Summary Uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in a 16-year-old Quarter Horse mare that presented f... more Summary Uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in a 16-year-old Quarter Horse mare that presented for fever, stranguria, anorexia and a history of weight loss. A mass at the level of the cervix and uterine body was identified by transrectal palpation. Biopsy of the cervix revealed an antemortem diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed multiple areas of consolidation in the lung, and comet tail artefact along the entire pleural surface. Post-mortem examination confirmed the endometrial adenocarcinoma with metastasis to urinary bladder, ureters, lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes and bone marrow.
of RTS for selection may plausibly remove precocious females with lower RTS. On the contrary, app... more of RTS for selection may plausibly remove precocious females with lower RTS. On the contrary, application of RTS would help select heifers that will become pregnant earlier in breeding season.
Modes of mammalian reproduction are diverse and not always conserved among related species. Proge... more Modes of mammalian reproduction are diverse and not always conserved among related species. Progesterone is universally required to supports pregnancy but sites of synthesis and metabolic pathways vary widely. The steroid metabolome of mid- to late gestation was characterized, focusing on 5α-reduced pregnanes in species representing the Perissodactyla, Cetartiodactyla and Carnivora using mass spectrometry. Metabolomes and steroidogenic enzyme orthologue sequences were used in heirarchial analyses. Steroid metabolite profiles were similar within orders, whales within cetartiodactyls for instance, but with notable exceptions such as rhinoceros clustering with goats, and tapirs with pigs. Steroidogenic enzyme sequence clustering reflected expected evolutionary relationships but once again with exceptions. Human sequences (expected outgroups) clustered with perissodactyl CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and SRD5A1 gene orthologues, forming outgroups only for HSD17B1 and SRD5A2. Spotted hyena CYP19A1 clustered within the Perissodactyla, between rhinoceros and equid orthologues, whereas CYP17A1 clustered within the Carnivora. This variability highlights the random adoption of divergent physiological strategies as pregnancy evolved among genetically similar species.
The synthesis of anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) by the Sertoli cells in males is crucial for sexual... more The synthesis of anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) by the Sertoli cells in males is crucial for sexual differentiation. There are no studies on AMH in Camelids. The objectives of this research were to 1) compare AMH serum concentrations in prepubertal and adult male alpacas and 2) determine the effect of castration on these concentrations in adult males to provide a validation of a commercial AMH test in alpacas. Serum samples were obtained from 15 prepubertal animals (5 for each age groups of 6, 7 and 8 months) and from 5 adult males (age 5e9 years), pre-and 24 h post-castration. AMH was determined with a quantitative ELISA according to the manufacture's instructions. There was not significant difference (P < 0.05) in AMH level (pg/ml) between pre-pubertal (549.9 ± 120.8, 789.4 ± 172.3, 597.5 ± 177.3 for ages 4, 7, and 8 months, respectively) and adult alpacas (938.7 ± 175.9). In adult males, AMH concentration decreased significantly following castration (P < 0.05) (938.7 ± 383.5 pg/ml) pre-castration, and 222.1 ± 116.5 pg/ml) after castration). There was a positive correlation between testosterone levels and AMH. In conclusion, the quantitative assay used is a reliable test to determine AMH in alpacas.
ContentsAzoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challe... more ContentsAzoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non‐testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AP assay could differentiate testicular from non‐testicular azoospermia in male alpacas. An experimental model of bilateral outflow obstruction (pre‐scrotal vasectomy) was used in 22 male alpacas, aged 2–9 years. No reproductive history was available. Animals were submitted for electroejaculation (EE) under general anaesthesia and vasectomy performed. Five weeks later, animals were submitted for EE. Vasectomy was not successful in one animal, which was removed from analysis. AP levels were compared in seminal plasma in the pre‐ and post‐vasectomy samples. The mean ± SEM concen...
