Few organizations purposefully design processes for facilitating stakeholder interactions. Doing ... more Few organizations purposefully design processes for facilitating stakeholder interactions. Doing this requires knowledge of stakeholders who are and who are not likely to participate as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different participation activities for gathering stakeholders’ preferences. Systematic analysis can lead to tailored opportunities for the facilitation of stakeholder interactions and the development of routines for the transmission of preference information from administrators to decision-makers. The challenges of facilitated interactions are primarily in structuring the process so that the perspectives of nonparticipants are represented and perceptions of undue influence are lowered. By carefully designing a facilitated process for stakeholder interactions, administrators can expand the quantity and quality of stakeholder preference data available for decisions. Then, they can routinely communicate this information to decision-makers. The value expected to be produced by facilitated participation is improvement in the stakeholders’ perception of organizational responsiveness.
Civic events are held in cities around the world. These activities add substantial value to the h... more Civic events are held in cities around the world. These activities add substantial value to the host community, but also pose significant management challenges, due to the substantial collaboration required. These events represent a unique form of organization since they require the collaboration of organizations from all sectors. However, they also have varying levels of regime formality and a reliance on voluntary action to achieve economic and social capital goals similar to hybrid organizations found in the social entrepreneurship literature. We use comparative case analysis of Brazil, Korea, and the U.S., to test the degree to which these events fit with existing models of collaborative governance and social entrepreneurship. We find a good fit, but also identify several factors of these events that are underdeveloped by or omitted from the models.
Objectives. Increasingly it is more and more difficult for researchers to garner a robust respons... more Objectives. Increasingly it is more and more difficult for researchers to garner a robust response rate from their target population. In response, they often turn to more accessible proxy populations. However, guidance on how to identify and select a proxy population that reasonably mimics the target population is neither expansive nor systematic. Our objective is to fill this gap by offering a standardized protocol for selecting appropriate population. We introduce a proxy selection protocol that combines convenience with purposive nonprobability sampling. Methods. The protocol introduces a method following a step-by-step process to evaluate the suitability of a different potential proxy populations as a reasonable representation of the target population. Results and Conclusion. We come to an conclusion that this proxy selection protocol can overcome low response rates and avoid contamination of a limited target population when conducting exploratory or early-stage explanatory research of potential causal relationships.
International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, Mar 1, 2003
Getting the most bang for the taxpayer buck by bolstering federal agency accountability continues... more Getting the most bang for the taxpayer buck by bolstering federal agency accountability continues to be a political theme in the 21st century. The second round of strategic plan development mandated by Congress in the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) was recently completed. This article reports the results of empirical research diagnosing the implementation issues in GPRA requirements. This research reports on the efficacy of this process from the perspectives of agency representatives. Implementation issues are grouped into two broad categories; those associated with the organization’s structure and those concerned with the plan development process. This research suggests that the potential for alignment of key management systems is suspect given that institutionalization has not occurred after nearly five years of reform efforts. Reporting on federal agency efforts provides insight into barriers to and opportunities for improving GPRA implementation processes
This paper uses the Wheel of Science to consider the placement of the four approaches to the stud... more This paper uses the Wheel of Science to consider the placement of the four approaches to the study of government identified by Raadschelders (2004). We introduce a Wheel of Practice embedded within the Wheel of Science and analyze how they differ and what this means in terms of a lack of integration. After suggesting ways in which bridges can be built between the two wheels, the paper explicitly considers the contributions of the practical experience approach. We propose using design science and managerial principles in a project geared toward greater theoretical as well as academic and practitioner integration in the quest to improve the study of government.
Resource limitations and increasing citizen expectations are causing decisionmakers to reexamine ... more Resource limitations and increasing citizen expectations are causing decisionmakers to reexamine existing approaches to establishing priorities in the funding of governmental services. Using local governments as a contextual example, this article investigates the decision making processes used by Texas cities The research seeks to understand the role different budgetary frameworks, i.e., incremental, performance and community values, play in resource allocation.
