600 Years of Town Hall Pharmacy (raeapteek) in Tallinn, Estonia
PubMed, Apr 15, 2023
The Town Hall Pharmacy (Raeapteek) in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia (N59°26'16.001'' E... more The Town Hall Pharmacy (Raeapteek) in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia (N59°26'16.001'' E24°44'45.412'') was first mentioned in historical records on 8 April 1422. To our best knowledge, the Raeapteek is the oldest community pharmacy in Europe which has operated on the same premises since the beginning. There are several hypotheses about the actual opening time of Raeapteek: it is possible that the pharmacy was operating on the square of the Tallinn Town Hall as early as in 1415, 1420, 1392 or even in 1248. In the territory of present-day Estonia, two pharmacies (in Tartu first mentioned in 1430) were already in business in less than 200 kilometres from each other before community pharmacies were opened in Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Lithuania, and other cities. The Raeapteek played an essential role in the establishment of the current Estonian History Museum, the Estonian Pharmaceutical Factory, K. C. Fick's faience manufactory and other dignified institutions had their beginning at the pharmacy. Now, the pharmacy functions hand-in-hand with the museum which is supported by the city of Tallinn.
Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of CTC black tea of North-East India
Food Chemistry, 2013
Sixty black tea samples from different agro climatic zones of northeast India were assessed for b... more Sixty black tea samples from different agro climatic zones of northeast India were assessed for biochemical constituents that determine quality and also influence organoleptic perception. The antioxidant activities such as α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, nitrite scavenging and super oxide scavenging, of the collected samples were analysed. Out of the four antioxidant activities, the super oxide scavenging activity was lowest and nitrite scavenging activity was highest. Theaflavin was significantly and positively correlated with nitrite scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. Thearubigins showed a significant positive correlation only with nitrite scavenging activity. Correlations between relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) and TF, TR and tasters' quality were positive and significant. Tea tasters' parameters were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Principal component analysis showed that Upper Assam, North Bank and South Bank produced better quality tea than other regions with respect to TF, TR, RACI and tasters' quality.
Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2023
Several studies have shown that apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the daily diet are healthy due... more Several studies have shown that apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the daily diet are healthy due to their rich content of phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to compare the content of polyphenols in the peels, flesh, seeds and leaves of five apple cultivars ('Antonovka', 'Åkerö', 'Cortland', 'Karksi renett' and 'Krista') grown in Estonia. Of the 21 collected cultivars, these five were selected on the basis of their rich or distinct chemical composition according to the LC-DAD-MS/MS data. In addition, the weight of the fruit, the number of seeds in the fruit and the weight of the seeds were determined. A total of 33 compounds were detected in the peels, 23 in the flesh, 11 in the seeds, and 25 in the leaves. They belong to four groups: 1) flavon-3-ols (quercetin and its derivatives), 2) dihydrochalcones (phloretin and its derivatives), 3) flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin and oligomers), and 4) esters formed between caffeic acid and L-quinic acid (chlorogenic acid). Based on the data presented in this article, the leaves contained the highest measured total polyphenol content (TP GA ). The peels contained high amounts of all the major polyphenolic groups mentioned. The apple flesh lacked flavon-3-ols and the seeds flavon-3-ols and flavan-3-ols. In the peels, the major polyphenols were quercetin galactoside (3-342 mg/100 g), procyanidin B1 (18-179 mg/100 g), and (epi)catechin trimer (28-200 mg/100 g); in the flesh chlorogenic acid (77-298 mg/100 g); in the seeds phloridzin (466 mg/100 g in 'Cortland'); and in the leaves chlorogenic acid (147-446 mg/100 g) and quercetin glycosides, especially quercetin rhamnoside (242-350 mg/100 g), quercetin galactoside (39-334 mg/100 g) and quercetin glucoside (91-321 mg/100 g).