Cryptorchidism is a common sexual development disorder in males with a potential hereditary origi... more Cryptorchidism is a common sexual development disorder in males with a potential hereditary origin in goats and camelids. Cryptorchid animals should be removed from breeding and castrated to eliminate male behavior. The objective of this paper is to describe the presentation and procedure of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in goats and South American camelids. Records of 18 Nigerian dwarf goats and 16 camelid cases that were presented to the WSU Theriogenology Services were included. Goats ranged in age from 2 months to 1 year and camelids (14 alpacas and 2 llamas) were between 15 months and 5 years of age. In goats, 15/18 (83%) were unilateral cryptorchids while 3/18 (17%) were bilateral. The right testicle was retained abdominally in 73.3% (11/15) of the unilaterally cryptorchid goats. All the camelids presented as unilateral cryptorchids with abdominally retained testis. The left testis was retained in 9/16 (56.25%) cases while the right was retained in 7/17 (43.75%). Lap...
These techniques offer a new tool for the production and study of interspecies/cross-species embr... more These techniques offer a new tool for the production and study of interspecies/cross-species embryos and their effect on pregnancy. Male reproductive function remains poorly studied. Semen preservation and artificial insemination still present many challenges and are not used in production at the moment. The involvement of climatic and nutritional conditions as well as the role of leptin in the regulation of reproductive function need to be evaluated.
This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnorma... more This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnormalities of male camelids. Breeding soundness examination is emphasized, with special reference to semen characteristics and factors that may affect its quality.
<p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioCondu... more <p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioConductor package vsn. Normalized data were used for calculation of pairwise distances and drawing of a heatmap by use of the BioConductor package geneplotter. Each column represents one sample and shows the correlation to all samples (including itself), with red for correlation = 1 and blue for the lowest observed correlation. Note the clear homogeneity in the samples from fertility classified heifers (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile). (B) PCA is a plot distribution indicating the source of greatest variation in the overall transcriptional profiles of the samples. Each symbol represents one replicate. Note the clear lack of separation of samples based on fertility classifications (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile).</p
The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation... more The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation to entry into the uterus; and (2) to determine the timing of embryo migration to the left uterine horn when ovulation occurred from the right ovary. The experiment was conducted in Peru. Females (n ¼ 132) were randomly assigned to 15 experimental groups. All females were mated to an intact male, given 50 mg GnRH im (Cystorelin) and ovulation time determined by transrectal ultrasonography, conducted every 6 hours, starting 24 hours postmating. Animals were slaughtered at a specific intervals postovulation and reproductive tracts were recovered and subjected to oviductal and uterine flushing for females slaughtered between 1 and 6 days postovulation (dpo; Day 0 ¼ ovulation) and uterine flushing for females slaughtered from 7 to 15 dpo for recovery of oocytes/embryos. Season of mating did not influence the interval from mating to ovulation (winter: 29 AE 6 hours vs. summer: 30 AE 6 hours; P ¼ 0.49). Ovulation rates for females mated during winter and summer were 92% versus 100%, respectively (P ¼ 0.05). Fertilization rates for winter and summer mated females were 72% and 82% (P ¼ 0.29). Unfertilized ova were not retained in the uterine tube. All embryos collected were in the uterine tube ipsilateral to the side of ovulation between 1 and 5 dpo. Embryos reached the uterus on 6 dpo. Embryos began to elongate on 9 dpo; at this time, 83% of embryos derived from right-ovary ovulations were collected from the left uterine horn. Embryos occupied the entire uterine cavity by 10 dpo. In conclusion, we characterized early embryo development and location of embryo during its early developmental stages in alpaca. This was apparently the first report regarding chronology of embryo development and migration to the left horn in alpaca which merits further investigation regarding its role in maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Dystocia is the most common emergency in camelid practice. The aim of the present paper is to rev... more Dystocia is the most common emergency in camelid practice. The aim of the present paper is to review the most important clinical features of normal parturition and to discuss obstetrical situations in camelids and their non-surgical and surgical management, including prepartum and term uterine torsion. This clinical review includes both Old and New World camelids. Resume La dystocie est la situation d'urgence la plus frequemment rencontree en pratique des camelides. Le but de cet article est de faire le point sur les facettes cliniques les plus importantes associees a la parturition normale. Nous discutons aussi des problemes obstetriques rencontres chez les camelides, incluant la torsion uterine avant et durant la parturition, et de leur regie chirurgicale ou non-chirurgicale. Le point clinique incl us a la fois les camelides sud-americains et les camelides d'Afrique et d'Asie. N Males 49 Females 64 Total 113 Mean (days)
Summary Uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in a 16-year-old Quarter Horse mare that presented f... more Summary Uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in a 16-year-old Quarter Horse mare that presented for fever, stranguria, anorexia and a history of weight loss. A mass at the level of the cervix and uterine body was identified by transrectal palpation. Biopsy of the cervix revealed an antemortem diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed multiple areas of consolidation in the lung, and comet tail artefact along the entire pleural surface. Post-mortem examination confirmed the endometrial adenocarcinoma with metastasis to urinary bladder, ureters, lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes and bone marrow.