Review of Public Personnel Administration, Mar 1, 2006
Most supervisors dread employee discipline and often employ strategies not officially sanctioned ... more Most supervisors dread employee discipline and often employ strategies not officially sanctioned by the organization. Poorly designed discipline systems cause this variation in discipline practices. Inconsistent discipline can cause losses in productivity and reduce employee morale. Extant literature offers little in the form of guidance for improving this important human resource activity. This article explore where normative literature on organizational culture may have explanatory value for understanding variation in discipline practices. The article suggests two groups of factors that have causal effects on discipline practices. The tangible factors are those describing the formal practices the organization wishes its employees to follow. The intangible factors provide cues for explaining why informal strategies emerge as successful practices for getting things done. Using this conception of organization culture, the article proposes hypotheses for future testing to validate the suspected influence of culture on decisions regarding employee discipline.
This paper examines how the governance context and financial institutions may relate to different... more This paper examines how the governance context and financial institutions may relate to different aspects of a country’s financial system before and after a crisis. Using a fixed-effects regression model for panel data and a comparative perspective, we assess longitudinal trends in the functioning of the financial systems. This modeling allows us to explore how the level of development of 139 countries and conditions related to political stability, regulatory quality, and the rule of law, may have influenced financial system outcomes. We measure financial system outcomes across four dimensions: financial depth, efficiency, stability, and access. Our findings suggest that the explanatory variables had limited statistical significance on the proxy measures of financial system outcomes. Furthermore, the relationships were not consistent across all financial system outcome variables. These results suggest that political stability and the rule of law do influence depth and efficiency, re...
Citizen participation in government budgeting processes is a topic that has received attention fo... more Citizen participation in government budgeting processes is a topic that has received attention for many decades. Despite prescriptive exhortations to cities, research in this area has signifi cant limitations. We identify four elements that are believed to infl uence the participation process. Th e variables within each element have received attention in the empirical literature, but no systematic eff ort has been made to uncover interaction eff ects and extend theory to make it more robust. We consider the weaknesses of our knowledge, suggest an impact model of citizen participation in budgeting, and identify hypotheses that may be tested in future research.
Native American tribal gaming started in the 1970's when a number of Tribes established bingo par... more Native American tribal gaming started in the 1970's when a number of Tribes established bingo parlors to raise revenues. Today, tribal gaming has grown into casinos that mimic the best of Las Vegas. Also growing is the number of stakeholders active in this policy arena. This paper traces key events and primary stakeholders to analyze the types of wins and losses experienced by each in gaming expansion and to answer the question posed in the title. We conclude that there have been wins and losses in five categories: financial, social, legal, regulatory, and political. By far the most wins were financial, but it is difficult to determine if these wins compensate for the financial and non-monetary losses. Hitting the Jackpot or Breaking the Bank? A Stakeholder Analysis of Gaming Expansion Relations between Indian Tribes and governments in the United States have, historically, been complicated and controversial. The sovereign status of Native American tribal governments means that the treatment of tribal members, their lands, funds and interests is different from that of other U.S. citizens and these differences are becoming more pronounced over time (Light and Rand, 2005). Tribal members have the power to self-govern form a government, to decide their own membership, to regulate property, to maintain law and order, to regulate commerce, and so on. The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed the sovereign status of Tribes, including "the power of regulating their internal and social relations" (New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe) and the authority "to make their own substantive law in internal matters and to enforce that law in their own forums" (Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez). This is what gives tribal government the right to engage in gaming and economic development activity on tribal lands (California v. Cabazon Band of Indians) although this was weakened somewhat by the Supreme Court decision (Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida) upholding states" immunity from suits charging them with failing to negotiate compacts in good faith. 1 William J. Roeder received his Masters of Public Administration degree from the University of Oklahoma.
Will people choose behaviors that benefit all persons in the community before a severe weather ev... more Will people choose behaviors that benefit all persons in the community before a severe weather event? Or, will they choose behaviors that benefit themselves only? Knowing the answer to these questions can inform public administrators about the level of anticipatory altruism in their community. With this knowledge, they can design strategic plans that leverage a willingness to coproduce community preparedness. Over four hundred people in six severe weather and tornado prone states answered survey questions inviting them to choose between severe weather preparation options that benefit the community or the individual. Overall, our findings suggest a modest level of support for community preparation options, anticipatory altruism demonstrated by a willingness to pay, and intergenerational equity in their choices. These findings are salient in a time when governments may need to cut funding and rely more and more on foundations, nonprofits, and private efforts to provide a wide range of...