Background: Plants as living systems are characterized by the appropriate degree of accumulation ... more Background: Plants as living systems are characterized by the appropriate degree of accumulation of macro-and microelements, which, acting as factors of the external environment, are basic modulators for synthesizing biologically active substances. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L., Grossulariaceae) is widespread worldwide. Berries, leaves, and buds are medicinal raw materials in folk medicine. The regularity of inorganic elements accumulation in this plant and their impact on the quality of raw materials are topical and need to be studied. Aims: This work aimed to study the mineral composition of R. nigrum raw materials collected in Western Ukraine (Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions) and find the regularity of their accumulation in the plant parts and from the soils. Methods: The elemental compositions of R. nigrum fruits and leaves, as well as the soils of the growth places, were studied using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma iCAP 7000 Duo. Results: The content of 19 inorganic elements in R. nigrum raw materials was established. Their quantities don't differ significantly depending on the growth places. All the fruits had high K, Na, Mg, P, and Ca contents, which were slightly lower in leaves. Thus, the fruits contain 590-675 mg/kg of Mg, while in leaves, there are just 98-106 mg/kg. Most of Fe was accumulated in the fruits (73-85 mg/kg). The content of Mn was observed in the leaves (57-64 mg/kg), slightly higher than in the fruits (47-51 mg/kg). The content of heavy metals in the objects was within the permitted limits of European Pharmacopeia. The results testify to the inverse relationship between the content of most elements in the soils and the coefficient of their accumulation in the plant. Conclusion: The content of macro-and microelements in R. nigrum fruits and leaves had similar profiles but differed in their quantitates. The regularity of element accumulation in R. nigrum raw materials corresponds to the following
The pharmaceutical industry usually utilizes either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substances extract... more The pharmaceutical industry usually utilizes either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substances extracted from raw plant materials to prepare a final product. However, the waste products from the plant material still contain biologically active components with the opposite solubility. The aim of this study was to enhance the comprehensive usability of plant materials by developing a new no-waste extraction method for eucalypt leaves and by investigating the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of eucalypt extracts and their 3D-printed dosage forms. The present extraction method enabled us to prepare both hydrophobic soft extracts and hydrophilic (aqueous) dry extracts. We identified a total of 28 terpenes in the hydrophobic soft extract. In the hydrophilic dry extract, a total of 57 substances were identified, and 26 of them were successfully isolated. The eucalypt extracts studied showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Corynebacterium diphtheriae gravis, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the dry extract was studied using a formalininduced-edema model in mice. The maximum anti-exudative effect of the dry extract was 61.5% at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Composite gels of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and eucalypt extract were developed, and the key process parameters for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing of such gels were verified. The SSE 3D-printed preparations of novel synergistically acting eucalypt extracts could have uses in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medicinal applications.
Professor Georg Dragendorff (1836-1898) as a Toxicologist
PubMed, Jul 31, 2023
The professor of pharmacy, Johann Georg Noel Dragendorff (1836-1898) is primarily known in the hi... more The professor of pharmacy, Johann Georg Noel Dragendorff (1836-1898) is primarily known in the history of pharmacy as a pharmacognosist and forensic chemist, so far he has been less described as a toxicologist. He worked for 30 years (1864-1894) at the University of Dorpat (Tartu) in Estonia, and had been invited from Germany, developing here one of the pharmaceutical research centers in all of Europe. Dr. Dragendorff supervised 90 theses of Master of Pharmacy and 87 theses of Doctor of Medicine in Tartu/Dorpat. Dragendorff's supervised master's theses reveal his particular interest in phytochemistry. Of the 87 doctoral dissertations supervised by Dragendorff, are related to forensic chemistry (26 works), and toxicology with pharmacology (21). This work introduces Dragendorff as a toxicologist, discusses the theses supervised by him and his textbooks. Dragendorff's development as a toxicologist was logical considering his extensive scientific activities and the drugs characteristic of the 19 th century. These, especially alkaloids and mercury preparations, are introduced in more detail in this study.
Background: The problem of acne is relevant. The market mostly represents synthesized substances ... more Background: The problem of acne is relevant. The market mostly represents synthesized substances for prevention and treatment, but medical cosmetics based on plant-origin raw material, especially fruits, can be offered. The fruits of Sorbus aucuparia L. are rich in biologically active substances, which turned out to be unique in solving problems of acne.
The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studyi... more The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studying the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of modified dry extracts of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) tincture. The most promising substances were the dry extracts, modified by adding small amounts of arginine, valine, phenylalanine, glycine, lysine, and alanine. A total of 15 main phenolic substances were found in the extracts, and eight of them were identified. There were also 10 hydroxycinnamic acids in these extracts, three of which were identified (chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids). The dominant hydroxycinnamic acids were chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Among flavonoids, catechin, hyperoside, and rutin were identified. It should be noted that the extracts had a significant content of ellagic acid. On the basis of the results of the phytochemical analysis of the extracts, it can be concluded that the composition of phenolic compounds does not differ signific...
