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Naeem Akram

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Address: Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Rana Ejaz Ali Khan

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Rana Sohaib Khan

University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan

Abd Ur Rehman 813

Harendra Behera

University of Hyderabad

Khawaja Mudasir Mehmood

Ranjan Kumar Dash

JULIANA MOHD ABDUL KADIR

Universiti Teknologi Mara

Nuraisya Maisara Md Noor Aizuddin

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTM

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Papers by Naeem Akram

Macro and Socioeconomic Determinants of Savings in Pakistan

Pakistan Business Review, 2016

Due to close relationship of savings to economic growth, poverty, income inequality the analysis ... more Due to close relationship of savings to economic growth, poverty, income inequality the analysis of the savings behavior becomes very important in development economics. The present study has analyzed the saving behavior of Pakistan for the period 1973- 2013. It has been found that age dependency, foreign savings and inflation have a negative and significant relationships with all the three type of savings (i.e. national, public and private), while economic growth and financial sector development enhances savings in Pakistan. The study finds that interest rate has an insignificant impact on nationals and private savings. However, in the case of public savings the impact is positive and significant. As far as the role of taxes is concerned, it has been found that taxes discourage private savings while the impact on public savings is positive.

Household Factors Forcing Women to Accept Domestic Violence in Pakistan

Violence and Gender, 2021

World Health Organization has estimated that approximately one out of every third woman experienc... more

Household’s Saving Behaviour in Pakistan: A Micro-Data Analysis

Studies in Microeconomics

Savings play a very crucial role in the economic development of a country by financing investment... more Savings play a very crucial role in the economic development of a country by financing investment needs. Household savings are the major and dominant component of national savings in Pakistan. The present study aims to analyse the impact of various socio-economic factors in determining the household savings in Pakistan by using the data of Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey (HIICS) 2015–2016. It has been found that household’s savings tend to increase with income, living in nucleus family, house ownership, receiving remittances from abroad and being involved in agriculture; and saving tends to decrease with an increase in dependency ratio; and wealth has an insignificant role in determining savings in both urban and rural households. However, education and female labour force participation had a positive relationship with saving among urban households but the relationship is insignificant in rural households. Similarly, age of household head hurts saving in urban hou...

Household’s demand for Food Commodities in Pakistan: Issues and Empirical Evidence

Estudios de economía

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Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly a... more Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT) in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

Synergistic Catalysis of Co(OH)2/CuO for the Degradation of Organic Pollutant Under Visible Light Irradiation

Scientific Reports

The exploration of advanced water treatment technologies e.g. heterogeneous photocatalysis is the... more The exploration of advanced water treatment technologies e.g. heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most promising way to address organic pollution issues. Semiconductors based bimetallic photocatalysis with wide bandgap, have displayed splendid degradation performance in the UV light region, but their extension to the visible light/near infra-red region is still a matter of great concern. CuO, Co(OH)2, CoO and Co(OH)2/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized via simple co-precipitation method and further practiced for Rhodamine B (RhB) decomposition by introducing per-sulfate (PS) as a sacrificial agent. Results revealed that Co(OH)2/CuO catalyst had shown robust catalytic activity for RhB photodegradation (degradation time 8 min, k = 0.864 min−1) under light illumination, significantly less (12–60 times) than the other reported bimetallic catalysts. Catalyst also have verified excellent performance for a broader pH range (5–9) with excellent stability. Main reactive species responsible f...

A Study of Factors Affecting Consumerâ€™s Willingness to buy Counterfeit Products

Information Management and Business Review

The progress of this study is to offer and test models that include models of leadership of cust... more The progress of this study is to offer and test models that include models of leadership of customer behavior and willingness to deliberately purchase luxury fashion items. The impact of many social, psychological and social emergencies has been identified and recognized. To narrow this gap, the study was conducted to identify key milestones in the readiness to buy counterfeit products in Pakistan. The survey was conducted by 257 people from three major markets in Pakistan, such as Lahore, Faisalabad and Islamabad. In addition, the SEM technique is used to test the hypothesis. The study ends with some contributions and findings. Economic benefits, past experience and materialism of counterfeiting play an important role in the pursuit of counterfeit products. While the hedonic benefits were not as important as hypothetical. The study identifies the leading determinants of lying and willingness to buy fake products by testing a wide range of literature and theories on consumer behavi...