The American Review of Public Administration, 2004
Steven Aufrecht University of Alaska–Anchorage Roy Bahl Georgia State University Danny Balfour Gr... more Steven Aufrecht University of Alaska–Anchorage Roy Bahl Georgia State University Danny Balfour Grand Valley State University Carolyn Ball University of Maine Howell S. Baum University of Maryland Edward Baum Ohio University Fred Becker Florida International University Julia Beckett University of Akron Jane Beckett-Camarata Kent State University Sheilah Watson Bishop University of Missouri–Columbia Sandford Borins University of Toronto Richard Box University of Nebraska–Omaha Barry Bozeman Georgia Institute of Technology F. Neil Brady Brigham Young University Lori Brainard George Washington University Anthony E. Brown Oklahoma State University Jeffrey L. Brudney University of Georgia Paul Carmichael University of Ulster N. Joseph Cayer Arizona State University Sharon A. Chanley University of Illinois Springfield Keon S. Chi Council of State Governments Robert E. Cleary American University Steven Cohen Columbia University Charles N. Coleman University of New Haven Vera Vogelsang-Coomb...
Participatory budgeting has been adopted and adapted by governments around the world. Existing li... more Participatory budgeting has been adopted and adapted by governments around the world. Existing literature points to a variety of desired outcomes from these efforts, but does not clearly distinguish the impacts on individuals, groups, and society. This study uses the case of the Philippines to explore the differences in impacts of participatory budgeting within and across the three levels. Reforms in the Philippines were similar to efforts in other countries, but there were adaptations, including a national mandate for the decentralization of participatory budgeting to local governments and the required representation of civil society organizations in local resource allocation processes. Some gains in individual education and efficacy, representation of marginalized groups and social justice, and government accountability were seen in the Philippines, but they seem to be idiosyncratic to the local context. Civil society and democratic legitimacy advances, though, were weaker, at lea...
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
Issues like fiscal crises and sequestration may cause elected officials to get citizen input in t... more Issues like fiscal crises and sequestration may cause elected officials to get citizen input in the budget process. This action can be viewed as a reactive strategy used when the relationship with citizens is weakening; or, a proactive strategy to keep governance relationships strong. This conundrum prompts examination of how budgetary participation mechanisms serve representative democracy and governance goals. Using survey results from public officials in 391 midwestern cities regarding perceptions of governance relationships and the use of participation mechanisms, we find no significant relationships and weak explanatory power in the causal model. When trust in government keeps falling, the relative strength of the relationship between public officials and citizens is an issue that public administrators must understand to develop effective budget participation mechanisms.
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
From 1995 to 2011, tribal gaming has grown from $5.5B to $27.2B in revenues (NIGC website, 2012).... more From 1995 to 2011, tribal gaming has grown from $5.5B to $27.2B in revenues (NIGC website, 2012). When so much money is changing hands, a lack of adequate policies heightens the possibility of financial mismanagement. In fact, gaming violations have grown during this time period. This paper explores the relationship between financial management policies and regulatory violations among American Indian Tribal gaming activities. Through empirical testing, we conclude that deductive models of proactive and reactive policies do not accurately predict the incidence of gaming violations and these policies are ineffective. The results raise normative questions about regulatory policy parity. These findings and related implications for future financial management regulations, policies and practices are tremendous, given the amount of money involved.
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
This article introduces an emerging demographic trend, invisible residents, or retired persons wh... more This article introduces an emerging demographic trend, invisible residents, or retired persons who travel extensively seeking better climates during the winter. In this article, we articulate the costs and benefits these temporary residents could have on cities they visit in four areas: economic development, local government revenues, city service demands and indirect and intangible effects. We conclude that changes in city revenue structures may more closely align who uses and who pays for government services. However, the dearth of empirical evidence prohibits making strong conclusions about the relative attractiveness of this population to cities. Future research documenting this age-based phenomenon, currently estimated to include 10 million persons, is warranted as competition to attract these visitors heats up between Sunbelt cities.
