Free Trade Areas, are significant determinants of the pattern of bilateral trade flows, but do not seem relevant for FDI. Third, cultural linkages, such as sharing the same legal system and colonial past, are significant determinants of both bilateral trade flows and FDI. Finally, sharing the same language and religion is positively correlated with the amount of bilateral trade flows, but not with the amount of FDI.
Tematiche e contenuti della Sessione 4 del V Congresso CUCS.
In recent years EU exports to Mercosur have been growing at a faster rate (an annual average high... more In recent years EU exports to Mercosur have been growing at a faster rate (an annual average higher than 13 percent from 1995 to 1998) than to any other external markets. Mercosur exports to the EU, however, increased by just 6 percent annually. Consequently, Mercosur countries have accumulated a large trade deficit with the EU (6.4 billion euros in 1998). In the manufacturing sector, EU exports to Mercosur deeply involved industries characterised by presence of small and medium enterprises (SME), which account for no less than 35% of European exports to the region. EU foreign direct investment (FDI) into Mercosur grew exponentially during the 1990s, from 597 million euros in 1993 to 6,684 million euros in 1997. As a matter of fact, up to now, capital inflows have been driven mainly by privatisation processes which have attracted many large multinationals in the infrastructure, telecommunication, energy and banking sectors. Time for a change seems to have come if one considers the p...
Un modello di interazione tra agenti, fondato sul "dilemma del prigioniero" iterato e c... more Un modello di interazione tra agenti, fondato sul "dilemma del prigioniero" iterato e corredato di elementi di interazione spaziale, viene proposto per simulare fenomeni di diffusione spaziale di comportamenti cooperativi e non cooperativi
Journal of Transport Geography, 2015
Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà, 2021
Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà, 2020
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Papers by Alberto Brugnoli