The European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L., syn. Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) has a wide geogra... more The European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L., syn. Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) has a wide geographical distribution in natural bogs of Europe, Asia, and North America. The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, syn. Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pursh) is more easily cultivated in the northern regions of the world and is therefore an available source of bioactive compounds. They are both rich in polyphenolic compounds (i.e., flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids), which have significant antioxidant and antiimmflamatory properties. The cranberry fruits and their preparations represent important natural preservatives used against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Heritage related to its usage refers to the cranberry as a food plant and multiuse ethnomedical remedy. The results of the modern phytochemical and pharmaceutical research suggest using cranberry against urinary tract infections and as a preventive or curing plant against many other diseases. Today there are many new opportunities to draw attention to this plant, including cranberry tourism. In food and pharmaceutical industry the fruits are used most often, but leaves are also rich in biologically active substances, which can be sources for creating new medicines.
One of the key pathogenetic links of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin ... more One of the key pathogenetic links of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin resistance (IR). Besides a wide selection of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, various plant-origin extracts are also available to support the treatment of T2DM. This study aimed to investigate and gain knowledge of the chemical composition and potential IR correction effect of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) leaf extracts and formulate novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for such extracts. The bioactivity and IR of L-arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts were studied in vivo in rats. The cranberry leaf extracts consisted of quinic, 3-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic), p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-arabino-pyranoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-O-p-coumaroyl-hexoside-2 identified by HPLC. In-vivo studies with rats showed that the oral administration of ...
The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical co... more The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical composition of common juniper branches from different regions of Estonia to prove the possibility of using this essential oil and branches in pharmaceutical practice. The genus Juniperus includes roughly 68 species and 36 varieties and belongs to the Cupressaceae family [4, 5]. The plant Juniperus communis L. is a shrub or small evergreen tree; a perennial and long-lived coniferous, woody pioneer and colonizing plant, adapted to low nutrient availability in soil and having one the widest distribution ranges
600 Years of Town Hall Pharmacy (raeapteek) in Tallinn, Estonia
PubMed, Apr 15, 2023
The Town Hall Pharmacy (Raeapteek) in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia (N59°26'16.001'' E... more The Town Hall Pharmacy (Raeapteek) in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia (N59°26'16.001'' E24°44'45.412'') was first mentioned in historical records on 8 April 1422. To our best knowledge, the Raeapteek is the oldest community pharmacy in Europe which has operated on the same premises since the beginning. There are several hypotheses about the actual opening time of Raeapteek: it is possible that the pharmacy was operating on the square of the Tallinn Town Hall as early as in 1415, 1420, 1392 or even in 1248. In the territory of present-day Estonia, two pharmacies (in Tartu first mentioned in 1430) were already in business in less than 200 kilometres from each other before community pharmacies were opened in Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Lithuania, and other cities. The Raeapteek played an essential role in the establishment of the current Estonian History Museum, the Estonian Pharmaceutical Factory, K. C. Fick's faience manufactory and other dignified institutions had their beginning at the pharmacy. Now, the pharmacy functions hand-in-hand with the museum which is supported by the city of Tallinn.
Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of CTC black tea of North-East India
Food Chemistry, 2013
Sixty black tea samples from different agro climatic zones of northeast India were assessed for b... more Sixty black tea samples from different agro climatic zones of northeast India were assessed for biochemical constituents that determine quality and also influence organoleptic perception. The antioxidant activities such as α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, nitrite scavenging and super oxide scavenging, of the collected samples were analysed. Out of the four antioxidant activities, the super oxide scavenging activity was lowest and nitrite scavenging activity was highest. Theaflavin was significantly and positively correlated with nitrite scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. Thearubigins showed a significant positive correlation only with nitrite scavenging activity. Correlations between relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) and TF, TR and tasters' quality were positive and significant. Tea tasters' parameters were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Principal component analysis showed that Upper Assam, North Bank and South Bank produced better quality tea than other regions with respect to TF, TR, RACI and tasters' quality.
Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2023
Several studies have shown that apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the daily diet are healthy due... more Several studies have shown that apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the daily diet are healthy due to their rich content of phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to compare the content of polyphenols in the peels, flesh, seeds and leaves of five apple cultivars ('Antonovka', 'Åkerö', 'Cortland', 'Karksi renett' and 'Krista') grown in Estonia. Of the 21 collected cultivars, these five were selected on the basis of their rich or distinct chemical composition according to the LC-DAD-MS/MS data. In addition, the weight of the fruit, the number of seeds in the fruit and the weight of the seeds were determined. A total of 33 compounds were detected in the peels, 23 in the flesh, 11 in the seeds, and 25 in the leaves. They belong to four groups: 1) flavon-3-ols (quercetin and its derivatives), 2) dihydrochalcones (phloretin and its derivatives), 3) flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin and oligomers), and 4) esters formed between caffeic acid and L-quinic acid (chlorogenic acid). Based on the data presented in this article, the leaves contained the highest measured total polyphenol content (TP GA ). The peels contained high amounts of all the major polyphenolic groups mentioned. The apple flesh lacked flavon-3-ols and the seeds flavon-3-ols and flavan-3-ols. In the peels, the major polyphenols were quercetin galactoside (3-342 mg/100 g), procyanidin B1 (18-179 mg/100 g), and (epi)catechin trimer (28-200 mg/100 g); in the flesh chlorogenic acid (77-298 mg/100 g); in the seeds phloridzin (466 mg/100 g in 'Cortland'); and in the leaves chlorogenic acid (147-446 mg/100 g) and quercetin glycosides, especially quercetin rhamnoside (242-350 mg/100 g), quercetin galactoside (39-334 mg/100 g) and quercetin glucoside (91-321 mg/100 g).
Background: Plants as living systems are characterized by the appropriate degree of accumulation ... more Background: Plants as living systems are characterized by the appropriate degree of accumulation of macro-and microelements, which, acting as factors of the external environment, are basic modulators for synthesizing biologically active substances. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L., Grossulariaceae) is widespread worldwide. Berries, leaves, and buds are medicinal raw materials in folk medicine. The regularity of inorganic elements accumulation in this plant and their impact on the quality of raw materials are topical and need to be studied. Aims: This work aimed to study the mineral composition of R. nigrum raw materials collected in Western Ukraine (Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions) and find the regularity of their accumulation in the plant parts and from the soils. Methods: The elemental compositions of R. nigrum fruits and leaves, as well as the soils of the growth places, were studied using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma iCAP 7000 Duo. Results: The content of 19 inorganic elements in R. nigrum raw materials was established. Their quantities don't differ significantly depending on the growth places. All the fruits had high K, Na, Mg, P, and Ca contents, which were slightly lower in leaves. Thus, the fruits contain 590-675 mg/kg of Mg, while in leaves, there are just 98-106 mg/kg. Most of Fe was accumulated in the fruits (73-85 mg/kg). The content of Mn was observed in the leaves (57-64 mg/kg), slightly higher than in the fruits (47-51 mg/kg). The content of heavy metals in the objects was within the permitted limits of European Pharmacopeia. The results testify to the inverse relationship between the content of most elements in the soils and the coefficient of their accumulation in the plant. Conclusion: The content of macro-and microelements in R. nigrum fruits and leaves had similar profiles but differed in their quantitates. The regularity of element accumulation in R. nigrum raw materials corresponds to the following
The pharmaceutical industry usually utilizes either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substances extract... more The pharmaceutical industry usually utilizes either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substances extracted from raw plant materials to prepare a final product. However, the waste products from the plant material still contain biologically active components with the opposite solubility. The aim of this study was to enhance the comprehensive usability of plant materials by developing a new no-waste extraction method for eucalypt leaves and by investigating the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of eucalypt extracts and their 3D-printed dosage forms. The present extraction method enabled us to prepare both hydrophobic soft extracts and hydrophilic (aqueous) dry extracts. We identified a total of 28 terpenes in the hydrophobic soft extract. In the hydrophilic dry extract, a total of 57 substances were identified, and 26 of them were successfully isolated. The eucalypt extracts studied showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Corynebacterium diphtheriae gravis, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the dry extract was studied using a formalininduced-edema model in mice. The maximum anti-exudative effect of the dry extract was 61.5% at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Composite gels of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and eucalypt extract were developed, and the key process parameters for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing of such gels were verified. The SSE 3D-printed preparations of novel synergistically acting eucalypt extracts could have uses in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medicinal applications.