Few organizations purposefully design processes for facilitating stakeholder interactions. Doing ... more Few organizations purposefully design processes for facilitating stakeholder interactions. Doing this requires knowledge of stakeholders who are and who are not likely to participate as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different participation activities for gathering stakeholders’ preferences. Systematic analysis can lead to tailored opportunities for the facilitation of stakeholder interactions and the development of routines for the transmission of preference information from administrators to decision-makers. The challenges of facilitated interactions are primarily in structuring the process so that the perspectives of nonparticipants are represented and perceptions of undue influence are lowered. By carefully designing a facilitated process for stakeholder interactions, administrators can expand the quantity and quality of stakeholder preference data available for decisions. Then, they can routinely communicate this information to decision-makers. The value expected to be produced by facilitated participation is improvement in the stakeholders’ perception of organizational responsiveness.
Civic events are held in cities around the world. These activities add substantial value to the h... more Civic events are held in cities around the world. These activities add substantial value to the host community, but also pose significant management challenges, due to the substantial collaboration required. These events represent a unique form of organization since they require the collaboration of organizations from all sectors. However, they also have varying levels of regime formality and a reliance on voluntary action to achieve economic and social capital goals similar to hybrid organizations found in the social entrepreneurship literature. We use comparative case analysis of Brazil, Korea, and the U.S., to test the degree to which these events fit with existing models of collaborative governance and social entrepreneurship. We find a good fit, but also identify several factors of these events that are underdeveloped by or omitted from the models.
Objectives. Increasingly it is more and more difficult for researchers to garner a robust respons... more Objectives. Increasingly it is more and more difficult for researchers to garner a robust response rate from their target population. In response, they often turn to more accessible proxy populations. However, guidance on how to identify and select a proxy population that reasonably mimics the target population is neither expansive nor systematic. Our objective is to fill this gap by offering a standardized protocol for selecting appropriate population. We introduce a proxy selection protocol that combines convenience with purposive nonprobability sampling. Methods. The protocol introduces a method following a step-by-step process to evaluate the suitability of a different potential proxy populations as a reasonable representation of the target population. Results and Conclusion. We come to an conclusion that this proxy selection protocol can overcome low response rates and avoid contamination of a limited target population when conducting exploratory or early-stage explanatory research of potential causal relationships.
International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, Mar 1, 2003
Getting the most bang for the taxpayer buck by bolstering federal agency accountability continues... more Getting the most bang for the taxpayer buck by bolstering federal agency accountability continues to be a political theme in the 21st century. The second round of strategic plan development mandated by Congress in the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) was recently completed. This article reports the results of empirical research diagnosing the implementation issues in GPRA requirements. This research reports on the efficacy of this process from the perspectives of agency representatives. Implementation issues are grouped into two broad categories; those associated with the organization’s structure and those concerned with the plan development process. This research suggests that the potential for alignment of key management systems is suspect given that institutionalization has not occurred after nearly five years of reform efforts. Reporting on federal agency efforts provides insight into barriers to and opportunities for improving GPRA implementation processes
This paper uses the Wheel of Science to consider the placement of the four approaches to the stud... more This paper uses the Wheel of Science to consider the placement of the four approaches to the study of government identified by Raadschelders (2004). We introduce a Wheel of Practice embedded within the Wheel of Science and analyze how they differ and what this means in terms of a lack of integration. After suggesting ways in which bridges can be built between the two wheels, the paper explicitly considers the contributions of the practical experience approach. We propose using design science and managerial principles in a project geared toward greater theoretical as well as academic and practitioner integration in the quest to improve the study of government.
Resource limitations and increasing citizen expectations are causing decisionmakers to reexamine ... more Resource limitations and increasing citizen expectations are causing decisionmakers to reexamine existing approaches to establishing priorities in the funding of governmental services. Using local governments as a contextual example, this article investigates the decision making processes used by Texas cities The research seeks to understand the role different budgetary frameworks, i.e., incremental, performance and community values, play in resource allocation.