The Impact of Tax Policies on Economic Growth: Evidence from South-Asian Economies

The Pakistan Development Review

The public policy instruments, such as tax rate changes, have different implications in exogenous... more The public policy instruments, such as tax rate changes, have different implications in exogenous (neoclassical) and endogenous growth theories. The neoclassical theory predicts that changes in a country’s tax structure should have only transitory impact on its long-run economic growth while endogenous growth theory argues that such changes may have an effect impact on the growth. This study tests whether tax policies conducted by Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka have transitory or permanent effect on their economic growth. The study finds transitory and negative effect of tax rate on the growth only for short-term but has no effect in the long-term. The tax rates in all these countries are low as compared to developed countries. Due to low tax rates these countries heavily depend on bond financing and foreign debt. In view of the findings of this study most important policy implication of the study is that to finance the budget and most of their revenue requirements should be financed...

Do Financial Sector Activities Affect Tax Revenue in Pakistan?

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS

By mobilizing savings, financial markets play a crucial role in economic development. Given that ... more By mobilizing savings, financial markets play a crucial role in economic development. Given that the literature does not fully explore the nexus between financial activities and tax revenue, this study attempts to analyze the role of financial markets in generating tax revenue in Pakistan, using time series data for the period 1975–2014. It finds that, in the long run, the number of bank branches and market capitalization have a positive and significant impact on tax revenue. While credit to the private sector has a bidirectional relationship with tax revenue, public sector credit has an insignificant impact. In the short run, only the number of bank branches and market capitalization have a significant impact on tax revenue.

Effectiveness Of Monetary And Fiscal Policies: The Case Of Qatar

Studies in Business and Economics

Price stability is considered as an important objective of macroeconomic policies in Pakistan. Th... more Price stability is considered as an important objective of macroeconomic policies in Pakistan. The consequences of fiscal and monetary policies depend on the dominance of fiscal and monetary policies. Present study has tried to empirically examine the relative importance of fiscal and monetary policies in determination of Inflation in Pakistan during 1973-2009. It analyzes the interactions of debt, fiscal deficit, money supply and exchange rates with inflation, by applying the Granger causality, VAR decomposition, and Impulse response models. The results reveal that in Pakistan both monetary and fiscal policies are playing significant and equal role in determination of prices. The results further reveal that increase in money supply; exchange rate, fiscal deficit, and debt increase inflation.

Efficient difunctional photocatalyst prepared in situ from Prussian blue analogues for catalytic water oxidation and visible-light absorption

Catalysis Science & Technology

Co(OH)2-modified CuO (Co(OH)2/CuO) nanoparticles serve as both visible-light-driven water oxidati... more

Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan: Its Dimensions and Determinants

Social Indicators Research

The Impact of Public Debt on Economic Growth of Pakistan

International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2016

Public debt and pro-poor economic growth evidence from South Asian countries

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2016

Over the years, most developing countries have failed to collect enough revenues to finance their... more Over the years, most developing countries have failed to collect enough revenues to finance their budgets. As a result, they face the problem of twin deficits and are relying on public external and domestic debt to finance their developmental activities. NGOs and anti-globalisation movements have propagated the view that instead of reducing poverty public debt has increased the miseries of the poor. The current study examines the consequences of public debt for economic growth and poverty regarding selected South Asian countries, i.e., Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, for the period 1975-2010. It develops an empirical model that incorporates the role of public debt into growth equations and the model is extended to incorporate the effects of debt on poverty. The model is estimated by using standard panel data estimation methodologies. The results shows that although public debt has a negative impact on economic growth, neither public external debt nor external debt servicing has a significant relationship with income inequality, suggesting that public external debt is as good/bad for poor as it is for rich. However, domestic debt has a positive relationship with economic growth and a negative relationship with the GINI coefficient, indicating that domestic debt is pro-poor.

Networking with Diaspora

Human Development, 2014

Assessing farmer�s Pesticide Safety Knowledge in cotton growing area of Punjab, Pakistan

Mpra Paper, Jul 13, 2009

A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s knowledge... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2 (72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less ...