Professor Georg Dragendorff (1836-1898) as a Toxicologist
PubMed, Jul 31, 2023
The professor of pharmacy, Johann Georg Noel Dragendorff (1836-1898) is primarily known in the hi... more The professor of pharmacy, Johann Georg Noel Dragendorff (1836-1898) is primarily known in the history of pharmacy as a pharmacognosist and forensic chemist, so far he has been less described as a toxicologist. He worked for 30 years (1864-1894) at the University of Dorpat (Tartu) in Estonia, and had been invited from Germany, developing here one of the pharmaceutical research centers in all of Europe. Dr. Dragendorff supervised 90 theses of Master of Pharmacy and 87 theses of Doctor of Medicine in Tartu/Dorpat. Dragendorff's supervised master's theses reveal his particular interest in phytochemistry. Of the 87 doctoral dissertations supervised by Dragendorff, are related to forensic chemistry (26 works), and toxicology with pharmacology (21). This work introduces Dragendorff as a toxicologist, discusses the theses supervised by him and his textbooks. Dragendorff's development as a toxicologist was logical considering his extensive scientific activities and the drugs characteristic of the 19 th century. These, especially alkaloids and mercury preparations, are introduced in more detail in this study.
Background: The problem of acne is relevant. The market mostly represents synthesized substances ... more Background: The problem of acne is relevant. The market mostly represents synthesized substances for prevention and treatment, but medical cosmetics based on plant-origin raw material, especially fruits, can be offered. The fruits of Sorbus aucuparia L. are rich in biologically active substances, which turned out to be unique in solving problems of acne.
The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studyi... more The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studying the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of modified dry extracts of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) tincture. The most promising substances were the dry extracts, modified by adding small amounts of arginine, valine, phenylalanine, glycine, lysine, and alanine. A total of 15 main phenolic substances were found in the extracts, and eight of them were identified. There were also 10 hydroxycinnamic acids in these extracts, three of which were identified (chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids). The dominant hydroxycinnamic acids were chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Among flavonoids, catechin, hyperoside, and rutin were identified. It should be noted that the extracts had a significant content of ellagic acid. On the basis of the results of the phytochemical analysis of the extracts, it can be concluded that the composition of phenolic compounds does not differ signific...
The European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L., syn. Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) has a wide geogra... more The European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L., syn. Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) has a wide geographical distribution in natural bogs of Europe, Asia, and North America. The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, syn. Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pursh) is more easily cultivated in the northern regions of the world and is therefore an available source of bioactive compounds. They are both rich in polyphenolic compounds (i.e., flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids), which have significant antioxidant and antiimmflamatory properties. The cranberry fruits and their preparations represent important natural preservatives used against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Heritage related to its usage refers to the cranberry as a food plant and multiuse ethnomedical remedy. The results of the modern phytochemical and pharmaceutical research suggest using cranberry against urinary tract infections and as a preventive or curing plant against many other diseases. Today there are many new opportunities to draw attention to this plant, including cranberry tourism. In food and pharmaceutical industry the fruits are used most often, but leaves are also rich in biologically active substances, which can be sources for creating new medicines.
One of the key pathogenetic links of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin ... more One of the key pathogenetic links of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin resistance (IR). Besides a wide selection of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, various plant-origin extracts are also available to support the treatment of T2DM. This study aimed to investigate and gain knowledge of the chemical composition and potential IR correction effect of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) leaf extracts and formulate novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for such extracts. The bioactivity and IR of L-arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts were studied in vivo in rats. The cranberry leaf extracts consisted of quinic, 3-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic), p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-arabino-pyranoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-O-p-coumaroyl-hexoside-2 identified by HPLC. In-vivo studies with rats showed that the oral administration of ...
The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical co... more The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical composition of common juniper branches from different regions of Estonia to prove the possibility of using this essential oil and branches in pharmaceutical practice. The genus Juniperus includes roughly 68 species and 36 varieties and belongs to the Cupressaceae family [4, 5]. The plant Juniperus communis L. is a shrub or small evergreen tree; a perennial and long-lived coniferous, woody pioneer and colonizing plant, adapted to low nutrient availability in soil and having one the widest distribution ranges
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