Review of Public Personnel Administration, Mar 1, 2006
Most supervisors dread employee discipline and often employ strategies not officially sanctioned ... more Most supervisors dread employee discipline and often employ strategies not officially sanctioned by the organization. Poorly designed discipline systems cause this variation in discipline practices. Inconsistent discipline can cause losses in productivity and reduce employee morale. Extant literature offers little in the form of guidance for improving this important human resource activity. This article explore where normative literature on organizational culture may have explanatory value for understanding variation in discipline practices. The article suggests two groups of factors that have causal effects on discipline practices. The tangible factors are those describing the formal practices the organization wishes its employees to follow. The intangible factors provide cues for explaining why informal strategies emerge as successful practices for getting things done. Using this conception of organization culture, the article proposes hypotheses for future testing to validate the suspected influence of culture on decisions regarding employee discipline.
This paper examines how the governance context and financial institutions may relate to different... more This paper examines how the governance context and financial institutions may relate to different aspects of a country’s financial system before and after a crisis. Using a fixed-effects regression model for panel data and a comparative perspective, we assess longitudinal trends in the functioning of the financial systems. This modeling allows us to explore how the level of development of 139 countries and conditions related to political stability, regulatory quality, and the rule of law, may have influenced financial system outcomes. We measure financial system outcomes across four dimensions: financial depth, efficiency, stability, and access. Our findings suggest that the explanatory variables had limited statistical significance on the proxy measures of financial system outcomes. Furthermore, the relationships were not consistent across all financial system outcome variables. These results suggest that political stability and the rule of law do influence depth and efficiency, re...
Citizen participation in government budgeting processes is a topic that has received attention fo... more Citizen participation in government budgeting processes is a topic that has received attention for many decades. Despite prescriptive exhortations to cities, research in this area has signifi cant limitations. We identify four elements that are believed to infl uence the participation process. Th e variables within each element have received attention in the empirical literature, but no systematic eff ort has been made to uncover interaction eff ects and extend theory to make it more robust. We consider the weaknesses of our knowledge, suggest an impact model of citizen participation in budgeting, and identify hypotheses that may be tested in future research.
Native American tribal gaming started in the 1970's when a number of Tribes established bingo par... more Native American tribal gaming started in the 1970's when a number of Tribes established bingo parlors to raise revenues. Today, tribal gaming has grown into casinos that mimic the best of Las Vegas. Also growing is the number of stakeholders active in this policy arena. This paper traces key events and primary stakeholders to analyze the types of wins and losses experienced by each in gaming expansion and to answer the question posed in the title. We conclude that there have been wins and losses in five categories: financial, social, legal, regulatory, and political. By far the most wins were financial, but it is difficult to determine if these wins compensate for the financial and non-monetary losses. Hitting the Jackpot or Breaking the Bank? A Stakeholder Analysis of Gaming Expansion Relations between Indian Tribes and governments in the United States have, historically, been complicated and controversial. The sovereign status of Native American tribal governments means that the treatment of tribal members, their lands, funds and interests is different from that of other U.S. citizens and these differences are becoming more pronounced over time (Light and Rand, 2005). Tribal members have the power to self-govern form a government, to decide their own membership, to regulate property, to maintain law and order, to regulate commerce, and so on. The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed the sovereign status of Tribes, including "the power of regulating their internal and social relations" (New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe) and the authority "to make their own substantive law in internal matters and to enforce that law in their own forums" (Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez). This is what gives tribal government the right to engage in gaming and economic development activity on tribal lands (California v. Cabazon Band of Indians) although this was weakened somewhat by the Supreme Court decision (Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida) upholding states" immunity from suits charging them with failing to negotiate compacts in good faith. 1 William J. Roeder received his Masters of Public Administration degree from the University of Oklahoma.
Will people choose behaviors that benefit all persons in the community before a severe weather ev... more Will people choose behaviors that benefit all persons in the community before a severe weather event? Or, will they choose behaviors that benefit themselves only? Knowing the answer to these questions can inform public administrators about the level of anticipatory altruism in their community. With this knowledge, they can design strategic plans that leverage a willingness to coproduce community preparedness. Over four hundred people in six severe weather and tornado prone states answered survey questions inviting them to choose between severe weather preparation options that benefit the community or the individual. Overall, our findings suggest a modest level of support for community preparation options, anticipatory altruism demonstrated by a willingness to pay, and intergenerational equity in their choices. These findings are salient in a time when governments may need to cut funding and rely more and more on foundations, nonprofits, and private efforts to provide a wide range of...