Short run and long run dynamics of impact of health status on economic growth Evidence from Pakistan

Mpra Paper, May 20, 2009

The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on Economic growth in Pakistan.... more The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on Economic growth in Pakistan. The Cointegration and Error Correction techniques were applied on the time series data of Pakistan for the period of 1972-2006. We find that Per capita GDP is positively influenced by health indicators in the long run and health indicators are having significant impact on per capita GDP. However, in the short run the health indicators fails to put significant impact on per capita GDP. It reveals that health indicators have a long run impact on economic growth.. It suggests that impact of health is only a long run phenomenon and in the short run there is no significant relationship exists between health variables and economic growth. The major policy implication of the study is that if we desire a high levels of per capita income, we can achieve it by increasing and improving the stock of health human capital, especially if current stocks are at lower end. Moreover, study also points out a rather diminutive role of public health expenditure in determining the per capita GDP.

Assessing farmerâs Pesticide Safety Knowledge in cotton growing area of Punjab, Pakistan

A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer's knowledge related to pesticide... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer's knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2(72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less than 50% correct response. The result shows that farmers have reasonably good knowledge but it still has to see, to what extent that knowledge is being used practically. It could possibly be the future research topic.

Gender Differentials in education and their impact on economic growth of Pakistan

South Asian economies in general and Pakistan in particular exhibit gender inequalities in educat... more South Asian economies in general and Pakistan in particular exhibit gender inequalities in education, employment, and health outcomes. These inequalities have significant impact on economic development. Gender inequality in education and access to resources may prevent the reduction in child mortality, fertility, and expansion of education. Assuming the male and female have the similar innate abilities, gender inequality in education means that less able boys get the chance of education and the average innate ability of educated pupils is lower in comparison to the situation if boys and girls received equal educational opportunities. Hence, gender biasedness in the education will result in lowering the human capital having negative impacts on economic growth. This study analyses the impact of gender equality on economic growth in Pakistan by taking the data for the period of 1972-2010 and using the cointegration analysis. It is found that gender inequalities at the level of education are undermining the economic growth and if these inequalities are removed then the country may grow much faster. However, the gender inequalities at higher level are more sever for economic growth in comparison to gender inequalities at primary and secondary level.

Macro and Socioeconomic Determinants of Savings in Pakistan

Pakistan Business Review, 2016

Due to close relationship of savings to economic growth, poverty, income inequality the analysis ... more Due to close relationship of savings to economic growth, poverty, income inequality the analysis of the savings behavior becomes very important in development economics. The present study has analyzed the saving behavior of Pakistan for the period 1973- 2013. It has been found that age dependency, foreign savings and inflation have a negative and significant relationships with all the three type of savings (i.e. national, public and private), while economic growth and financial sector development enhances savings in Pakistan. The study finds that interest rate has an insignificant impact on nationals and private savings. However, in the case of public savings the impact is positive and significant. As far as the role of taxes is concerned, it has been found that taxes discourage private savings while the impact on public savings is positive.

Household Factors Forcing Women to Accept Domestic Violence in Pakistan

Violence and Gender, 2021

World Health Organization has estimated that approximately one out of every third woman experienc... more

Household’s Saving Behaviour in Pakistan: A Micro-Data Analysis

Studies in Microeconomics

Savings play a very crucial role in the economic development of a country by financing investment... more Savings play a very crucial role in the economic development of a country by financing investment needs. Household savings are the major and dominant component of national savings in Pakistan. The present study aims to analyse the impact of various socio-economic factors in determining the household savings in Pakistan by using the data of Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey (HIICS) 2015–2016. It has been found that household’s savings tend to increase with income, living in nucleus family, house ownership, receiving remittances from abroad and being involved in agriculture; and saving tends to decrease with an increase in dependency ratio; and wealth has an insignificant role in determining savings in both urban and rural households. However, education and female labour force participation had a positive relationship with saving among urban households but the relationship is insignificant in rural households. Similarly, age of household head hurts saving in urban hou...