of RTS for selection may plausibly remove precocious females with lower RTS. On the contrary, app... more of RTS for selection may plausibly remove precocious females with lower RTS. On the contrary, application of RTS would help select heifers that will become pregnant earlier in breeding season.
Modes of mammalian reproduction are diverse and not always conserved among related species. Proge... more Modes of mammalian reproduction are diverse and not always conserved among related species. Progesterone is universally required to supports pregnancy but sites of synthesis and metabolic pathways vary widely. The steroid metabolome of mid- to late gestation was characterized, focusing on 5α-reduced pregnanes in species representing the Perissodactyla, Cetartiodactyla and Carnivora using mass spectrometry. Metabolomes and steroidogenic enzyme orthologue sequences were used in heirarchial analyses. Steroid metabolite profiles were similar within orders, whales within cetartiodactyls for instance, but with notable exceptions such as rhinoceros clustering with goats, and tapirs with pigs. Steroidogenic enzyme sequence clustering reflected expected evolutionary relationships but once again with exceptions. Human sequences (expected outgroups) clustered with perissodactyl CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and SRD5A1 gene orthologues, forming outgroups only for HSD17B1 and SRD5A2. Spotted hyena CYP19A1 clustered within the Perissodactyla, between rhinoceros and equid orthologues, whereas CYP17A1 clustered within the Carnivora. This variability highlights the random adoption of divergent physiological strategies as pregnancy evolved among genetically similar species.
The synthesis of anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) by the Sertoli cells in males is crucial for sexual... more The synthesis of anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) by the Sertoli cells in males is crucial for sexual differentiation. There are no studies on AMH in Camelids. The objectives of this research were to 1) compare AMH serum concentrations in prepubertal and adult male alpacas and 2) determine the effect of castration on these concentrations in adult males to provide a validation of a commercial AMH test in alpacas. Serum samples were obtained from 15 prepubertal animals (5 for each age groups of 6, 7 and 8 months) and from 5 adult males (age 5e9 years), pre-and 24 h post-castration. AMH was determined with a quantitative ELISA according to the manufacture's instructions. There was not significant difference (P < 0.05) in AMH level (pg/ml) between pre-pubertal (549.9 ± 120.8, 789.4 ± 172.3, 597.5 ± 177.3 for ages 4, 7, and 8 months, respectively) and adult alpacas (938.7 ± 175.9). In adult males, AMH concentration decreased significantly following castration (P < 0.05) (938.7 ± 383.5 pg/ml) pre-castration, and 222.1 ± 116.5 pg/ml) after castration). There was a positive correlation between testosterone levels and AMH. In conclusion, the quantitative assay used is a reliable test to determine AMH in alpacas.
ContentsAzoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challe... more ContentsAzoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non‐testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AP assay could differentiate testicular from non‐testicular azoospermia in male alpacas. An experimental model of bilateral outflow obstruction (pre‐scrotal vasectomy) was used in 22 male alpacas, aged 2–9 years. No reproductive history was available. Animals were submitted for electroejaculation (EE) under general anaesthesia and vasectomy performed. Five weeks later, animals were submitted for EE. Vasectomy was not successful in one animal, which was removed from analysis. AP levels were compared in seminal plasma in the pre‐ and post‐vasectomy samples. The mean ± SEM concen...