The American Review of Public Administration, 2004
Steven Aufrecht University of Alaska–Anchorage Roy Bahl Georgia State University Danny Balfour Gr... more Steven Aufrecht University of Alaska–Anchorage Roy Bahl Georgia State University Danny Balfour Grand Valley State University Carolyn Ball University of Maine Howell S. Baum University of Maryland Edward Baum Ohio University Fred Becker Florida International University Julia Beckett University of Akron Jane Beckett-Camarata Kent State University Sheilah Watson Bishop University of Missouri–Columbia Sandford Borins University of Toronto Richard Box University of Nebraska–Omaha Barry Bozeman Georgia Institute of Technology F. Neil Brady Brigham Young University Lori Brainard George Washington University Anthony E. Brown Oklahoma State University Jeffrey L. Brudney University of Georgia Paul Carmichael University of Ulster N. Joseph Cayer Arizona State University Sharon A. Chanley University of Illinois Springfield Keon S. Chi Council of State Governments Robert E. Cleary American University Steven Cohen Columbia University Charles N. Coleman University of New Haven Vera Vogelsang-Coomb...
Participatory budgeting has been adopted and adapted by governments around the world. Existing li... more Participatory budgeting has been adopted and adapted by governments around the world. Existing literature points to a variety of desired outcomes from these efforts, but does not clearly distinguish the impacts on individuals, groups, and society. This study uses the case of the Philippines to explore the differences in impacts of participatory budgeting within and across the three levels. Reforms in the Philippines were similar to efforts in other countries, but there were adaptations, including a national mandate for the decentralization of participatory budgeting to local governments and the required representation of civil society organizations in local resource allocation processes. Some gains in individual education and efficacy, representation of marginalized groups and social justice, and government accountability were seen in the Philippines, but they seem to be idiosyncratic to the local context. Civil society and democratic legitimacy advances, though, were weaker, at lea...
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
Issues like fiscal crises and sequestration may cause elected officials to get citizen input in t... more Issues like fiscal crises and sequestration may cause elected officials to get citizen input in the budget process. This action can be viewed as a reactive strategy used when the relationship with citizens is weakening; or, a proactive strategy to keep governance relationships strong. This conundrum prompts examination of how budgetary participation mechanisms serve representative democracy and governance goals. Using survey results from public officials in 391 midwestern cities regarding perceptions of governance relationships and the use of participation mechanisms, we find no significant relationships and weak explanatory power in the causal model. When trust in government keeps falling, the relative strength of the relationship between public officials and citizens is an issue that public administrators must understand to develop effective budget participation mechanisms.
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
From 1995 to 2011, tribal gaming has grown from $5.5B to $27.2B in revenues (NIGC website, 2012).... more From 1995 to 2011, tribal gaming has grown from $5.5B to $27.2B in revenues (NIGC website, 2012). When so much money is changing hands, a lack of adequate policies heightens the possibility of financial mismanagement. In fact, gaming violations have grown during this time period. This paper explores the relationship between financial management policies and regulatory violations among American Indian Tribal gaming activities. Through empirical testing, we conclude that deductive models of proactive and reactive policies do not accurately predict the incidence of gaming violations and these policies are ineffective. The results raise normative questions about regulatory policy parity. These findings and related implications for future financial management regulations, policies and practices are tremendous, given the amount of money involved.
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
This article introduces an emerging demographic trend, invisible residents, or retired persons wh... more This article introduces an emerging demographic trend, invisible residents, or retired persons who travel extensively seeking better climates during the winter. In this article, we articulate the costs and benefits these temporary residents could have on cities they visit in four areas: economic development, local government revenues, city service demands and indirect and intangible effects. We conclude that changes in city revenue structures may more closely align who uses and who pays for government services. However, the dearth of empirical evidence prohibits making strong conclusions about the relative attractiveness of this population to cities. Future research documenting this age-based phenomenon, currently estimated to include 10 million persons, is warranted as competition to attract these visitors heats up between Sunbelt cities.
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Papers by Aimee Franklin