Household’s demand for Food Commodities in Pakistan: Issues and Empirical Evidence

Estudios de economía

Reply to the comments

Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly a... more Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT) in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

Synergistic Catalysis of Co(OH)2/CuO for the Degradation of Organic Pollutant Under Visible Light Irradiation

Scientific Reports

The exploration of advanced water treatment technologies e.g. heterogeneous photocatalysis is the... more The exploration of advanced water treatment technologies e.g. heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most promising way to address organic pollution issues. Semiconductors based bimetallic photocatalysis with wide bandgap, have displayed splendid degradation performance in the UV light region, but their extension to the visible light/near infra-red region is still a matter of great concern. CuO, Co(OH)2, CoO and Co(OH)2/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized via simple co-precipitation method and further practiced for Rhodamine B (RhB) decomposition by introducing per-sulfate (PS) as a sacrificial agent. Results revealed that Co(OH)2/CuO catalyst had shown robust catalytic activity for RhB photodegradation (degradation time 8 min, k = 0.864 min−1) under light illumination, significantly less (12–60 times) than the other reported bimetallic catalysts. Catalyst also have verified excellent performance for a broader pH range (5–9) with excellent stability. Main reactive species responsible f...

A Study of Factors Affecting Consumerâ€™s Willingness to buy Counterfeit Products

Information Management and Business Review

The progress of this study is to offer and test models that include models of leadership of cust... more The progress of this study is to offer and test models that include models of leadership of customer behavior and willingness to deliberately purchase luxury fashion items. The impact of many social, psychological and social emergencies has been identified and recognized. To narrow this gap, the study was conducted to identify key milestones in the readiness to buy counterfeit products in Pakistan. The survey was conducted by 257 people from three major markets in Pakistan, such as Lahore, Faisalabad and Islamabad. In addition, the SEM technique is used to test the hypothesis. The study ends with some contributions and findings. Economic benefits, past experience and materialism of counterfeiting play an important role in the pursuit of counterfeit products. While the hedonic benefits were not as important as hypothetical. The study identifies the leading determinants of lying and willingness to buy fake products by testing a wide range of literature and theories on consumer behavi...

The Impact of Tax Policies on Economic Growth: Evidence from South-Asian Economies

The Pakistan Development Review

The public policy instruments, such as tax rate changes, have different implications in exogenous... more The public policy instruments, such as tax rate changes, have different implications in exogenous (neoclassical) and endogenous growth theories. The neoclassical theory predicts that changes in a country’s tax structure should have only transitory impact on its long-run economic growth while endogenous growth theory argues that such changes may have an effect impact on the growth. This study tests whether tax policies conducted by Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka have transitory or permanent effect on their economic growth. The study finds transitory and negative effect of tax rate on the growth only for short-term but has no effect in the long-term. The tax rates in all these countries are low as compared to developed countries. Due to low tax rates these countries heavily depend on bond financing and foreign debt. In view of the findings of this study most important policy implication of the study is that to finance the budget and most of their revenue requirements should be financed...

Do Financial Sector Activities Affect Tax Revenue in Pakistan?

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS

By mobilizing savings, financial markets play a crucial role in economic development. Given that ... more By mobilizing savings, financial markets play a crucial role in economic development. Given that the literature does not fully explore the nexus between financial activities and tax revenue, this study attempts to analyze the role of financial markets in generating tax revenue in Pakistan, using time series data for the period 1975–2014. It finds that, in the long run, the number of bank branches and market capitalization have a positive and significant impact on tax revenue. While credit to the private sector has a bidirectional relationship with tax revenue, public sector credit has an insignificant impact. In the short run, only the number of bank branches and market capitalization have a significant impact on tax revenue.

Effectiveness Of Monetary And Fiscal Policies: The Case Of Qatar

Studies in Business and Economics

Price stability is considered as an important objective of macroeconomic policies in Pakistan. Th... more Price stability is considered as an important objective of macroeconomic policies in Pakistan. The consequences of fiscal and monetary policies depend on the dominance of fiscal and monetary policies. Present study has tried to empirically examine the relative importance of fiscal and monetary policies in determination of Inflation in Pakistan during 1973-2009. It analyzes the interactions of debt, fiscal deficit, money supply and exchange rates with inflation, by applying the Granger causality, VAR decomposition, and Impulse response models. The results reveal that in Pakistan both monetary and fiscal policies are playing significant and equal role in determination of prices. The results further reveal that increase in money supply; exchange rate, fiscal deficit, and debt increase inflation.