Cryptorchidism is a common sexual development disorder in males with a potential hereditary origi... more Cryptorchidism is a common sexual development disorder in males with a potential hereditary origin in goats and camelids. Cryptorchid animals should be removed from breeding and castrated to eliminate male behavior. The objective of this paper is to describe the presentation and procedure of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in goats and South American camelids. Records of 18 Nigerian dwarf goats and 16 camelid cases that were presented to the WSU Theriogenology Services were included. Goats ranged in age from 2 months to 1 year and camelids (14 alpacas and 2 llamas) were between 15 months and 5 years of age. In goats, 15/18 (83%) were unilateral cryptorchids while 3/18 (17%) were bilateral. The right testicle was retained abdominally in 73.3% (11/15) of the unilaterally cryptorchid goats. All the camelids presented as unilateral cryptorchids with abdominally retained testis. The left testis was retained in 9/16 (56.25%) cases while the right was retained in 7/17 (43.75%). Lap...
These techniques offer a new tool for the production and study of interspecies/cross-species embr... more These techniques offer a new tool for the production and study of interspecies/cross-species embryos and their effect on pregnancy. Male reproductive function remains poorly studied. Semen preservation and artificial insemination still present many challenges and are not used in production at the moment. The involvement of climatic and nutritional conditions as well as the role of leptin in the regulation of reproductive function need to be evaluated.
This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnorma... more This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnormalities of male camelids. Breeding soundness examination is emphasized, with special reference to semen characteristics and factors that may affect its quality.
<p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioCondu... more <p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioConductor package vsn. Normalized data were used for calculation of pairwise distances and drawing of a heatmap by use of the BioConductor package geneplotter. Each column represents one sample and shows the correlation to all samples (including itself), with red for correlation = 1 and blue for the lowest observed correlation. Note the clear homogeneity in the samples from fertility classified heifers (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile). (B) PCA is a plot distribution indicating the source of greatest variation in the overall transcriptional profiles of the samples. Each symbol represents one replicate. Note the clear lack of separation of samples based on fertility classifications (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile).</p
The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation... more The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation to entry into the uterus; and (2) to determine the timing of embryo migration to the left uterine horn when ovulation occurred from the right ovary. The experiment was conducted in Peru. Females (n ¼ 132) were randomly assigned to 15 experimental groups. All females were mated to an intact male, given 50 mg GnRH im (Cystorelin) and ovulation time determined by transrectal ultrasonography, conducted every 6 hours, starting 24 hours postmating. Animals were slaughtered at a specific intervals postovulation and reproductive tracts were recovered and subjected to oviductal and uterine flushing for females slaughtered between 1 and 6 days postovulation (dpo; Day 0 ¼ ovulation) and uterine flushing for females slaughtered from 7 to 15 dpo for recovery of oocytes/embryos. Season of mating did not influence the interval from mating to ovulation (winter: 29 AE 6 hours vs. summer: 30 AE 6 hours; P ¼ 0.49). Ovulation rates for females mated during winter and summer were 92% versus 100%, respectively (P ¼ 0.05). Fertilization rates for winter and summer mated females were 72% and 82% (P ¼ 0.29). Unfertilized ova were not retained in the uterine tube. All embryos collected were in the uterine tube ipsilateral to the side of ovulation between 1 and 5 dpo. Embryos reached the uterus on 6 dpo. Embryos began to elongate on 9 dpo; at this time, 83% of embryos derived from right-ovary ovulations were collected from the left uterine horn. Embryos occupied the entire uterine cavity by 10 dpo. In conclusion, we characterized early embryo development and location of embryo during its early developmental stages in alpaca. This was apparently the first report regarding chronology of embryo development and migration to the left horn in alpaca which merits further investigation regarding its role in maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Dystocia is the most common emergency in camelid practice. The aim of the present paper is to rev... more Dystocia is the most common emergency in camelid practice. The aim of the present paper is to review the most important clinical features of normal parturition and to discuss obstetrical situations in camelids and their non-surgical and surgical management, including prepartum and term uterine torsion. This clinical review includes both Old and New World camelids. Resume La dystocie est la situation d'urgence la plus frequemment rencontree en pratique des camelides. Le but de cet article est de faire le point sur les facettes cliniques les plus importantes associees a la parturition normale. Nous discutons aussi des problemes obstetriques rencontres chez les camelides, incluant la torsion uterine avant et durant la parturition, et de leur regie chirurgicale ou non-chirurgicale. Le point clinique incl us a la fois les camelides sud-americains et les camelides d'Afrique et d'Asie. N Males 49 Females 64 Total 113 Mean (days)
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