Efficient difunctional photocatalyst prepared in situ from Prussian blue analogues for catalytic water oxidation and visible-light absorption

Catalysis Science & Technology

Co(OH)2-modified CuO (Co(OH)2/CuO) nanoparticles serve as both visible-light-driven water oxidati... more

Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan: Its Dimensions and Determinants

Social Indicators Research

The Impact of Public Debt on Economic Growth of Pakistan

International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2016

Public debt and pro-poor economic growth evidence from South Asian countries

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2016

Over the years, most developing countries have failed to collect enough revenues to finance their... more Over the years, most developing countries have failed to collect enough revenues to finance their budgets. As a result, they face the problem of twin deficits and are relying on public external and domestic debt to finance their developmental activities. NGOs and anti-globalisation movements have propagated the view that instead of reducing poverty public debt has increased the miseries of the poor. The current study examines the consequences of public debt for economic growth and poverty regarding selected South Asian countries, i.e., Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, for the period 1975-2010. It develops an empirical model that incorporates the role of public debt into growth equations and the model is extended to incorporate the effects of debt on poverty. The model is estimated by using standard panel data estimation methodologies. The results shows that although public debt has a negative impact on economic growth, neither public external debt nor external debt servicing has a significant relationship with income inequality, suggesting that public external debt is as good/bad for poor as it is for rich. However, domestic debt has a positive relationship with economic growth and a negative relationship with the GINI coefficient, indicating that domestic debt is pro-poor.

Networking with Diaspora

Human Development, 2014

Assessing farmer�s Pesticide Safety Knowledge in cotton growing area of Punjab, Pakistan

Mpra Paper, Jul 13, 2009

A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s knowledge... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2 (72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less ...

Short run and long run dynamics of impact of health status on economic growth Evidence from Pakistan

Mpra Paper, May 20, 2009

The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on Economic growth in Pakistan.... more The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on Economic growth in Pakistan. The Cointegration and Error Correction techniques were applied on the time series data of Pakistan for the period of 1972-2006. We find that Per capita GDP is positively influenced by health indicators in the long run and health indicators are having significant impact on per capita GDP. However, in the short run the health indicators fails to put significant impact on per capita GDP. It reveals that health indicators have a long run impact on economic growth.. It suggests that impact of health is only a long run phenomenon and in the short run there is no significant relationship exists between health variables and economic growth. The major policy implication of the study is that if we desire a high levels of per capita income, we can achieve it by increasing and improving the stock of health human capital, especially if current stocks are at lower end. Moreover, study also points out a rather diminutive role of public health expenditure in determining the per capita GDP.

Assessing farmerâs Pesticide Safety Knowledge in cotton growing area of Punjab, Pakistan

A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer's knowledge related to pesticide... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer's knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2(72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less than 50% correct response. The result shows that farmers have reasonably good knowledge but it still has to see, to what extent that knowledge is being used practically. It could possibly be the future research topic.

Gender Differentials in education and their impact on economic growth of Pakistan

South Asian economies in general and Pakistan in particular exhibit gender inequalities in educat... more South Asian economies in general and Pakistan in particular exhibit gender inequalities in education, employment, and health outcomes. These inequalities have significant impact on economic development. Gender inequality in education and access to resources may prevent the reduction in child mortality, fertility, and expansion of education. Assuming the male and female have the similar innate abilities, gender inequality in education means that less able boys get the chance of education and the average innate ability of educated pupils is lower in comparison to the situation if boys and girls received equal educational opportunities. Hence, gender biasedness in the education will result in lowering the human capital having negative impacts on economic growth. This study analyses the impact of gender equality on economic growth in Pakistan by taking the data for the period of 1972-2010 and using the cointegration analysis. It is found that gender inequalities at the level of education are undermining the economic growth and if these inequalities are removed then the country may grow much faster. However, the gender inequalities at higher level are more sever for economic growth in comparison to gender inequalities at primary and secondary level.